Mulkin gargajiya fragmentation - wanda kayyade mataki na Turai ci gaba

Mulkin gargajiya fragmentation - a weakening na tsakiyar jihar ikon da lokaci daya karfafa da na gefe yankuna na kasar. Kalmar shafi kawai ga na da Turai tare da abincinsa tattalin arzikin da kuma tsarin na talakansa dangantakar. Mulkin gargajiya fragmentation aka generated da wani karuwa a mambobi na sarauta dauloli, a lokaci guda zuwa ga da'awar gadon sarauta. Tare da wannan factor, da dangi soja rauni na na da sarakuna kafin a hade sojojin na nasu vassals kai ga cewa kafin m jihar fara karya up a cikin m ikoki, da Duchy da sauran kai-Hukumar gādo. Fragmentation aka, ba shakka, an generated da haƙiƙa juyin halitta na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da ci gaban Turai, duk da haka, matukar lokacin da farkon na mulkin gargajiya fragmentation kira 843 da shekara a lokacin da uku da jikoki Karla Velikogo sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar da Verdun da ya raba kasar cikin sassa uku. Shi ne daga wadannan scraps na Charlemagne ta daular baya haife, Faransa da kuma Jamus. A karshen wannan lokaci a tarihin Turai kasance a cikin XVI karni, zamanin na karfafa sarauta da iko - absolutism. Ko da yake wannan German ƙasashe gudanar ya gama a daya jiha ne kawai a 1871. Kuma a sa'an nan, baya daga ƙabilun Jamus Liechtenstein, Austria da kuma Switzerland.

Mulkin gargajiya fragmentation a Rus

Turai hali X-XVI ƙarni, ba kare da m sarauta. A lokaci guda, da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation na na da Rasha jihar yana mai yawan siffofin cewa bambance shi daga yanayin da yammacin bambanci. A farko kararrawa da mutuncin jihar Lalacewar ya riga ya zama mutuwar Prince Svyatoslav a 972, bayan da 'ya'yansa maza farko ya fara internecine yaki ga kursiyin Kiev. A karshe mai mulki na united Kievan Rus aka dauke su dan Vladimira Monomaha, Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, wanda ya mutu a 1132. Bayan mutuwarsa jihar karshe an rarraba su zuwa fiefdoms magada, kuma bai taba tayar a cikin na asali siffan.

Hakika, yana Yana zai zama ba daidai ba to magana game da daya-mataki lalata Kiev dũkiyarku ba. Mulkin gargajiya fragmentation a Rasha, kamar yadda a Turai, shi ne sakamakon haƙiƙa matakai na karfafa gida ƙasar boyars. Isasshen karfi da kuma yana da m Holdings boyars ya zama mafi m don kula da nasu yarima, dogaro a kan su, kuma la'akari da maslahar su, maimakon zama masu biyayya ga Kiev. Wannan yarda da ƙaramin 'ya'yansa maza, da' yan'uwansa, dan'uwa da kuma sauran dangi da yarima suka yi adawa da karkashin shugabancin tsakiya.

Amma ga siffofin na kasa Lalacewar, shi ya ta'allaka ne da farko a cikin abin da ake kira lestvicheskoy tsarin da wanda, bayan da mulki ta mutuwa kursiyin ya wuce zuwa ƙanensa, kuma ba zuwa ga babban dan, yadda yake a Yammacin Turai (Salic dokar). Wannan, duk da haka, ya kasance cikin hanyar mahara internecine rikici tsakanin 'ya'ya maza da dan'uwa na Rasha da daular XIII-XVI ƙarni. Rasha ƙasar a cikin mulkin gargajiya lokacin ya fara zama wani babban yawan m mulkoki. Yunƙurin na gida daraja iyalai da kuma ya'yan sarakuna ba kotuna ba Rasha da zargin da Novgorod Jamhuriyar, tasowar da Galicia-Volyn da Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta, da halittar kuma da Yunƙurin na Moscow. A da Moscow sarakuna, da na kauda tashe mulkin gargajiya fragmentation kuma Ya halitta, Rasha mulkin.