Period Geology. Neogene lokaci. Triassic lokaci. Jurassic

Kamar yadda zamani ideas na masana kimiyya, da ma'aunan kasa tarihi na duniya tamu 4,5-5 shekaru biliyan. A kan aiwatar da sabon ci gaba da shi ne ya dace domin ayyana da ma'aunan kasa lokaci na Duniya.

janar bayanai

Duniya ma'aunan kasa lokutan (Table kasa) wakiltar wani jerin al'amuran da cewa ya faru a lokacin da ci gaban da duniya tun da samuwar kanta na ɓawon burodi. Tare da nassi na lokaci a kan surface akwai daban-daban matakai, kamar yin halitta, da hallakarwa landforms nutsewa ƙasar yankunan karkashin ruwa da kuma kiwon su, icing, kazalika da bayyanar da bacewar daban-daban jinsunan tsirrai da dabbobi, da sauransu. D. The duniya Bears bayyana burbushi su ilimi. Masana kimiyya suna da'awar cewa za su iya gyara su ilmin lissafi daidaici a cikin daban-daban yadudduka na dutse.

Babban kungiyoyin na adibas

Geologists, kokarin sake gina da tarihi na duniya, karatu da yadudduka na kankara. Kar adibas data ne zuwa kashi biyar manyan kungiyoyin, nuna rubutu da wadannan ma'aunan kasa dazamani na Duniya: wani tsoho (Archean), farkon (Proterozoic), da tsoho (Paleozoic), talakawan (Mesozoic) da kuma sabon (Cenozoic). An yi imani da cewa iyakar tsakanin su ne aka gudanar da most juyin mamaki da ke faruwa a wannan duniya tamu. A karshe uku dazamani, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi lokaci, kamar yadda a cikin wadannan sediments aka fi fili kiyaye ragowar shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Kowane mataki ne halin da abubuwan da suka hukunci tasiri a cikin rãyuwar topography na Duniya.

A farkon mataki

Archean zamanin da Duniya yana mai m m volcanic matakai, wanda a cikin sa duniya ta surface sun igneous dutse kankara - dalilin da samuwar nahiyar faranti. A wannan lokaci akwai wanzu ne kawai da kwayoyin da zai iya rayuwa ba tare da oxygen. An zaci cewa adibas Archean garkuwa cover kusan dukan raba yankin na nahiyoyi, sunã da wani yawa na baƙin ƙarfe, da na azurfa, platinum, zinariya da kuma wasu ores.

farkon mataki

Proterozoic zamanin ma hankula high volcanic aiki. A wannan lokacin duwãtsu aka kafa da ake kira Baikal nadawa. Don wannan rana sun kusan bai tsira, yanzu wakiltar kawai wasu bai isa a kula jawo a filayen. A wannan lokacin, da Duniya zaune protozoa kuma blue-kore algae, na farko kwayar. Proterozoic dutse strata arziki a cikin ma'adanai: Mica, wadanda ba ferrous ores da na baƙin ƙarfe ores.

tsoho mataki

A farkon lokaci na Paleozoic zamanin da aka alama ta da samuwar dutsen jeri na Caledonian orogeny. Wannan ya haddasa wani gagarumin raguwa a teku daruna, kazalika da zargin babbar yankunan ƙasar. Mun tsira da mutum ridges na lokaci: a cikin Urals, a Arabia, Kudu maso Gabas da kuma China Central Turai. Duk wadannan duwãtsu aka "gaji" da kuma low. The biyu da rabi na Paleozoic orogenic tafiyar matakai an kuma halin. Ga ridges kafa Hercynian nadawa. Wannan zamanin ya fi iko, akwai sararin duwãtsu a cikin Urals da kuma Yammacin Siberia, Manchuria da kuma Mongolia, Central Turai, kazalika da Australia da kuma Arewacin Amirka. Yau aka wakilta sosai low blocky iri-iri. Animals Paleozoic zamanin - shi ta dabbobi masu rarrafe da halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, tekuna da kuma tẽkuna aka sanaki kifi. Daga cikin shuka duniya da aka mamaye algae. Palaeozoic (Carboniferous lokaci) ne halin manyan adibas na ci, da mai, wadda sun taso a cikin wannan zamanin.

