Faransa sociologist Emil Dyurkgeym: biography, ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, littattafai da kuma asali ideas

Emil Dyurkgeym (shekaru na rayuwa - 1858-1917) - daya daga cikin mafi shahararren sociologists. Ya aka haifa a Faransa, a garin Epinal. Uba Emil ya rabbi.

horo lokaci

Future sociologist sauke karatu daga kwalejin a garin Epinal, sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa Paris don ci gaba da karatu. A Faransa babban birnin kasar, ya yi zama mafi ransa. A nan sai ya halicci mutane da yawa ƙwarai, kafa sashen nazarin zamantakewar al'umma a Sorbonne. Durkheim aka shirya domin jarrabawa a Ecole Normale Supérieure a lyceum na Louis Mai girma. Ya wuce cikin jarrabawa a 1879. A wannan lokaci ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa a fensho da Joffre Jean Jaures. Wannan mutumin baya ya zama shugaban Socialist Party, wani jirgin saman soja da yaki, sojojin kasar da kuma mulkin mallaka. École Normale Supérieure aka dauki daya daga cikin mafi kyau makarantu a kasar Faransa a wannan lokaci. Ga Durkheim saurari laccoci da mashahuri furofesoshi - da Falsafa da kuma tarihi E. Boutroux F. de Coulanges. A 1882, Emil shige jarrabawa da kuma samu title of malamin falsafa. Bayan da ya tafi na shekaru uku don koyar da batun a Sana'a da kuma Saint-Quentin.

Bayyanar da farko kimiyya takardunku, laccoci

Durkheim a 1885-1886 biennium. Na yanke shawarar daukar wani shekara kashe ya kuma sadaukar da wannan lokaci don nazarin kimiyyar zamantakewa. A farko, ya "tãyar da cancantar" (kamar yadda suka faɗa, a yau) a Paris, sa'an nan a Jamus, a Wundt, sanannen zamantakewa psychologist. Wannan yarda Durkheim rubuta da kuma buga a cikin shekara ta gaba, kawai 3 articles.

Sa'an nan, a cikin 1887, sai aka nada ta yanke shawara na ministan farfesa ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da kuma pedagogy a Jami'ar Bordeaux. Ya kamata a ce cewa Hakika, wanda aka karanta Emil Dyurkgeym, da farko Hakika na ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a a jami'o'i a Faransa. Ya kamata a lura, da kuma wata abu: Pedagogy da ilimin halayyar ne daga wannan lokaci sun zama a hankali lauye a cikin m da kuma ka'idojin aikin na masanin kimiyya. Durkheim a cikin marigayi 1880s - farkon 1890s ci gaba da koyar da kazalika haifar da articles a kan da dama batutuwa: da definition gurguzanci, da kuma kisan da haihuwa, da dai sauransu ..

Aikace-aikace game da wannan ƙarnin na karni na 19th

Emil Dyurkgeym rubuta littafin a daban-daban sau, amma mafi hayayyafa mataki a cikin aikinsa ne daga wannan ra'ayi, ƙarnin na 19th karni. A 1893, Emile doctorate, yin aikin "A cikin rabo na zaman jama'a aiki." Bugu da kari, ya rubuta a Latin, wani rubutu - "The taimako na Montesquieu ga kafa na zamantakewa kimiyya." A wannan shekara, na farko na wanda aka buga a cikin littafin siffan. A 1895, wani monograph aka buga, wanda aka halitta da Emile Durkheim - "Hanyar nazarin zamantakewar al'umma."

Kuma 2 shekaru daga baya, a 1897, ya bayyana aikinsa "Kashe". Bugu da kari ga uku na asali ayyukan Durkheim kuma aka buga a adadin manyan articles a cikin "da ilimin falsafa Review" magazine, kazalika a "Sociological Yearbook", wanda ya kafa a 1896. Saboda haka, wannan karnin da ya kasance sosai m a cikin m game da irin wannan masanin kimiyya a matsayin Emil Dyurkgeym. Ilimin halayyar ta hanyar aikinsa tsiwirwirinsu wani sabon impetus zuwa cin gaban.

Aiki a Sorbonne, da amfani a cikin binciken na addini

Tun 1902, wani sabon mataki a cikin Durkheim ta aiki. A wannan lokaci sai aka kira su zuwa ga yin aiki a Sorbonne aikin kai ma'aikaci na sashen Pedagogy. Baya daga cikin batutuwan da suka shafi tarbiyyar da kuma ilimi, wanda aka sosai janyo hankalin zuwa Emil a matsayin sharhi da kuma yin aiki-malami, Durkheim da ƙara na sha'awar addini al'amurran da suka shafi. A ƙarshe, ya yi shekaru da dama ban sha'awa a cikin batun da aka nuna a wani muhimman hakkokin aikin, rubuta a 1912 ( "The Elementary Forms Addini Life"). Yana da samfurin na kwararru da yawa suka yi nazarin art Emilya Dyurkgeyma, ya dauki mafi muhimmanci na aikinsa. Tun shekarar 1906, Emil zama tenured farfesa a Sorbonne, kazalika da shugaban sashen Pedagogy, wanda a 1913 aka sake masa suna sashen ilimin halayyar.

