Drama a cikin adabi - shi ne ... Drama: misalai na ayyuka

Drama - shi ne wani nau'i na adabi aiki, wanda damar a wani gajeren labarin ya nuna jama'a rikice-rikice, ji da kuma dangantaka da haruffa, ya bayyana halin kirki tambayoyi. Tragedy, comedy, kuma ko da zamani almara - duk da bambancin da wannan art cewa ka fito a zamanin tsohuwar Girka.

Drama: A Littafi na hadaddun yanayi

Fassara daga Girkanci kalmar "wasan kwaikwayo" na nufin "don yin aiki." Drama (as bayyana a cikin adabi) - wannan aikin, convicting da rikici tsakanin haruffan. A yanayin da haruffa da aka saukar ta hanyar ayyukansu, kuma rai - ta hanyar tattaunawa. Ayyukan da wannan salo da tsauri mãkirci, kõma ta cikin hirar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, akalla - monologues ko Polylog.

harshen marubucin ne ba kawai a matsayin jawabinsa. Su fasaha aiki, harakteriziruya haruffa da kuma kwatanta scene.

Drama a matsayin irin adabi rubuta gargajiya dokoki.

Ya kunshi da dama sassa, to ayyukan sharing. A da shi 'yan haruffa, daya ɓullo da storyline fassara da axis daga cikin samfurin. Domin dukan aikin akwai kananan yawan abubuwan. Idan aikin da aka halicce stsenizatsii, ta girma kada wuce 80 shafukan. Irin wannan labari ko daidai to 3-4 play-hour mataki a kan mataki.

tsoho adabi

Da farko ya kafa wani wasan kwaikwayo dangane da sadaukarwa na haihuwa bautãwa Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar, hada da raye-raye. Actors sa konkoma karãtunsa fãtun, a kan fuskarsa - mask kuma raira yabo. Gasa da aka gudanar tsakanin tragedians da barkwanci. Famous playwrights - Aeschylus, Sophocles, Evripil, Aristophanes - sanannen mawallafa na zamanin d Girka.

Gargajiya wasan kwaikwayo hada daban-daban nau'o'i. Works of adabi da suke da dacewa da irin wannan fasaha, sallama mai yawa: yana da wani bala'i, comedy da wasan kwaikwayo da kanta. A maha? Ar kafa tragicomedy, don haka rare a Rasha makaranta.

Development of wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin wani misali na bala'i

A zahiri hankali da kalmar "bala'i" na nufin "goat song". Yana da wata dangantaka da kaka bakin ciki a lokacin da gunkin ruwan inabi ya shiga rashin himma, ko metaphorically mutuwa. Aeschylus ne dauke da kafa bala'i, ya kyautata da tsari da kunshe a cikin mataki na biyu actor. Sophocles kara wani uku hali. Wani tunanin wurare bayyana cikin sharuddan makoki, ta'aziyyar magana na tsoro da kuma fushi. Chorus yabi ta wajen tambayar da dama sautin.

Tragedy a Ancient Girka kunshi shida classic aka gyara: da labari, da watsuwar da haruffa, anan kuma gagarumin ra'ayi, prosaic da awo harshe, music, kuma spectacle. Tashin hankalin na kama da rai da kuma sani da wahala.

A canzawa bala'i zo da Renaissance, wanda ke zama m sake. Shakespeare haruffan da za ta hanyar wani sabon rabo. Yanzu zamantakewa yanayi wasa a mafi muhimmanci fiye da wasan na alloli. Shahararren "King Lear", "Othello," "alƙarya," to wannan rana ne wani anthology matasa playwrights da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.

A lokacin da haske, da haruffa suna fada ga ideas. Famous bala'in na Schiller "The Mafasa" da kuma "Love kuma rikici" ba na baya zuwa shahararsa na ayyukan Goethe ta "Egmont" da "Goetz von Berlichingen".

Romanticism kawo rikici, amma tsakanin ciki da kuma m halittu na haruffa. Byron, Hugo ta aiki a cikin Genre na bala'i.

Mai wallafe-wallafen iyali

Drama a cikin adabi - shi ne na farko, kuma farkon mai girma m category. The asali progenitor bala'i da kuma comedy, da kuma a yau ya samu sabon yan uwa. Modern wakilan - wannan melodrama, vaudeville zane. Melodrama matsayin irin adabi da rababben haruffa a cikin "mai kyau" da "mara kyau" mutane: 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da iyakacin duniya kyawawan dabi'u. A rikici ya auku tsakanin hali da dabi'u, kuma a sakamakon ne m yanke shawara. Kuma vaudeville zane - a hade art siffofin.

Ma'ana nau'o'i a cikin adabi

Duk da haka, a cikin Bugu da kari akwai wasu ban mamaki ma'ana nau'o'i na wallafe-wallafe. Tebur za ta taimaka wa rarraba abin da muke a yanzu bincika a wasu daki-daki.

