Krypton - wani sinadari. dabara krypton

A wannan duniya tamu akwai wani jam'i na daban-daban mahadi, Organic da kuma ma'adinai abubuwa. Saboda haka, mutum ya fito fili, hada da amfani da fiye da rabin miliyan Tsarin daga cikin kwayoyin duniya da kuma fiye da 500,000 a waje da shi. Kuma a kowace shekara wannan adadi ne na girma, a matsayin ci gaban da sinadaran masana'antu ba yana tsaye har yanzu, kasashen rayayye tasowa, da kuma inganta shi.

Amma abin mamaki ba ma cewa. Kuma da cewa duk da wannan dama abubuwa gina duk na 118 sinadaran abubuwa. Wannan gaske mai girma! Lokaci-lokaci tsarin na sinadaran abubuwa ne kafuwar, wanda graphically nuna bambancin da kwayoyin da inorganic duniya.

Nau'in da sinadaran abubuwa

Akwai da dama zažužžukan gradation data Tsarin. Saboda haka, lokaci-lokaci tebur a cikin sunadarai yanaye kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin:

• Metal abubuwa (da rinjaye).
• nonmetals (ƙananan part).

Cikinsa da farko up abubuwa dake kasa da notional diagonal iyaka daga boron zuwa astatine, da kuma na biyu - wadanda a sama. Duk da haka, akwai aka ware wa wannan rarrabuwa, misali, tin (wanzu a alpha- da beta-nau'i, daya daga wanda - ƙarfe, da kuma sauran - a nonmetal). Saboda haka, irin wannan bambance-bambancen da ake kira da rabuwa da ba zai iya gaba daya adalci.

Har ila yau da lokaci-lokaci tsarin sunadarai abubuwa za a iya classified bisa ga Properties na karshen.

1. Samun asali Properties (rage) - hankula karafa, abubuwa na babban kungiyar 1.2 kungiyar (ban beryllium).
2. Samun acidic Properties (oxidants) - hankula nonmetals. 6.7 Sinadarai na babban kungiyoyin, sub-kungiyoyin.
3. Amphoteric Properties (dual) - duk karafa da sub-kungiyoyin na wasu daga saman.
4. Abubuwa, nonmetals, da kuma bayyana kansu a matsayin rage jamiái da kuma yadda oxidants (dangane dauki yanayi).

Mafi sau da yawa shi ne domin karatu da sinadaran abubuwa. 8 sa makaranta da aka asali nufin nazarin dukkan Tsarin ambaton hali sunayen da pronunciation a Rasha. Wannan ne kafin a m shawo sunadarai a nan gaba, da tushen kome. Lokaci-lokaci tebur a cikin sunadarai ne ko da yaushe a fagen view of yara, amma ya san ya fi na kowa, kuma reactivity daga gare su, har yanzu zama.

A musamman kungiyar a wannan tsarin daukan na takwas. The abubuwa na babban subgroup ake kira daraja - daraja - gas domin su kammala lantarki bawo da, kamar yadda wani sakamako, low sinadaran reactivity. Daya daga cikinsu - krypton, da wani sinadari a lambar 36 - Za a yi la'akari da mu a daki-daki. Sauran abokan aikinsa a kan tebur ne ma daraja gas da ake amfani da yadu ta mutum.

Krypton - wani sinadari mai

Wannan mazauni na lokaci-lokaci System ne a karo na hudu lokaci, na takwas kungiyar, da babban subgroups. Lambar siriyal, ya kuma inganta yawan electrons da makaman nukiliya cajin (yawan protons) = 36. Daga wannan za mu iya cewa abin da zai zama da lantarki dabara na krypton. Rubuta shi: _{+ 36} Kr 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4s ² 4p ^{10 6} 3d.

Babu shakka, da waje makamashi matakin na zarra ne cikakke. Wannan kayyade sosai low reactivity na wannan kashi. Duk da haka, a karkashin wani yanayi duk da haka kulawa da su shiga karfi wasu halayen da wani barga gas kamar krypton. Chemical kashi, ko kuma wajen, matsayinsa a cikin tsarin, lantarki tsarin, da kuma ba da damar zuwa samu wani muhimmanci halayyar da zarra: valence. Wannan ne, da ikon samar da sunadarai shaidu.