A binciken da na matsaloli na ilimi, ilimi, halin kirki sani

Duk wannan lokaci da masanin kimiyyar ciyarwa lokaci mai yawa wajen yin nazarin batutuwan da suka shafi tarbiyyar, da ilimi, halin kirki sani. Ya kamata a kira shahara Durkheim lacca "Ilimi da kuma zamantakewa kimiyya", a wannan batun, wanda aka buga a matsayin mai raba aiki. Wannan ne ma da sakon "The tabbatar da dalilin da halin kirki facts" cewa sanya Faransa da ilimin falsafa Society Emil Dyurkgeym. Taimako zuwa ga ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a na aikin ya kuma kasance muhimmi.

dan mutuwa

Yakin duniya na II, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1914, shan wahala da baƙin ciki Durkheim. A cikin Salonika gaban, ya mutu a 1915, ɗansa. Yana da yake wani matashi sociologist, cike da alkawari, a cikin abin da Emil ya ga ya gaje shi da kuma continuer na hanyar. A mutuwa da kawai dan dada tabarbare cuta Durkheim da kuma gaggauta ya zuwa karshen rayuwarsa. Emil shige daga cikin Nuwamba 1917.

Da tsare-tsaren zamantakewa maimaitawa

Emil ya zama sa samun abinci sane da rikicin na bourgeois al'umma. Tare da dukan ƙarfinsa ya yi kokarin hamayya ya tsare-tsaren ga zamantakewa maimaitawa, sociologically na rasa. Don cimma burin Durkheim rayayye yi amfani da zamantakewa hadin slogan, rare a cikin marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th. Scientist kishin yawa lokaci ta msar tambayar gaskata. Durkheim, kamar yadda wani gyara shiryayye, kuma anti-neman sauyi, sun yi maraba da kafa sana'a hukumomi. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, da suka iya ƙwarai inganta kyawawan dabi'u na al'umma. Aiki lokaci mai tsawo a cikin filin daga m da msar tambayar pedagogy, Durkheim yi imani da cewa dukan tsarin ilmantarwa da horo ya zama batun da wani gwaji reorganization. A wannan tsari, mai girma m rawar da ya taka a cikin ra'ayi, shi ne ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a. Emilya Dyurkgeyma, a takaice dai duba a cikin al'umma wanda mun kawai ya bayyana shi ne ba kawai sha'awar halin kirki tambayoyi. Shi ne ya ke kankare matakai don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin. Godiya a gare su, har ma da dokar da aka wuce, game da abin da muka yanzu gaya maka.

Dokar da aka buga ta hanyar bincike Durkheim

Gudanar da Emil bincike a fagen addini, wanda ya za'ayi a layi daya da nazari na horo da kuma ilimi, jagoranci Durkheim zuwa wani fahimtar abin da ya kawar da rinjayar da coci a jami'a da kuma makaranta ilimi. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa wajibi ne a gwagwarmaya da mamayar da malaman. Durkheim ya yi babban taimako a cikin goyon bayan manufofin da rabuwa da coci da kuma jihar da kuma makaranta. Wannan gwagwarmaya da aka lashe tare da nasara: dokar da aka buga a 1905 a Faransa.

Almajirin Durkheim ta tsoratar ga gurguzanci

Emil bar wani dukan makaranta na sociologists, dade har zuwa farkon 1930s. Daga cikin dalibansa da yawa shahararren bincike: M. Halbwachs, M. Moss, Levy-Bruhl, F. Simian, A. Hertz, A. Hubert da sauransu. Durkheim ya ba baƙo siyasa. Sane da zurfin tunani da Faransa socialists, kazalika da abota da Jean Jaures, jagoransu. Wannan yawa da aka rubuta, ya ce a lokacin. Duk da haka, da hali na Durkheim zuwa gurguzanci yi shubuha. A musamman, Emil gan shi a matsayin wani kuskure tattalin arziki ka'idar, wanda, haka ma, ba a biyan isasshen hankali ga halin kirki al'amurran da suka shafi. A kan batun na rikici tsakanin azuzuwan, wanda da Socialists dauke kusan babban matsala a cikin al'umma, Faransa sociologist ma yana da wani ra'ayi daban-daban. Ya yi imani da cewa kawai ta hanyar gyara tsarin al'umma samu mafi alhẽri aiki rayuwa. A wannan yanayin, wadannan sauye-sauye ya kamata a dauka bayan da sanin dukkan azuzuwan na da bukatar su aiwatar. Kawai sai na iya inganta rayuwar ma'aikata ba zai kai ga zamantakewa rikici.