Novella - wani irin labarin: a takaice litattafan aiki tare da kaifi batu da kuma a tsaka tsaki labari style. Babu m connotations da m endings, kamar yadda a cikin melodrama.

Oda - rabu amfani a yau, amma shi ne Popular a cikin marigayi 18th karni, babban aikin, wanda ya kafa daga hanyar shayari ko shayari sa to music.

Muqala - gaskiyane abu hakikanin rai, kwarai labarin.

Tale - almara Genre a kan rayuwar da gwarzo, ko 'yan haruffa, da nuna m aukuwa daga rayuwa. Ya fi girma a cikin girma fiye da labarin, amma kasa romance.

Waka - da labarin a wani poetic form.

Story - karami wa da labarin, wanda yana nufin daya ko fiye events daga rayuwar da gwarzo. A mataki ba šauki tsawon lokaci, da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kadan. Matsayin mai mulkin, mafi yawan bayanai zo daga ganuwa riwayan. A labarin da waka - mafi m nau'o'i na adabi ayyukansu.

Roman - babban labari aiki a cikin abin da dama subplots shafe wani gagarumin lokaci na rayuwa, ko dukan rayuwar mutum. Haruffa ne m, a cikin labarin akwai ganewa na harkar gagarumin matsaloli, matsaloli.

Almara - manyan aikin gagarumin kasa ko abubuwan tarihin. Sanya a cikin nau'i na litattafan ko shayari. mawallafa sau da yawa kira almara litattafan, amma shi ne daban-daban daga karshe abun ciki na kasa da rayuwa, wadai salon kowane fannin rayuwa da kuma m Gwargwadon da kuma tarihi ikon yinsa.

Ballad - a lyric-almara waka, wanda ya furta a tarihi line cewa gudanar ta hanyar dukan labarin. Ballad bambanta daga abun ciki na lyric waka. A karshen marubucin ya nẽmi su bayyana ciki ji, maimakon mãkirci. Bugu da kari, guntu waqe.

Song - da magana daga ra'ayoyi, ji, da labarin ta hanyar shayari saita zuwa music. Kasu kashi sassa, inda Barin - a ƙungiyar mawaƙa, da kuma tasowa cikin mãkirci - couplets.

Known jama'a, na tarihi, lyrical, jaruntakar songs. An yi imani da cewa songs da ballads - yana da mafi tsufa nau'o'i na wallafe-wallafe.

Tebur a kasa zai taimaka wajen samun wani janar ra'ayin game da irin m adabi Categories.

wallafe-wallafen fom

Haihuwar drama

Slow kuma auna farko kwata na XIX karni aka alama ta m yaduwar munanan wallafe-wallafe.

A daya hannun wannan ne haƙĩƙa, saboda da amfani a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, inda akwai dukan galaxy na talented artists da kuma marubuta. A gefe guda - a cikin wannan lokaci, akwai wani fashion for gida karatu da wallafe-wallafen salon. Popular bala'i na Kryukov, Ozerov Plavilshchikov, Viskovagova, Gruzintseva, Glinka, Zotov. Ya ji dadin babban rabo mai girma, "Marfa Posadnitsa, ko The hukuncin Novagoroda" Ivanova.

litattafansu kuma ainihi adawa

Sukar lamiri PA Katenin kokarin kare gargajiya nau'i na Genre, me ya sa fassara Corneille da Racine. A farkon karni XIX wasan kwaikwayo a adabi - shi ne kwafin da Faransa plays. Akwai manufar "na karya-gargajiya bala'i," zo karkashin hari ayyukan Kotzebue. Da zuciyar m harin zama "Drama Journal", samar da Harsuna: Learning, 1808. Daya daga cikin mafi salon playwrights na cewa lokaci ya Shahovsky. Daga alkalami zo daga fiye da 100 plays. Ya ya shahara comedies a cikin abin da ciki rauni daga cikin play, da sukar da masana overlapped kyalkyali karya ne yanayi da kuma effects.

New nau'o'i na wasan kwaikwayo a wallafe-wallafen

Vaudeville ga Rasha haukan farko hada Khmelnitsky. Ya farko ya mai talented fassara. Saboda haka, ya zama ya shahara akan m kwaikwayo na Faransa wasan kwaikwayo "Castles a cikin iska", "Gabby," "rashin qarfin zuciya".

Griboyedov comedy "Bone ya tabbata daga wit" - shi ne na farko Rasha littafin hali, wanda aka brilliantly yi a style da kuma model na Faransa plays. Wannan aikin, da aka buga a 1831, da kuma yanzu da babban rabo mai girma.

Turanci adabi kuma yana da babban tasiri a kan samuwar da Rasha wasan kwaikwayo. Alal misali, ko da Belinsky lura cewa Pushkin juya Shakespeare Boris Godunov. Pushkin yardar kaina reshapes kamar hotuna na heroes na bala'i sarki. Amma Rasha haruffa ba su a karkashin tutar so, kuma a karkashin nauyin dutsen wasan kwaikwayo.