Yawancin lokaci da muke cewa shi ne kusan ko da yaushe domin ba m jihar na kwayoyin halitta ne daidaita da kungiyar lambar, a cikin abin da aka located (idan kun ƙidaya daga farko zuwa na hudu domin, sa'an nan mataimakin versa, 1234321). Duk da haka, da valence na krypton a wannan tsarin ba ya shige, saboda babu wani ƙarin makamashi posts, watau ba tare da zumudi na zarra, shi kullum shi ne kaucewa inert kuma ta valence na sifili.

Idan duk da haka cimma zumudi zarra, electrons iya matsawa ware-BREAKING da free 4d orbital. Saboda haka zai yiwu valence krypton: 2,4,6. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar m tare + (+ 2, + 4, + 6).

Tarihi na samu

Bayan gano inert gas - argon a 1894, helium a shekarar 1985 - to hango ko hasashen da tabbatar da yiwuwar kasancewar a cikin yanayi sauran sauƙi gas ga masana kimiyya ya ba. Babban kokari a wannan shugabanci exerted William ramsay, wanda ya gano argon. Ya gaskiya sun gaskata cewa a cikin iska akwai inert gas, amma da lambar shi ne don haka bai isa a kula da cewa dabara ba zai iya gyara gabansu.

Saboda haka, yana buɗewa da kashi krypton ne kawai 'yan shekaru. A 1898, iska ya zama ruwan dare Neon gas, da kuma bayan shi, da kuma sauran inert fili cewa shi ne matsala ta gano da kuma kadaici, an yanke shawarar zuwa sunan krypton. Bayan duk, daga Girkanci "Kryptos" na nufin boye.

shi ba a iya gano na dogon lokaci, shi ya kasance da wuya sosai. Yana tabbatar da cewa a daya cubic mita na iska ƙunshi daya milliliter na gas. Wannan ne, da adadin ne kasa da wata shafi! Wannan shi yiwuwa a bincika abu, shi ya ɗauki ɗaya da ɗari cubic santimita na ruwa iska. Abin farin, a wannan lokaci, masana kimiyya sun iya samar da hanyoyin samar da kuma liquefying iska a cikin manyan yawa. Irin wannan al'amarin yarda samun nasara a gano W. ramsay kashi krypton.

Spectroscopic data tabbatar da farko binciken na wani sabon abu. "Hidden" gas yana da wani sabon gaba daya line a bakan, wanda ya ba da wani dangane a wannan lokaci.

Kafa sauki abu da kuma ta dabara ne

Idan krypton - da wani sinadari na ga inert gas, shi ne ma'ana ya ɗauka cewa zai zama mai sauki al'amarin maras tabbas kwayoyin. Shi ne. Simple abu krypton - Kr gas da monohydric siffantawa. Yawancin lokaci muna saba ganin gas da index "2", misali, yã _2, H _2, da sauransu. Amma wannan kashi ne daban-daban saboda na ga wani iyali na daraja gas da kuma cikakken electron harsashi zarra.

jiki Properties

Kamar yadda da wani mahadi a cikin wannan ma yana da halaye. Wadannan jiki Properties na krypton.

1. Nauyi sosai gas - sau uku mafi girma daga iska.
2. Babu dandano.
3. Colorless.
4. Odorless.
5. Tafasar batu -152 ⁰ C.
6. Da yawa daga cikin abu a al'ada yanayi, 3,74 g / l.
7. Narkewa batu -157.3 ⁰ C.
8. high ionization makamashi ne 14 maddî.
9. Electronegativity ne ma quite high - 2.6.
10. Narkewa a benzene, dan kadan a cikin ruwa. Tare da kara yawan zafin jiki da solubility na ruwa rage-rage. Har ila yau, gauraye da ethanol.
11. A dakin da zazzabi, shi yana da permittivity.