Mun bayar da ku don samun matsahi na saba da biyu matsaloli, kisan kai da kuma addini, da nazarin wanda ya sadaukar da lokaci mai yawa da Emil Dyurkgeym.

A takaice game da batun na kunar bakin wake

Emil ya gane da tarin da kuma bincike na statistics nuna da muhimmancin halaka kai a Turai. Ya yi wannan dõmin su ɓãta ka'idar a kan abin da yi ne saboda nazarin halittu, Gwargwadon, yanayi, psychopathology ko m dalilai. Durkheim yi imani da cewa kawai ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a za su iya bayyana da bambance-bambance a cikin yawan halaka kai da faruwa a daban-daban lokaci a kasashe daban-daban. The masanin kimiyyar ya sa a gaba madadin view. Ya nuna cewa kashe kansa ne a "zamantakewa al'amari" (Emilya Dyurkgeyma dauke mahaliccin ajalin), cewa shi ne mai samfurin na yarjejeniyar, tsammanin da kuma dabi'u, sakamakon daga hulda tsakanin mutane. Masana kimiyya sun gano iri kashe kansa. Suna sa da daban-daban sojojin tasiri da mutum data kasance norms na al'umma.

iri halaka kai

Nau'i na farko ya auku a lokacin da wani mutum da gangan karya zamantakewa links. Wannan egoistic kashe kansa.

Nau'i na biyu shi ne sakamakon da cewa mutane suna da cikakken batutuwa a cikin zamantakewa yanayi. Wannan altruistic kashe kansa. An misali na - wani kyaftin wanda dole ne a wani shipwreck, bisa ga code na girmamawa, nutse tare da jirgin.

Wani irin - anomic kashe kansa. Shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin al'umma akwai wata asarar da darajar tsarin. An daina aiki da haihuwa dokoki da kuma sababbi ya ba tukuna aka kafa. Emil Dyurkgeym, a ka'idar wanda alama halittar wani yawan sabon ideas, da ake kira Jihar "social anomie". Daga ta ra'ayi, shi ne halayyar kamfanonin jurewa canji (msl, azumi urbanization).

A karshe irin na kunar bakin wake - fatalistic. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da al'umma kan mutum controls. Wannan irin yaduwar dan kadan.

kunar bakin wake rate

Emil ya bayyana cewa kashe kansa akai-akai faruwa a cikin Protestants fiye da tsakanin Katolika. Bugu da kari, babu aure kuma babu aure sau da yawa zuwa wannan mataki, fiye da babu aure. More halaka kai a cikin soja fiye da tsakanin fararen hula. Su ma mafi in zaman lafiya fiye da a lokutan juyin juya halin da kuma yaki. Halaka kai sau da yawa faruwa a lokacin da tattalin arziki downturns fiye da a cikin shekaru na tattalin arziki da kwanciyar hankali. Bugu da kari, su ne kasa a yankunan karkara fiye da a birane.

Ba kamar sauran ayyukan marubucin "Kashe" ya ginu ne a kan wani bincike na ilimin kididdiga data. Dürkheim haka kafa aiyuka ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, da kuma ciyar da ci gaban a gwada yawa bincike a cikin wannan kimiyya.

addini analysis

Emil Dyurkgeym yi imani da cewa addini ne na zaman jama'a sabon abu. Ya yi imani da cewa shi ne kawai zai iya zo game a wani al'umma. Durkheim kansa ba mumini. A 1912, kamar yadda muka rigaya muka gani, akwai wani binciken da Emile "Elementary siffofin addini rai." Yana da aka halitta sun fi mayar ƙarƙashin rinjayar da ra'ayoyi na W. Robertson Smith. A wannan aikin, da masanin kimiyyar ya ki yarda addini ne kawai a kai-yaudara da r ?? i daga cikin tunaninsa. A nasa ra'ayin, shi ne wani fanni na aiki, wanda ke nufin ba cewa wasu, kamar yadda zamantakewa gaskiya ga alloli.

Ma'ana Durkheim nasarori

Yanzu kana da wani janar ra'ayin abin da ya shahara Emil Dyurkgeym. Babban ideas aka taƙaice kayyade da mu. Lura cewa ko da yake Durkheim idan rai ya na baya zuwa shahararsa ta Spencer ko Comte, ta zamani, sociologists kimanta ta kimiyya abin yabo ko fi da nasarorin da wadannan masana kimiyya. Gaskiyar cewa precursors na Faransa zurfin tunani akwai wakilai na falsafa kusantar fahimtar manufofin da batun ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a. A kammala da samuwar matsayin mai zaman kanta al'adu, wanda yana da nasa na ra'ayi na'ura, shi ne Emil Dyurkgeym. Ilimin halayyar godiya ga aikinsa ya fara jan hankalin mutane da yawa. Ya nuna abin da mai girma damar buɗe a-zurfin bincike na daban-daban mamaki, da za'ayi daga ra'ayi na kimiyya.