Cyanobacteria - shi ne ... Cyanobacteria: tsarin, janar bayanai

Daga cikin halin yanzu data kasance kwayoyin, akwai wasu daga cikin na'urorin haɗi wanda a wani daula yanayi ne m rigingimu. Saboda haka shi ne halittun kira cyanobacteria. Ko da yake ainihin sunan da suka yi. Da yawa ma'ana:

• blue-kore algae.
• cyanobiont.
• fikohromovye Monera.
• cyano.
• slizievye algae da sauransu.

Sai dai itace cewa cyanobacteria - shi ne quite kananan, amma a lokaci guda wani hadadden da kuma rigima jiki da cewa bukatar da hankali shawara da kuma duba da tsarin domin sanin ko daidai taxonomic akidar.

A tarihin na samu na zama da

Bisa ga daftarin burbushin halittu, da tarihi na blue-kore algae yana da nasa tushen nisa baya a lokacin, domin 'yan shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Wadannan binciken ya haifar da nazari na masana binciken burbushin halittu wanda bincikar da kankara (su shafukan) daga waɗanda m sau.

cyanobacteria da aka samu a kan surface na samfurori, tsarin da ya ba daban-daban daga abin da na zamani siffofin. Wannan ya nuna wani babban mataki na adaptability na wadannan halittu daban-daban muhalli yanayi, to su matsananci jimiri da kuma rayuwa. A fili yake cewa shekaru miliyoyi masu yawa akwai mai yawa canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki da kuma iskar gas abun da ke ciki na duniya. Babu wani abu, duk da haka, ba zai shafi viability na Cyan.

A zamani cyanobacteria - guda-celled kwayoyin, wanda aka bude a tare da sauran siffofin kwayan Kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Lui Pasterom da sauran masana kimiyya a XVIII-XIX ƙarni.

More nazarin da suka yi mashi daga baya, tare da ci gaban electron bincike da madubin likita kuma modernized dabaru da kuma gudanar da bincike hanyoyin. Features aka gano cewa mallaka cyanobacteria. sifar tantanin halitta ya hada da wani yawan sabon, ba a samu a sauran halittu, Tsarin.

rarrabuwa

The tambaya domin sanin su taxonomic akidar zauna bude. Duk da yake shi ne da aka sani kawai abu daya: cyanobacteria - prokaryotes. Wannan ya tabbatar da irin wannan fasali kamar:

• babu wani tsakiya, mitochondria, chloroplast.
• gaban a cikin cell bango murein.
• S-ribosome kwayoyin hada Kwayoyin.

Duk da haka, cyanobacteria - prokaryotes, lambobi game da miliyan 1.5 jinsunan. Dukkan su sun classified da kuma harhada a 5 manyan morphological kungiyoyin.

1. Chroococcales. Isar da babban rukuni ha Kadaitaccen ko mulkin mallaka siffofin. High yawa na kwayoyin da ake gudanar tare da na kowa gamsai secreted cell bango kowane mutum. A siffar da wannan kungiyar ne sanda-dimbin yawa da kuma siffar zobe tsarin.
2. Plevrokapsovye. Very kama da na baya form, amma akwai wani alama a cikin nau'i na kafa beotsitov (more a kan wannan sabon abu daga baya). Hade nan cyanobacteria ne uku na asali azuzuwan: Plevrokapsy, Dermokapsy, Miksosartsiny.
3. Oksillatorii. Babban alama na wannan kungiya shi ne cewa duk da Kwayoyin suna hade a cikin wani na kowa tsarin kira mucic trichome. A division daukan wuri, ba tare da faruwa a waje na wannan thread, ciki. Ostsillatorii hada a membobinsu na musamman vegetative Kwayoyin, rarraba asexually rabin.
4. Nostokovye. Ban sha'awa domin ta cryophilic. Iya zauna a cikin bude hamadar kankara kafa a kan su launin hare-hare. Da ake kira sabon abu na "blooming kankara Hamada." A siffofin wadannan kwayoyin da filamentous kamar yadda trichomes, amma jima'i haifuwa, tare da taimakon musamman Kwayoyin - heterocysts. Ga za ka iya hada wadannan wakilan: Annaba, Nostoc, Kalotriksy.
5. Stigonemovye. Very kama da na baya kungiyar. Babban bambancin a cikin yanayin na haifuwa - ba za su iya raba ninka a cikin wannan cell. Mafi mashahuri wakilin wannan jam'iyya - Fisherelly.

Saboda haka, Cyan kuma classified bisa ga morphological sharudda, kamar yadda na sauran akwai mai yawa tambayoyi kuma itace rikice. Botanists da kwayoyin zuwa hada a taxonomy na cyanobacteria iya yi ba tukuna.

habitats

Saboda gaban musamman kayan aikin (heterocysts, beotsitov, sabon abu tillakoidov, gas vacuoles, ikon gyara kwayoyin nitrogen da sauran) data kwayoyin zaunar ko'ina. Sun iya tsira har ma a mafi matsananci yanayi, a cikin abin da babu wani rai kwayoyin ba zai iya zama. Alal misali, maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi thermophilic, anaerobic yanayi tare da hydrogen sulfide yanayi, wani acidic yanayi da ciwon PH kasa da 4.