Saboda haka, krypton gas yana da isasshen halaye don amsa chemically da kuma zama da amfani a gare ta mutum Properties.

sinadaran Properties

Idan canja wurin krypton (gas) a cikin m jihar, shi crystallizes a cikin sarari granetsentricheskuyu cubic raga. A wannan jiha, shi ne kuma iya shiga cikin sinadaran halayen. Su ne 'yan, amma kada ya wanzu.

Akwai da dama iri na kayan, wanda aka samu a kan tushen da krypton.

1. Yana Forms clathrates da ruwa: ^Kr. 5,75N ₂ O.

2. Forms su da kwayoyin abubuwa:

• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H, OH.
• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H ₅ CH _3;
• ^2Kr. CCl _^4. 17H ₂ Ya;
• ^2Kr. CHCL _^3. 17H ₂ Ya;
• ^2Kr. _{(CH3) 2} ^CO. 17H ₂ Ya;
• 0,75 ^Kr. LC ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.

3. A tsanani yanayi zai iya amsa tare da sunadarin flourine, cewa an oxidized. Saboda haka, tare da reagent na dabara krypton daukan siffar: KrF _2, ko krypton difluoride. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a fili 2.

4. In mun gwada kwanan nan aka iya haduwa a fili wanda ya hada da links tsakanin krypton da oxygen: Kr-O (Kr (OTeF _{5) 2).}

5. Finland ya samu wani ban sha'awa mix na krypton da acetylene kira gidrokriptoatsetilen: HKrC≡CH.

6. krypton fluoride (4) ne kuma a KrF _4. Lokacin da narkewa a cikin ruwa, da fili iya kafa wani rauni, kuma m krypton acid, wanda an san kawai ta barium gishiri: BaKrO _4.

7. The dabara na krypton a nasabar sanya daga ta difluoride, kama da wannan:

• KrF ⁺ SbF ₆ ^-.
• Kr ₂ F ₃ ⁺ Auf ₆ ^-.

Saboda haka, ta bayyana cewa, duk da sinadaran inertness, wannan gas farfado rage dũkiyarsu da kuma iya shiga cikin sinadaran hulda da sosai stringent yanayi. Wannan ya bada chemists a duk faɗin duniya da koren haske da yiwuwar gudanar da bincike kan "boye" iska bangaren. Yana yiwuwa cewa sabon mahadi da cewa sami fadi da aikace-aikace a cikin fasahar da masana'antu nan da sannu zã a iya hada.

Tabbatar da dalilin da gas

Akwai hanyoyi da dama na kayyade gas:

• chromatography.
• spectroscopy.
• sha analysis hanyoyin.

Akwai 'yan abubuwa ƙaddara da wannan hanyoyin, suka kuma sanya wani lokaci-lokaci tebur. Krypton, xenon, Radon - da heaviest na daraja gas da kuma mafi elusive. Saboda haka, a gane su, kuma ana buƙatar wannan hadaddun physico-sinadaran hanyoyin.

Hanyar ga shirye-shiryen

Babban hanya kafin su sami - wani aiki ruwa iska. Amma saboda low gwada yawa abun ciki na krypton shi wajibi ne don aiwatar da miliyoyin cubic mita domin samar da wani karamin adadin mai daraja gas. A dukan tsari faruwa a matakai uku.

1. iska magani a musamman iska rabuwa ginshikan. Kamar wancan akwai wani rabo daga cikin jimlar kwarara daga abubuwa a kan mutum sulusi da murabba'i - da cakuda hydrocarbon da kuma daraja gas a cikin ruwa oxygen, kazalika da m - da yawa a hankali ahankali gas. Tun da mafi yawan m abubuwa, da shafi na musamman kanti tiyo, ta hanyar abin da zarar rabu da heaviest aka gyara. Daga gare su, kuma krypton. A mafita, ya aka dauke ƙazantar da waje al'amarin. Domin samun m samfurin, kuma akwai bukatar a kara hõre wani yawan takamaiman sinadaran jiyya da musamman kaushi.
2. A wannan mataki, a cakuda krypton da xenon, gurbata da hydrocarbons. Domin tsaftacewa ta amfani da musamman na'urorin a cikin abin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma adsorption daga cikin cakuda kashe mafi maras so aka gyara. A wannan yanayin da cakuda kanta ya rage m daraja gas tare. Bugu da ƙari, cikin dukan tsari faruwa a karkashin babban matsin, haddasa sauyin gas a cikin ruwa a jihar.
3. A karshe mataki na rabuwa ya zama karshe gas cakuda su sami wani musamman high tsarki na krypton da xenon. Domin wannan na musamman na musamman shigarwa tsara, a zahiri cikakke ga wannan tsari. A sakamakon haka ne high quality samfurin a cikin nau'i na gaseous krypton.

