Coral Reef. Manyan murjani Reef. A karkashin ruwa duniya na murjani reefs

Tekuna da ruwaye ne al'adunmu na mutãne, kamar yadda suka zama ba kawai masu rinjaye na duk aka sani (da ba a sani ba) zuwa kimiyya jinsunan halittu masu rai. Bugu da kari, kawai a ciki acan karkashin ruwa ruwa a sau za ka iya ganin irin wannan hoto, da kyau na wanda wani lokacin iya kawai rufe ko mafi sha'aninsu dabam mutum. Dubi murjani Reef, kuma za ku ga cewa yanayi ne da yawa sau mafi girma daga halittar wani talented artist.

Mene ne wannan?

Coral reefs kira murjani mazauna cewa samar wani lokacin da gaske babbar ilimi, irin wannan a cikin size da duwatsu.

Ka lura da cewa wadannan murjãni, wanda zai iya samar da reefs ne Scleractinia, na ga aji Anthozoa, Cnidaria irin. Single mutane samar da wata katuwar mallaka na polyps da calcareous mazauna mazan mutane samar da goyon baya ga ci gaba da kuma ci gaban da matasa dabbobi. Sabanin ga sanannen imani, da polyps ake samu a duk acan, kuma ba kawai a cikin kududdufi ruwaye. Saboda haka, da kyau baki murjani zaune a irin zurfin, wanda ba ya shiga ba ray Sunshine.

Amma hakikanin murjani Reef za a iya kafa ne kawai da jinsunan da cewa rayuwa a cikin kududdufi wurare masu zafi da tekuna.

Abin da reefs ne a can?

Akwai uku main iri: fringing, shãmaki, kuma atolls. Kamar yadda za ka iya tsammani, iyaka jinsunan samu a cikin kududdufi ruwa a kusa da bakin tekun. A mafi m tsarin ne shãmaki reefs, wanda suke kama da mafashin ruwa. Suna located tare da bakin tekun na ɓangaren duniya ko girma tsibiran. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka suke da muhimmanci sosai. Da fari dai, akwai miliyoyin tsari jinsunan halittu masu rai, da kuma abu na biyu, ilimi data taka muhimmiyar rawa a siffata da sauyin yanayi na yankin, da hana teku igiyoyin.

Babbar da shahararrun ne Great Shamaki Reef, wanda lullube domin 2,000 km, forming gabashin gefen Australian nahiyar. Sauran su ne ba haka babban da kuma muhimmanci da ya "dangi" suna located tare da bakin tekun na Bahamas, kazalika a yammacin Atlantic.

Atolls - ne kananan zobe-dimbin yawa tsibirin. Su Coast kare murjani Reef, forming wata halitta shãmaki, wanda ya hana wani karfi tides, kuma tẽku igiyoyin wanke topsoil daga ƙasar surface. Ina zo daga reefs, abin da yake cikin tsarin ba da su samuwar?

Da ya faru na murjani reefs

Tun da mafi yawan polyps bukatar gwada da m ruwa, manufa domin su ne gaban kananan da kuma lebur tushe, zai fi dacewa dake kusa da bakin tekun. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya da dama imani da cewa yanayi a karkashin abin da samuwar mazauna na polyps, wanda ya bambanta.

Saboda haka da yawa atolls to duk ãyõyi dole ne sun taso a saman da haihuwa aman wuta, amma ba a ko'ina samu burbushi na gaske high lawa tsarin da zai iya cikakken tabbatar da wannan ka'ida. Shahararren masanin kimiyya Charles Darwin, tafiya a wani kasa da sanannen jirgin "Beagle", tsunduma ba kawai a cikin samuwar juyin view of ci gaban 'yan Adam. A hanya, ya iya yin mai yawa binciken, daya daga wanda shi da wani bayani na yadda akwai wani duniyar murjani reefs.

"Reef" ka'idar Charles Darwin

Zaton cewa ka fito a zamanin d aman wuta a hankali ya karu saboda lawa da cewa ya fadi a cikin yanayi a sakamakon yawa eruptions. Da zaran surface daga cikin teku za su zama game da 20 mita, za a da ganiya yanayi na mazauna na saman seamount murjãni. Suka fara da sauri gina wani mallaka, a hankali gaba daya musanyãwa da farko taimako tasowa bayan da eruptions.

Lokacin da matasa Reef ya kai wani m taro, da aman wuta, da na sama ɓangare na abin da ya riga ya kusan rushe, shi zai fara zuwa a hankali nutse baya a cikin teku. Kamar yadda nutse murjãni fara girma mafi tsanani, kuma domin da Reef an fara zama mafi m, yayin da sauran game da wannan matakin dangi zuwa surface na ruwa.

Dynamic ka'idar samuwar

Kusa da Reef fara tara yashi, mafi yawan abin da - shine kwarangwal na murjãni kansu, milled yashewa da kuma wasu iri teku tãlikai. Shoals zama ƙara, ƙarshe bayar a Reef farawa a cikin teku ta surface, sannu-sannu kafa da Atoll. A tsauri model nuna cewa mallaka polyps tadawa sama da ruwa surface auku saboda da m canji a duniya teku matakin.

Mutane da yawa geologists da kuma geographers na lokaci nan da nan ya zama interested a cikin wannan ka'idar. Idan gaskiya ne, sa'an nan kowace babbar murjani Reef kamata gudanar da kalla wasu saurã daga cikin volcanic core.

Gaskiya idan volcanic ka'idar asalin Reef?

