Culture of Rasha 10-13 ƙarni. Tamanin da tallafi na Kiristanci

Kiyaye har zuwa ranar, kafofin gaya game da peculiarities na samuwar jihar, game da abin da ya al'adun zamanin da Rasha. 10-13 karni, taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban na ruhaniya da Sphere na kasar. Wannan shi ne lokaci na samuwar da kuma yawan na feudalism. Culture of Rasha da aka kafa a kan tushen da nasarorin da nan data kasance kabilu, kuma ya rayu har zuwa su Sarmatians da Scythians. Hakika, ruhaniya na kowane al'umma da kuma yankin yana da kansa ainihi da kuma yana ƙarƙashin rinjayar da makwabta.

A sabon addini

Yana da wuya a overestimate muhimmancin tallafi na kiristanci. Rum yana da babban tasiri a kan ci gaban da rai na ruhaniya na yawan jama'a. Tare da tallafi na wani sabon addini a 988, da shekara ta hada da tsoho hadisin farko Greek wayewa. Ya kamata a lura da cewa ci gaban da m Sphere da tasiri da kuma Slavic kafirci. Duk da tallafi na sabon addini, shi ci gaba da zama a yankuna da dama. Slavic kafirci bayyana a kusan dukkan duniyoyin rayuwa. Farawa kawar da shi ya faru ne kwatsam. Duk da haka, aka yi ta kokari karfafa sabon addini, su sa shi m, kusa da mutane, bayyana musu muhimmancin tallafi na kiristanci. Church fara gina a kan wuraren da haikalin da aka located a baya. Saboda haka sabon addini tsinkãyi abubuwa na deification yanayi. Wasu tsarkaka dangana ga rawar da tsohon alloli. Abubuwa na ruhaniya da rai na Rum an bita da kuma samu takamaiman, na kasa siffofin. Daga gare su, a hankali ya fara daukar siffar wani sabon al'adu na Rasha. "10-13 karni ya ba da bishara da kuma al'adar" - don haka ya rubuta daga baya Pushkin. Bisa dogaro da kansa shekaru da haihuwa kwastan da kuma ayyuka, da shugabanninmu sun iya samar da wani sabon gaba daya shugabanci. Rasha ya wadãtar da al'adar Turai, sabon, peculiar kawai ta siffofin haikalin, icon zanen, a irin zane-zane. Kada su kasance rude da Byzantine, duk da bayyana dangantakar gani harshe.

Architecture of Ancient Rasha

10-13 karni wani watershed a ci gaba da gine-gine. Na dogon lokaci da kasar da aka "katako". Towers, gidan, ɗakin sujada, - duk gina na itace. Wannan abu Masters bayyana su ji daga rabo da kuma gina kyakkyawa da kewaye yanayi. dukan al'adu na Rasha ya fara canza tare da tallafi na Byzantine addini. 10-13 karni wani lokaci na miƙa mulki daga katako da dutsen da tsarin. Irin wannan kwarewa ba ya nan a Yammacin Turai, kamar yadda al'ummai inhabiting shi, ko da yaushe gina dutse. Rasha katako gine da aka hali na mutane da yawa matakai gine-gine, da gaban daban-daban outbuildings, shirayin, ya mi} a mulki, tsaye, hasumiya, da hasumiya. Yana da aka gargajiya da kuma sassaka. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar Byzantine wayewa yi al'adu ta matuƙa, canza Rasha. 10-13 karni da aka alama ta yi majami'u a kan model na giciye-Dome na wani Greek Haikali. A farko gine-gine da aka gina a cikin m daidai Byzantine hadisai. Gina a Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral riga ya nuna a hade da Rasha da kuma Greek hadisai. Dalili na giciye-domed coci da aka lashe tare da goma sha uku surori. Mataki Dala Majalisar farfado da style na katako gine. The girma ganiya kai a zamanin mulkin gine Bogolyubsky.