Middle mataki

An fara Mesozoic halin da tsawon zumunta shiru da kuma sauka a hankali halakar hakar ma'adinai tsarin raya baya, ruwa lebur yankunan (part Yammacin Siberia). The biyu da rabi na wannan lokaci, alama da samuwar ridges Mesozoic nadawa. Akwai sosai m mountainous ƙasa, wanda ko da a yau suna da wannan siffar. A matsayin misali, duwãtsu na Eastern Siberia, da Cordillera, wasu sassa na Indo-China da Tibet. A ƙasar da aka densely rufe lush ciyayi, wanda a hankali ya mutu da kuma rot. Saboda da zafi da kuma gumi sauyin yanayi ne mai aiki samuwar peat bogs da swamps. A da zamanin giant kadangaru - dinosaur. The mazaunan Mesozoic zamanin (herbivores da kuma dabbobi masu cin nama) sun bazu ko'ina cikin duniya. A daidai wannan lokaci ta bayyana da farko dabbobi masu shayarwa.

wani sabon mataki

Cenozoic Era, wanda ya maye gurbin tsakiyar mataki, ya ci gaba da wannan rana. A farkon wannan lokaci da aka alama ta wani karuwa a cikin ayyuka na ciki sojojin na duniya, wanda ya jagoranci wani janar kiwon babbar yankunan ƙasar. Wannan epoch ne halin da bayyanar dutsen jeri mai tsayi nadawa a cikin tsayi-Himalayan bel. A wannan lokacin, shi tsiwirwirinsu zamani shaci na Eurasian nahiyar. Bugu da kari, akwai wani gagarumin rejuvenation na zamanin d massifs na Urals, Tien Shan kuma Altai duwãtsu na Appalachia. Da cika fuska canza da sauyin yanayi a duniya, ya fara wani lokaci na karfi glaciation. Movement of kankara talakawa canja da topography na nahiyoyi na Arewa Hemisphere. A sakamakon haka, da suka kafa m filayen da yawa tabkuna. Animals Cenozoic zamanin - ne dabbobi masu shayarwa, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, da halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, da yawa daga cikin na farko lokacin da ya kai wa yau, yayin da wasu suka zama dadaddun (mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, saber-toothed damisa, kogon beyar, da dai sauransu) daya dalili ko wata.

Mene ne ma'aunan kasa lokaci?

Sashen lokaci kamar yadda naúrar na yanki lokaci sikelin na duniya tamu za a iya raba lokaci. Bari mu ga abin da aka ce game da wannan kalma a cikin kundin sani. Period (binciken kasa) - shi ne mai manyan tazara daga ma'aunan kasa lokaci a cikin abin da kankara da aka kafa. Bi da bi, shi ne zuwa kashi karami raka'a, wanda ake kira epochs.

A mataki na farko (Archean da Proterozoic) saboda da cikakken rashi ko kananan yawan su a cikin kitsen dabba da kayan lambu yanayi kasu kashi ƙarin shafukan a lokacin. Palaeozoic hada Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, karbonsky da perm lokaci. Wannan mataki ne halin da mafi girma da yawan sub-jinkiri, da wasu da aka iyakance zuwa uku kawai. Mesozoic zamanin hada Triassic, Jurassic da kuma alli, saukarwa. Cainozoic zamanin inda mafi karanci lokaci, ya wakilta Paleogene, Neogene da quaternary subintervals. Bari mu bincika wasu cikin su.