Don tabbatar da wannan, a cikin 1904, a kan Funafuti tsibirin a cikin Pacific Ocean gwajin hakowa da aka shirya. Alas, data kasance a lokacin da fasaha ya yarda ya isa zurfin mita 352 kawai, bayan da aikin da aka tsaya kuma kafin ran core masana kimiyya a samu da kuma iya ba.

A shekara ta 1952, da {asar Amirka tare da wannan manufa don fara hakowa a Marshall Islands. A zurfin game 1.5 kilomita, masana kimiyya sun sami wani Layer na volcanic basalt. An tabbatar da cewa Reef aka kafa a kan miliyan 60 da suka wuce, a lokacin da mallaka na polyps zaunar a kan saman wani dadadden aman wuta. Darwin sake tabbatar da dama.

Ta yaya da reefs sã'õ'in ragewa duniya teku matakin

An sani cewa da mawadãta daga oscillation daga cikin teku a daban-daban lokaci isa wani ɗari mita. Modern matakin ya stabilized da kawai shida shekara dubu da suka wuce. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa 15,000 da suka wuce teku matakin ya akalla 100-150 mita ƙananan fiye da a yau. Saboda haka, duk murjani reefs da aka kafa a wancan lokaci, a yanzu akwai 200-250 mita kasa na zamani baki. Bayan da cewa alama da samuwar mazauna na polyps ba zai yiwu.

Bugu da kari, da yawa daga cikinsu na da murjani reefs (photo ne a cikin takarda), wanda aka kafa a cikin mafi zamanin da, da kuma masu a halin yanzu ƙasar. Su aka kafa a kwanakin nan, a lokacin da teku matakin ya matsayin babban matsayin da zai yiwu, da kuma kankara iyakoki a sandunan da ƙasa bai wanzu ba. Ka lura da cewa tsakanin kankara zamanai polyps ba a zahiri ya samar da wata fiye ko žasa da muhimmanci mazauna, kamar yadda ruwa matakin da aka canza ma hanzari.

Musamman muhimmanci a wannan batun, Misira. Coral reefs a cikin Bahar Maliya sau da yawa samu a babban zurfin, wanda miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce, akwai da saba kasa m tekuna.

Babban aka gyara daga wani murjani Reef

Don gane daidai da yadda mai mallaka na polyps shirya, misali, ka yi la'akari da bakin tekun na Jamaica. A wani photos na classic Atoll farko gani mafitar steeply daga zurfin yashi tofa. Baki ratsi zubar layi daya Atoll - shi ya bi sawun murjani lalacewar da cewa ya faru a daban-daban ma'aunan kasa lokaci saboda teku matakin hawa da sauka.

Matuƙan wannan sashi ne m da hutu: ko da dare amon surf, wanda aka rarraba da kyau kafin Coast, ya nuna gaban reefs. Bayan da kare yankin fara tudu a kan abin da murjãni aka buɗe a low komowar ruwa. Oddly isa, amma zurfin ƙaruwa sharply a tafasan ruwa, mazauna na polyps a cikin wannan yankin da aka ba haka ba ci gaba, a low komowar ruwa, sun kasance a karkashin ruwa. A mãkirci ne a kusa da bakin, wanda kullum yana buɗewa a low komowar ruwa, da ake kira littoral. Akwai kananan murjani.

The most da kuma sashe murjãni girma a kan m gefuna, wanda fuska da bude teku. A mafi girma maida hankali marine rayuwa ne lura a cikin littoral yankin. Af, kowa a duk za a iya samu ta hanyar ziyartar murjani Reef? A karkashin ruwa duniya na Misira da kuma sauran rare yawon shakatawa inda ake nufi haka arziki da ka idanu zai diverge! Eh, a cikin richness na fauna daga wadannan wurare ba zai iya ki.

A karkashin ruwa duniya na murjani reefs

Masana kimiyya sun ce daya kawai Great Shamaki Reef (da muka riga muka tattauna) kawaici a kusan dubu biyu jinsunan kifaye! Tunanin yadda da yawa a can rayuwa tsutsotsi, Sponges da sauran kwaro?

A mafi m mazaunan ne mai ban mamaki kifi na murjani reefs - parrots. Sunan da suka samu ga wani musamman irin "baki", wanda yake shi ne modified muƙamuƙi farantin. Jaws daga wadannan "aku" ne da karfi da cewa su iya yaga da kuma kara da dukan tubalan murjani.

Tun da polyps ne ba ma high cikin adadin kuzari, wadannan kifaye da kullum ci. A lokacin shekara, daya yawan iya halakar da dama ton na murjani. Dahu da yawa su ragowar jefa a cikin yanayi a cikin nau'i na yashi. Na'am, a, "aku" taka muhimmiyar rawa a siffata da mamaki da kyau rairayin bakin teku na tsarki da fari murjani yashi.

Recognizable kuma m mazaunan wadannan wurare ne ma daruruwan jinsunan teku urchins. Su halitta makiya - tarwada - wani lokacin zama cin zarafin da kansu da kuma lalata reefs. Saboda haka, star na da kambi na ƙaya, suka isa a Australian coast daga wani yammancin duniya, ya riga ya hallaka kusan 10% na Shamaki Reef! Saboda wannan, oceanographers da sana'ar kamun kifaye da masana halittu na duniya sun ayyana shi a real yaki: taurari an kama da kuma hallaka.

Past events yi samar da wani sakamako ba, amma saboda yau da Australian karkashin ruwa duniya fara warke.