ilimi

A wani mataki na ci gaba da jama'a ya zama dole ka sadu da sabon bukatun na yawan masu zurfi isa. Saboda haka akwai aka rubuta shekaru daban-daban 10-13. A Rasha, ba shakka, a baya mutane sun iya bayyana tunaninsu a kan takarda. Amma da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki dangantakar sun zama rikitarwa, samuwar statehood. Wadannan al'amura sun alama na gaba lokaci, wanda ya wuce da al'adun Rasha. 10-13 karni ya na da matukar muhimmanci lokaci a cikin ci gaban kayayyakin aiki, don inganta da kuma sadarwa ideas, tunani da kuma ilimi a cikin sarari, adana da kuma yadawa na ruhaniya. A wannan lokaci, da haruffa da aka halitta. Its aukuwa ake dangantawa da sunayen Cyril da Methodius - Byzantine sufaye mishaneri. Duk da haka, kafofin nuna biyu haruffa - Glagolitic kuma QFontDatabase. Da muhawara game da wanda daya zo na farko, sun dogon isa. Yau an dauke da wani kafa hujja da cewa Glagolitic haruffa aka halitta a 2nd rabin na 9th karni, da kuma QFontDatabase haruffa fito a nuna na 9-10 ƙarni.

A farko littafin

Na musamman da tasiri a rayuwar ruhaniya na yawan yana da wani adabi na 10-13 ƙarni. A Rasha, mafi yawan littattafan da aka lalata a lokacin Mongol mamayar da yawa gobara. Total riƙe kamar 150 na duk da cewa wanzu a baya. A mafi tsufa da aka dauke "Ostrom Linjila". Yana da aka rubuta ta hanyar Gregory Irena a 1057-m for Ostromir (Novgorod magajin gari). A babban matakin fasaha, wanda aka cika da littattafai da suka kai mu lokacin magana game da streamlined samar da rubuce-rubucen a farkon 11th karni, a kan rijiyar-kafa da lokaci na Shirin zanen basira. Books aka kofe, yafi a gidajen lama.

rubuce-rubuce

A 12th karni craft rewriting canjawa wuri zuwa ga birnin. A bayyanar a cikin manyan ƙauyuka "littafin descriptor" na nuna yaduwar jahilci a tsakanin yawan jama'a. Yana kuma nuna wani karuwa a bukatar a wallafe-wallafe. Na 39 da aka sani malaman Attaura, kawai 15 sun mambobi ne na limaman Kirista. A wasu ba nuna akidar da coci. Duk da haka, duk da yaduwar rubuce-rubuce a cikin birane, babban littafin cibiyar zauna gidajen lama, a karkashin abin da musamman nazarinsa sarrafa. Sun yi aiki na dindindin teams na copyists. Bugu da kari, wadannan bita da aka tsunduma a Tattara bayanan tarihin.

Rasha Art

10-13 karni, alama ta ci gaban da sojojin, ta halakar da siyasa da kuma yankin hadin kan kasa. Rushewar jihar shi sakamakon na karawa da manyan kadarori, ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin birane. Recent ya zama sabon cibiyoyin m sassa na kasar, ya kuma nemi siyasa 'yancin kai. An aikewa da nasu rawar da ikon ga birane da yawa ya zama art. 10-13 karni a Rasha an halin da samuwar ainihi daga yankuna na kasar. Su asali ya ta'allaka ne a hade da na gida halaye da kuma hadisai na Kiev.

icons

A zamanin d art na Rasha , sun samo asali a cikin na da wuri. Kamar yadda kasashen yamma da kuma gabas, wannan Trend ya fi mayar da coci. An refracted ta cikin Prism na ji na rayuwa da Kristanci, da tsayar da iconography. Wasu daga cikin icon na Vladimir-Suzdal Masters na 12th karni, irin wannan a cikin style zuwa Kiev, halitta a cikin 11th karni. Wadannan ayyuka, misali, hada da wani elongated image "Deesis" daga ɗauka cewa Cathedral. Tare da fasaha na Kiev artists da alaka da sanannen Yaroslavl Orans. Its monumental da majestic adadi kusa ta rabbai Kiev mosaics. Yaroslavl Oranta icon kama mai kauri DM. Tasalonika. Yana da aka kawo daga Dmitrov. Wannan icon ne daban-daban fasali, tsari, da kuma "sculptural" tallan kayan kawa haske kama.