Sha'awa, duk da bayyana matakai na iya zama cyclic, ba tare da tsayawa samar idan feedstock - iska - An tsĩrar da ta dace adadin. Wannan damar domin kira na daraja gas, ciki har da krypton, a manya-manyan masana'antu sikelin.

Storage da sufuri da samfurin faruwa a musamman karfe kwantena tare dace rubutu. Su ne a karkashin matsin lamba, da kuma ajiya zafin jiki bai wuce 20 ⁰ C.

Contents a cikin yanayi

Karkashin yanayi, akwai ba kawai wani kashi krypton, kuma ta isotopes. A total akwai shida iri da suke resistant da yanayin:

• Krypton-78 - 0,35%.
• Krypton-80 - 2,28%.
• Krypton-82 - 11,58%.
• Krypton-83 - 11,49%.
• Krypton-84 - 57%.
• Krypton-86 - 17,3%.

Ina da gas dauke? Hakika akwai, da kuma inda ya aka gano a karo na farko - a cikin iska. A kashi na sosai kananan - kawai 1.14 x 10 ^-4%. Har ila yau, m ƙari data daraja gas reserves a cikin yanayi ne saboda da makaman nukiliya halayen ciki da lithosphere na Duniya. A wannan wuri ne da gwaji na barga isotope irin wannan kashi.

adam amfani

Modern fasahar sa ya yiwu a samu krypton daga cikin iska a cikin manyan yawa. Kuma akwai kowane dalili ya yi imani da cewa Allah zai maye gurbin inert argon gas a haske kwararan fitila. Bayan duk, cike da krypton, za su zama more tattali: tare da wannan ikon amfani za su zama tsawon yawa da kuma haskaka da haske. Shi ne ma fi iya yin tsayayya da obalodi, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada, wanda suna cike tare da cakuda nitrogen da argon.

Wannan za a iya bayyana masu zama a gida da manyan nauyi krypton kwayoyin cewa hana zafi canja wuri daga gilashin kwan fitila da filament, da kuma rage danshin da kwayoyin halitta daga surface.

Har ila yau, rediyoaktif isotope Kr Kr ⁸⁵ amfani ga ciko musamman fitilu sun kasance m na emitting beta haskoki. Wannan haske makamashi ne tuba zuwa bayyane haske. Wadannan fitilu kunshi wani gilashi kwan fitila wanda ciki ganuwar mai rufi da wani phosphorescent abun da ke ciki. Beta haskoki isotope krypton, da samun a kan wannan Layer, haddasa shi haske cewa daidai m ko a nesa na 500 m.

Ko a nesa daga buga rubutu za a iya gani a fili har zuwa 3 mita. Fitilu ne m, saboda rabin rayuwa na da isotope krypton-85 ne game da shekaru 10. The aiki na'urar ko da na yanzu tushen da kuma na waje muhalli.

Har ila yau krypton fluoride ana amfani da oxidants propellant. Kr-F fili abun da ke ciki amfani da a samar da excimer lasers. Wasu isotopes na krypton ana amfani da magani. Yafi domin bincike kayan aiki, da ganewa na perforations da leaks a injin tsarin, Hasashen da kuma ganewa na lalata, kamar yadda iko kayan aiki da lalacewa sassa.

Wani amfani da krypton - a X-ray shambura, wanda suna cike da su. Modern masana kimiyya suna neman hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da wannan gas a matsayin filler a cikin abun da ke ciki na numfashi garwayayye ga nutsewa a ruwa. amfani za a iya gane shi da kuma matsayin m, a magani.