Triassic

Triassic lokaci - wannan shi ne na farko sub-tazara daga cikin Mesozoic zamanin. Its duration ya game miliyan 50 years old (farkon - 251-199 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce). An halin Ana ɗaukaka marine kuma terrestrial fauna. A daidai wannan lokaci ci gaba da zama 'yan wakilan da Paleozoic, kamar spiriferid, tabulate, wasu elasmobranch da sauransu. Daga cikin kwaro ne da yawa na Ammonawa, da wanda ya ba mai yawa sabon siffofin, da muhimmanci ga stratigraphy. Daga cikin shida-rayed murjani fi yawa nau'i na Brachiopod - terebratulidy da rinhonelidy, echinoderms kungiyar - teku urchins. Vertabrate ne, yafi wakilta dabbobi masu rarrafe - Saurischia manyan dinosaur. Tartsatsi thecodonts - kasa da sauri-motsi dabbobi masu rarrafe. Bugu da kari, da farko manyan na cikin ruwa kwayoyin bayyana a cikin Triassic lokaci - ichthyosaurs da plesiosaurs, amma tsayinsa suka isa kawai a cikin Jurassic lokaci. Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin da kuma na farko dabbobi masu shayarwa ya bayyana, wanda aka gabatar kananan siffofin.

Flora a Triassic lokaci (ma'aunan kasa) hasarar abubuwa Paleozoic kuma yakan mallaki exceptionally Mesozoic abun da ke ciki. Yana aka mamaye fern shuka iri, sagovoobraznye, conifers kuma Ginkgo. Yanayin damina ne halin da gagarumin Warming. Wannan take kaiwa ga bushewa har na da yawa daga cikin m tekuna, da kuma a cikin sauran ma ya karu, gwargwado matakan. Bugu da kari, wani sosai rage yanki na m ruwa jikinsu, sakamakon tasowa hamada shimfidar. Alal misali, a cikin wannan lokaci sun hada da Tauride samuwar Crimean sashin.

Jurassic

Jurassic lokacin samu da sunan daga Jura duwãtsu a kasashen Yammacin Turai. Shi ne tsakiyar ɓangare na Mesozoic kuma mafi densely nuna babban fasali na ci gaba da gudanar da wannan zamanin. Bi da bi, shi za a iya raba uku sassan: ƙananan, na tsakiya da kuma na sama.

A fauna daga wannan lokaci ne wakilta yadu rarraba kwaro - cephalopods (Ammonawa, wakilta yawa jinsunan da kuma danginsu). Sun sassaka da kuma yanayi bawo ne sosai daban-daban daga cikin wakilan da Triassic. Bugu da kari, a cikin Jurassic zamani ne yaxu wani rukuni na molluscs - belemnite. A wannan lokaci, da gagarumin ci gaban kai da shida-Reef-gini murjãni, marine Sponges, furannin bi-rana da kuma teku urchins, kazalika da yawa elasmobranch. Amma gaba daya bace Paleozoic brachiopod jinsunan. Marine fauna vertebrate jinsunan bambanta muhimmanci daga Triassic, ya kai gare shi da wata babbar iri-iri. A Jurassic lokaci tartsatsi kifi da kuma na cikin ruwa dabbobi masu rarrafe - ichthyosaurs da plesiosaurs. A wannan lokaci akwai wani miƙa mulki daga ƙasa, kuma adapting da marine yanayi, crocodiles da kunkuru. A babbar iri-iri daban-daban na isar da terrestrial vertabrate - dabbobi masu rarrafe. Daga gare su zuwa ga blossoming zo dinosaur, wanda aka wakilta herbivores, predatory da sauran siffofin. Mafi yawansu ba su kasance har zuwa 23 mita a tsawon, kamar Diplodocus. A adibas na wannan lokaci samu wani sabon nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe - yawo kadangaru, wanda ake kira "pterodactyls". A lokaci guda akwai kuma na farko da tsuntsãye. Jurassic Flora kai luxuriant girma: gymnosperms, Ginkgo, cycads, conifers (Araucaria), bennettites, sagovnikovye kuma, ba shakka, ferns, horsetails, da kuma kulob din mosses.

Neogene

Neogene lokaci - na biyu lokaci na Cenozoic zamanin. Yana fara da miliyan 25 da suka wuce da kuma kare miliyan 1.8 da suka wuce. A wannan lokaci, akwai lokatan gagarumin canje-canje a cikin fauna. Akwai babban iri-iri na gastropods da bivalves, murjãni, foraminifera da coccolithophorids. Yadu ɓullo da halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, kunkuru da kuma fitar kasusuwan jikinsu kifaye. A Neogene lokaci, wani m iri-iri na isar da ƙasar vertabrate nunawa. Alal misali, akwai hanzari m hipparion iri: hipparions, da dawakai, rhinoceroses, barewa, da raƙuma, Hobotova, barewa, hippos, rakumin dawa, hakori, saber-toothed damisa, hyenas, da sauran manyan birai.