music

A wuri na musamman a Rasha rai da aka bai wa songs da raye-raye. Music tare da mutane a cikin yakin, a jobs, pensions sun zama wani ~ angare na bikin da kuma bikin. mashahuri a cikin kayan sun ganguna (marufai a kuru), tagulla (ƙaho, da ƙaho, da sarewa, zhaleyka), kirtani (garaya). A cikin shahararrun frescoes a St. Sophia Cathedral siffanta masu kida da rawa. Ba dole ne a ce cewa har da aikace-aikace na kida da aka daban-daban. Tubes, misali, yin kamar sigina nufin farauta. Ganguna da garayu da aka yi amfani da shi kadai ko kuma a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa a bukukuwa da kuma merrymaking. A wasu kafofin akwai alamomi da isasshen farkon bayyanar m rikodin. Wannan ne sosai karfafa ta tallafi na kiristanci. Tare da da tsarkakewa daga bauta. Shi ya tafi a kan wani musamman harhada tsarkakewa littattafai. Irin wannan rubutun kwanan wata daga 12th karni. A cikinsu, ban da liturgical texts, akwai kuma m tsarin rubutu "hooks" da "flags".

A ciki da kuma shugabanci na ruhaniya ci gaba

Ma'ana shi, ya kamata a lura da cewa tarihi da kuma al'adu aiwatar a Rasha da aka dogara ne a kan mutãne art. Shi ya zama tushen da kuma wani masomin na ruhaniya ci gaban da yawan jama'a. A cikin yanayi na mulkin gargajiya fragmentation, da yankunan da hare-haren da kasashen waje makiyan Rasha saukar da rarrabe al'ada kerawa na mutane. Ya lanci da kuma gudanar da ci gaban jihar. Al'adu Rasha nuna haske ji na fata, shi abubuwa kamar wani rai-tsantsan da karfi. Creative ayyukan da mutane da suka rayu a wani mulkin gargajiya zamanin, halin da:

• Firm imani cewa alheri mãsu rinjãya a kan mugunta.
• Beauty soja da kuma aiki feats.
• High halin kirki da kuma nobility.
• Sadaukarwa soyayya ga ƙasarsu.
• Inexhaustible kyau dara.
• Deep shayari.
• Tags selection na gargajiya rayuwa mamaki, daidaito da kuma tsakar ta kiyasta.

Duk wadannan na musamman halaye na Rasha mutane a daya nau'i ko wata bayyana ba kawai a cikin littattafai na na da Rasha, amma kuma a cikin gumaka, frescoes, gine-gine, da kuma music.

influencing dalilai

A ci gaba da Rasha 10-13 a cikin al'adunsu. Yana nuna halayyar wannan zamanin saba wa juna da kuma peculiarities. Sun sa tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa matakai da ya faru a jihar. A Hanyar samar da ya wanzu a lokacin da mulkin gargajiya tsarin, halin da wasu conservatism a inganta samar da sojojin. Ga shi aka halin da kadaici na halitta tattalin arzikin. An wajen talauci ɓullo da musayar. Duk wannan slows saukar da al'adu ci gaba, kirkiro wani shingen da samuwar gida peculiarities da kuma hadisai. Na musamman da tasiri a rayuwar ruhaniya na mutane sun Tatar-Mongol mamayewa.

ƙarshe

Hakika, na bayar da muhimmanci ga Rasha al'ada shi ne predominance na addini akida. A rawa, musamman a farkon tsakiyar zamanai, mallakar da coci. Ta gudummawar da yaduwar rubuce-rubuce, da cin gaban art, gine kyautata. A daidai wannan lokaci da coci a hankali bi da kare su akidarsu. Ta nuna rashin jituwa da sabon al'adun halayyar. Church kafa wani cikas ga ci gaban kimiyya, inganta fasaha da ilmi. Duk da haka, al'adu nasarorin na da Rasha suke da muhimmanci dabi'u na jihar. Su ne wani ɓangare na kasa al'adunmu, girma, da daraja daga cikin mutanen da.