Misalan Lermontov ayyukan, ƙarancin cancantar a wani m ji, amma a matsayin ban sha'awa abu game da Outlook na mawãƙi, da damar su shiga cikin ciki duniya da wani m Stylist. Litattafan Gogol ta "Sufeto" - wani wasan kwaikwayo-bam, wanda ya yi isgilanci da matsala ga jama'a burokrasi. Bayan nasarar litattafan Gogol a Rasha a can ne fashion for Rasha hali, maimakon da fassara takarda tare da Turai wallafe-wallafe.

Drama a cikin adabi - shi ne ma mai samfurin na Turgenev, wanda ya yi aiki a kan Genre a cikin marigayi 40 ta kuma farkon 50 ta. Ya play "The Freeloader", "Breakfast a Jagoran", "tuzuru", "lardin" har yanzu kunshe a cikin Theatrical repertoire.

Dukan more halitta look daga cikin haruffa saya a cikin ayyukansu na tsakiya na XIX karni. Alal misali, halin Pisemsky "M Fate" - wani baƙauye kauye a full-size kuma ba tare da ƙawa. Comedy marubucin "Ba'al", "haske", "kudi baiwa" short-rayu a kan mataki.

Rasha Shakespeare

Drama a Rasha adabi zai wanzu ba a cikin nau'i ba tare da Ostrovsky. Wannan marubucin ya iya ba kawai lashe mutane ta soyayya ga shekaru 40 Ostrowski sa game da 50 guda, amma kuma don goya dandano ga masu sauraro mai kyau da kuma kalubale aiki. Dobrolyubov Narek aiki na Alexander Nikolayevich "gutsattsarin Life". Duk ayoyin suna ci, kamar yadda wani gargajiya wasan kwaikwayo. Definition a cikin adabi na Ostrovsky ta plays - a duniya da wasan kwaikwayo. Marubucin yayi kokarin nuna ba kawai halin da ake ciki, amma har yanzu neman a tushen matsalar a cikin yanayin da haruffa, da yanayi.

Ya ya iya gabatar wa jama'a ba kawai heroes, kuma m hali daban, wanda haka da sauki ga kanmu. Hazaka marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, rubuta kyalkyali comedy ( "The Aure na Bal'zaminova"), chilling bala'i ( "hadiri"), sanya masu sauraro kuka, abin mamaki, empathy. Aikinsa - wata taska trove na Rasha magana.

Drama a matsayin irin adabi a Rasha, a matsayin asali makaranta mabiya Ostrovsky taso riga a lokacin da rayuwa na master. Bright koyi da da basira sun Potekhin, Dyachenko, fuka-fuki, Nightingales, Chernyshev, Vladykin, teas, Lviv da Antropov. Dukan su sun fice playwrights na biyu da rabi na XIX karni. Sun kasance Masters ma'adanin na wasan kwaikwayo, Theatrical mataki.

A na gaba mataki a cikin ci gaban da ban mamaki rubuce-rubuce zama masana'antu mãkirci. The mafi ban sha'awa wakilan da zamani wasan kwaikwayo ne Potekhin, Ippolit Shpazhinsky, Tarnowski, Sumbatov A. Suvorin, Karpov.

Tolstoy amfani da wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin wani taro bayanai makamai, ta wallafa "da na ikon duhu" da kuma "The Ya'yan itãcen marmari daga haske".
A cikin 60s akwai wani salo na tarihi tarihin matsayin wasan kwaikwayo. Misalai na ayyuka na Ostrovsky ta "Minin-Sukhoruk", "Voivod", "Vasilisa Melentevna" - ne mafi tsabta misali na wannan rare salo. Wadannan guda halaye suke da daraja trilogy Count A. K. Tolstogo "Mutuwa Ioanna Groznogo," "Sarkin Fyodor Ivanovich" da kuma "Tsar Boris" da kuma Chaeva tarihin ( "Sarki Vasiliy Shuysky"). Crackling wasan kwaikwayo muhimmi a cikin aikin Averkina: "Mamay", "Comedy na Frol Rasha bafadan Skobeyev", "Kashirskaya haihuwa."

zamani drama

Yau da wasan kwaikwayo ya ci gaba da halittu farfadowa, amma shi dogara ne a kan dukan gargajiya dokokin na salo.

A yau Rasha wasan kwaikwayo adabi - Waɗannan su ne sunayen kamar Edvard Radzinsky, Nikolai Erdman, Mikhail Chusov. Kamar yadda blurs iyakoki da kuma taron gunduma, a kan gaba wajen lyrical jigogi da rikice-rikice da shafi Uisten Oden, Thomas Bernhard da kuma Martin McDonagh.