Ƙarƙashin rinjayar daban-daban dalilai a wannan lokaci hanzari gwamnatin kwayoyin duniya: akwai gandun daji-steppe, taiga, dutsen kuma a fili steppe. A cikin wurare masu zafi yankunan - da Savannah kuma Rainforest. Yanayin damina ne kusa da na zamani.

Geology matsayin kimiyya

Sashen lokaci na Duniya kimiyya karatu - binciken kasa. Yana bayyana gwada da kwanan nan - a farkon karni na 20th. Duk da haka, duk da matasa, shi ne guduro zubar da haske a kan da yawa husũma al'amurran da suka shafi a kan samuwar wannan duniya tamu, kazalika da asalin na dabba wadda zauna da shi. A wannan kadan kimiyya shiriritar, kawai sakamakon lura da facts ake amfani da yafi. Babu shakka cewa an adana a cikin yadudduka na duniya burbushi na duniya a kowace harka, zai bayar da wani karin cikakken hoto na baya, fiye da kowane littafi rubuta. Duk da haka, a iya karanta wadannan hujjoji da kuma fahimtar su daidai ba ba zuwa ga kowa da kowa, don haka ko da a cikin wannan daidai kimiyya, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a can iya zama erroneous fassarar wasu abubuwan. Inda akwai alãma daga wuta, shi za a iya bayyana tare da yaƙĩni da cewa wuta ya. da kuma inda akwai alãma daga ruwa, tare da wannan tabbaci ne za a yi jayayya cewa ruwa ya, da sauransu. Duk da haka kurakurai ma faruwa. Ba su zama da tushe, bari mu duba daya irin wannan misali.

"Frosting"

A 1973 da mujallar "Ilimi - karfi" da aka buga wata kasida da shahararren masanin halitta AA Lyubimtseva "m alamu a kan gilashin." Marubucin fa, tã da masu karatu 'da hankali ga daukan hankali kama da kankara alamu da shuka Tsarin. Kamar yadda wani gwaji, ya ɗauki hoton da juna a kan gilashin da kuma nuna hoto zuwa aboki da botanist. Kuma cewa ba tare da bata lokaci gane a cikin hoton burbushin sawun ƙayar. Daga mahangar sunadarai daga wadannan alamu faruwa saboda crystallization na ruwa tururi gas lokaci. Duk da haka, wani abu irin wannan ya faru a cikin shirye-shiryen da pyrolytic graphite da pyrolysis na methane diluted tare da hydrogen. Saboda haka, an gano cewa, baya ga wannan juyi generated dendritic siffofin da suke da matukar kama da shuka sharan. Wannan bayani da cewa akwai general dokokin da samuwar inorganic siffofin al'amarin da yanayi.

A lokacin geologists kwanan rana dogon lokaci kowane yanki, bisa burbushi na shuka da dabbobi siffofin samu a kwal. Kuma kawai 'yan shekaru da suka wuce, akwai zargin da wasu masana kimiyya da cewa wannan hanya ne ba daidai ba, kuma cewa duk burbushin - ba wani abu ba, kamar yadda wani byproduct daga cikin samuwar Duniya ta yadudduka. Babu shakka, ba shi yiwuwa a gwada duk guda, amma ya kamata ya kasance mafi m tsarin kula da al'amurran da suka shafi Dating.

Kuma ko duniya glaciation?