Cyanobacteria - kwayoyin tsira zare jiki a kan teku yashi, kuma m zana hotunan, kankara tubalan da zafi Hamada. Koyi da kuma gano gaban cyanogen iya zama da halayyar launi a kan gardama, wanda ya samar da su mazauna. Launi na iya bambanta daga blue-baki zuwa ruwan hoda, da shunayya.

Sinezelenymi aka kira su domin, wanda shi ne sau da yawa a kan surface na al'ada sabo ne ko gishiri ruwa sai suka samar da wani blue-kore mucic fim. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira "algal blooms." Ana iya gani a kusan duk wani lake, wanda ya fara girma da kuma juya zuwa fadama.

Features sifar tantanin halitta

Cyanobacteria da saba tsarin prokaryotic kwayoyin, amma akwai wasu peculiarities.

Total cell tsarin shirin ne kamar haka:

• cell bango murein da polysaccharides.
• jini membrane bilipidnogo tsarin.
• cytoplasm tare da yardar kaina rarraba kwayoyin abu a cikin nau'i na DNA din.
• tillakoidy aiki aiki photosynthesis da kuma dauke da pigments (chlorophylls, xanthophylls carotenoids).

Specific sassa na cell da aka bayyana a kasa.

Nau'in na musamman Tsarin

Wannan musamman geterotsisty. Wadannan Tsarin - ba sau da yawa, amma da Kwayoyin kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na trichomes (na kowa mulkin mallaka yarn a hade tare da gamsai). Suka sãɓã wa jũna a lokacin da kyan gani, a cikin madubin da abun da ke ciki, tun da babban aiki - samar da enzyme, kyale gyara kwayoyin nitrogen daga cikin iska. Saboda haka, pigments a geterotsisty akwai kadan, amma da yawa daga nitrogen.

Abu na biyu, shi gormogonii - sassan dauka daga trichomes. Suna aiki ne kamar kiwo filaye.

Beotsity - shi ne wani nau'i ne na 'yar Kwayoyin, da taro da aka bai wa iyaye daya. Wani lokaci su yawan kai dubbai daya tsawon division. By irin wannan fasalin zai iya Dermokapsy sauran Plevrokapsodievye.

Akinetes - musamman Kwayoyin a cikin quiescent jihar da kunshe a cikin trichomes. Sun bambanta mafi m arziki cell bango polysaccharides. Rawar da suka taka shi ne kama da geterotsisty.

Gas vacuoles - suna da duk cyanobacteria. sifar tantanin halitta da farko yakan haifar da gabansu. Rawar da suka taka - da shan kashi a aiwatar da flowering ruwa. Wani sunan ga irin Tsarin - Carboxysome.

Cell kunnawa. Suka lalle suna da, da kuma a shuka da dabbobi da kuma kwayan Kwayoyin. Duk da haka, da blue-kore algae, wadannan inclusions ne ɗan daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da:

• glycogen.
• polyphosphate granules;
• tsianofitsin - musamman abu, kunsha na aspartate, arginine. Yana hidima ga ajiya na nitrogen, tun wadannan inclusions ne a heterocysts.

Wannan shi ne abin da yana da cyanobacterium. Main sassa da kuma musamman Kwayoyin da wasu gabbansa - wancan ne abin da damar tsianeyam gudanar da photosynthesis, amma a lokaci guda su bi da kwayoyin.

haifuwa

Wannan tsari ne ba musamman wuya, kamar yadda wannan, wanda su ne na kowa kwayoyin. Cyanobacteria iya raba vegetatively, sassan trichomes, al'ada cell a cikin biyu, ko da wani sashe daga cikin jima'i tsari.

Sau da yawa a cikin wadannan matakai shafe musamman Kwayoyin geterotsisty, Akinetes, beotsity.

hanyoyi na motsi

Keji an rufe a kan waje cyanobacteria cell bango, da kuma wani lokacin har na musamman Layer na polysaccharide iya kafa mucic kwantena a kusa da shi. Shi ne da godiya ga wannan siffa da kuma zirga-zirga motsa Cyan.

Flagella ko cilia musamman a can. Movement za a iya za'ayi kawai a kan m surface da gamsai short cuts. Wasu Ostsillatorii da sosai m hanya na motsi - su akwai doguwar kusa ta axis a lokaci guda haifar da juyawa daga cikin dukan trichomes. Kamar wancan akwai wani motsi a kan wani surface.

A ikon gyara nitrogen

Wannan siffa yana da kusan kowace cyanobacterium. Wannan shi ne yiwu godiya ga nitrogenase enzyme m fix kwayoyin nitrogen da kuma fassara shi a cikin wani digestible form mahadi. Wannan ya faru geterotsisty Tsarin. Saboda haka, wadanda iri cewa ba su da su, a gyara nitrogen daga cikin iska iya ba.

Kullum, wannan tsari da ke sa mai da muhimmanci sosai wanda yake cyanobacteria domin shuka rayuwa. Ya magance a cikin ƙasa, Flora Cyan taimaka sha mamaye nitrogen da kai a rayuwa.

anaerobic jinsunan

Wasu irin blue-kore algae (msl, Ostsillatorii) ne iya rayuwa a cikin gaba daya anaerobic yanayi, da kuma yanayi na hydrogen sulfide. A wannan yanayin da aiki na fili a cikin jiki da kuma aka kafa a sakamakon kwayoyin sulfur exiting a cikin muhalli.