La'akari da wani categorical sanarwa na masana kimiyya, da kuma ba kawai ga geologists. Dukan mu, daga makaranta, yi wahayi zuwa ga World glaciation cewa rufe wannan duniya tamu, haddasa yawa jinsin dabbobi zama dadaddun: mammoths, woolly dorina da yawa wasu. Kuma zamani ƙaramin tsara kawo har kan Quadrilogy "Ice Age." Masana kimiyya a daya murya ce cewa binciken kasa - wani daidai kimiyya, ba kyale da theories kuma yana amfani da kawai tabbatar da hujjojin. Duk da haka, shi ne, ba haka. A nan, kamar yadda a yankunan da yawa daga kimiyya (tarihi, ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, da sauransu), wanda zai iya tsayar da rigidity daga cikin theories da ƙarfi da iko. Alal misali, tun lokacin da marigayi karni na sha tara a yayin Science gudanar da wani mai tsanani muhawara game da ko ko ba icing. A cikin tsakiyar karni na ashirin, sanannen masanin kimiyya-fanning binciken kasa IG Pidoplichko aka buga hudu-girma aiki "A cikin kankara shekaru." A cikin wannan takarda, marubucin hankali hakikanta insolvency version na duniya glaciation. Ya ba ka dõgara a kan ayyukan sauran malamai, da kuma shi da kansa ya gudanar da ma'aunan kasa (wasu daga wanda ya shafe a matsayin wani soja ta Red Army, musharaka a cikin fadace-fadace da Jamus invaders) a karkarar Tarayyar Soviet da kuma yammacin Turai. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa gleiser iya ba rufe dukan nahiyar, da kuma sa kawai wani gida hali, da kuma cewa ya ba sa nau'i nau'i na da yawa jinsin dabbobi, da kuma quite daban-daban dalilai - da kuma catastrophic events da ya kai ga korar sandunan ( "sa mamaki tarihi na Duniya" A . Skliarov). da kuma tattalin arziki aiki na mutum.

Sufi, ko me ya sa masana kimiyya ba su lura da bayyane

Duk da tabbacin da gabatar Pidoplichko, masana kimiyya ne a wani sauri ta yi watsi da soma version na glaciation. Kuma a sa'an nan har ma fiye da ban sha'awa. marubucin ayyukan da aka buga a farkon 50s, amma da mutuwar Stalin, duk lokutta na hudu kundin aka janye daga akunan karatu da jami'o'i na kasar, kiyaye kawai a vaults na library, da kuma samun su daga can sosai ba sauki. A Soviet sau, kowa da kowa dauki wannan littafi a cikin library da aka dauka a kan asusun na musamman da sabis. Kuma ko da a yau akwai wasu matsaloli a samun wannan ɗaba'ar. Duk da haka, godiya ga Internet, kowa da kowa zai iya samun matsahi na saba da ayyukan da marubucin, wanda ya yi nazarin a daki-daki, ga lokaci na geologic tarihi na duniya, ya bayyana asalin wasu waƙoƙi.

Geology - ainihin kimiyya?

An yi imani da cewa binciken kasa - wani kimiyya zalla gwaji, wanda aka kammala kawai daga abin da ya gani. Idan haka al'amarin yake m, shi ba ya ce wani abu, sai aka ji, za a iya tattauna, kuma dage yanke shawara har irin wannan lokaci har sai ka sami unambiguous kallo. Duk da haka, kamar yadda yi nuna, da kimiyyar, ma, yin kuskure (misali, kimiyyar lissafi, ko lissafi). Duk da haka, kurakurai ne ba wani bala'i idan sun dauki lokaci, kuma daidai. su ne sau da yawa a duniya a cikin yanayi, kuma suna da wani gida darajar, ku ne kawai da bukatar da ƙarfin hali da yarda da bayyane, zana dama karshe kuma matsawa a kan sadu da sabon binciken. Modern masana kimiyya sun nuna halin m hali, domin mafi yawan haske kimiyya a lokaci samu lakabi, lambobin yabo da fitarwa domin su aiki, da kuma yanzu ba su son raba da su. Kuma irin wannan halayya da aka gani ba kawai a fannin binciken kasa, amma kuma a cikin wasu duniyoyin da aiki. Kawai karfi mutane ba su ji tsoro su shigar da su blunders, sun ji dadin damar da za su ci gaba da kara, saboda ganewa na kurakurai - shi ne ba wani bala'i, amma wata sabuwar damar.