Clastic kankara. Description da rarrabuwa na kankara

A ciwon hanji na duniya ne, kusan duk lokaci-lokaci tebur. Chemical abubuwa samar da tsakanin su da wani fili na abin da na halitta da ma'adanai. Daya ko fiye da ma'adanai na iya a kunshe a cikin kankara na duniya. Wannan labarin za su yi kokarin magance su iri-iri, da kuma darajar Properties.

Mene ne dutse

A karo na farko da wannan lokaci ya yi amfani da mu Rasha masanin kimiyya Severgin a 1978. Definition za a iya ba shi ne: kankara - wannan connection a cikin daya daga cikin da dama da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa ma'adanai da m tsarin da abun da ke ciki. Rocks za a iya samu a ko'ina, kamar yadda su ne wani ɓangare daga cikin duniya ta ɓawon burodi.

Idan ka karanta bayanin kankara, sun kasance duk daban-daban alamun:

• Yawa.
• Porosity.
• Color.
• Ƙarfi.
• Strong jure sanyi.
• Ado halaye.

Dangane da hade da halaye da suke amfani da su.

A bambancin da kankara

A zuciya na dutse raka'a a kan daban-daban iri ne da sinadaran da kuma ma'adinai abun da ke ciki. The sunan dutse ne da aka ba, dangane da asalin. Ka yi la'akari da abin da suka raba kungiyar. Common rarrabuwa iya duba wannan hanya.

1. sedimentary kankara:

• clastic kankara.
• organogenous.
• chemogenic.
• gauraye.

2. Magmatic:

• volcanic.
• plutonic.
• hypabyssal.

3. Metamorphic:

• isochemical.
• metasomatic.
• ultrametamorphic.

Next, la'akari da wani karin cikakken faye hali na wadannan jinsunan.

sedimentary kankara

Duk wani kankara, bayyana a cikin gani na daban-daban dalilai da waje matakai za a iya maras kyau ya canza ta da siffar. Suka fara rushe, da tarkace baza, za a iya ajiye a kasa daga cikin teku, da tekuna. A sakamakon - da samuwar sedimentary kankara.

Rarraba kankara na sedimentary asalin wuya, tun mafi yawansu aka kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da yawa tafiyar matakai, saboda haka, to dangana su ga wani musamman kungiyar ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba. A halin yanzu, irin wannan dutse ne zuwa kashi:

• Clastic kankara. Misalai zai iya sa daban-daban: da saba tsakuwa ko dandaƙewa dutse, kasa da yumɓun, da kuma waɗansu da yawa.
• Organogenous.
• Chemogenic.

Bari mu magana game da kowane irin nau'i.

Clastic kankara

Sun bayyana saboda da samuwar tarkace. Idan muka rarraba su bisa ga tsarin, da saki:

• Cemented dutse.
• Unconsolidated.

A farko da irin kunshi wani a haɗa bangaren, wanda za a iya wakilta carbonates da clays. Nau'i na biyu ba shi da wadannan abubuwa saboda haka yana da wani sako-sako da tsarin.

Zaka kuma iya saka da cewa clastic kankara sau da yawa sun hada da burbushi da kuma ragowar shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Wadannan sun hada da bawo na mollusks kiyaye burbushin na kara, kwari fuka-fuki.

Mafi sani clastic kankara. Misalai tabbatar da wannan. By detrital ne m yashi, kuma lãka, crushed dutse da tsakuwa, kazalika da yawa wasu. Dukan su suna yadu amfani da gina masana'antu.

gadaje na dutse

Wannan kungiya ne samfurin na sinadaran halayen. Dangana a gare shi iya zama salts, kamar potassium da kuma haƙar. A tsari na kafa irin wannan irin na iya ci gaba a cikin hanyoyi biyu:

1. Sauka a hankali maida hankali kan aiwatar bayani. Ba a cire a nan da kuma sakamako na radiation daga rana.
2. Fili mafi salts a rage yawan zafin jiki.

A tsarin da irin wannan nau'in zai dogara ne a kan inda suke faruwa. Wadanda cewa an kafa a kan surface na duniya, da siffar da tafki, da kuma zurfin riga quite daban-daban.

Very yadu amfani daga wannan rukuni na kankara, misalai kawai tabbatar da wannan. Don da gadaje na kankara ne:

• Ma'adinai salts.
• Haƙar.
• Limestones.
• Dolomite, magnesite, da kuma waɗansu da yawa.

A yanayi ne quite na kowa kankara a cikin samuwar wanda ya samu halartar daban-daban na halitta tafiyar matakai. Sunan kankara da suka faru a irin wannan hanyar - gauraye. Alal misali, Sands za a iya hadu da wani admixture daga lãka.

Organogenic sedimentary kankara

Idan clastic kankara a wani lokaci ana kunshe a abun da ke ciki da ya rage daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, sa'an nan kuma wannan kungiya shi ne kawai daya daga gare su, kuma shi ne. Yana hada da:

• Man fetur da kuma shale.
• Bitumen.
• Phosphate kankara.
• Carbonate mahadi, kamar alli, wanda aka rubuta a kan allo.
• Limestones.

Idan muka magana game da abun da ke ciki, da farar ƙasa, kuma alli ne kusan gaba ɗaya sanya har na saurã daga bawo na zamanin d mollusks, foraminifera, murjãni, kamar yadda suka dauke algae. Ganin cewa ba tashi organogenic kankara ne daban-daban kwayoyin, sun kasu kashi da dama iri:

• Bioherm. Don haka ya kira jari na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.
• Thanatocoenoses da tafrotsenozy ne saurã daga kwayoyin da suka rayu da dadewa a wadannan wurare ko aka kawo ta ruwa.
• Planktonogenic kankara da aka kafa daga kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a cikin ruwa.

Hatsi size of laka

Wannan yanayin ne daya daga cikin halaye na sedimentary dutse tsarin. Idan ka dubi da kankara, su za a iya raba kama da inclusions. A farko embodiment, dukan dutse riskarsa kamar wani taro yi kama, da kuma na biyu mutum kasarun adadi iya a yi la'akari da su hatsi siffar da rabo.

Idan muka yi la'akari da girman da kasarun adadi, za mu iya bambanta da dama kungiyoyin:

1. Hatsi sosai alama.
2. Skrytozernistye gani bayyana su zama unstructured.
3. A cikin uku kungiyar, ba shi yiwuwa a yi la'akari da granularity ba tare da musamman kayan aiki.

inclusions nau'i na iya zama daya daga cikin sharudda da abin da raba wadannan duwatsu. Da dama jinsin iri Tsarin:

• Gipodiomorfny. A irin wannan harka kamar yadda tsaba lu'ulu'u da sakamakon bayani.
• Gipidioblastovy irin dangantaka da na tsaka-tsaki tsarin, a cikinta akwai wata redistribution abubuwa a cikin riga ƙarfafa dutse.
• Granoblastic ko takardar yana da lu'ulu'u na sababbu siffar.
• Mehanokonforny irin kafa da inji mataki na matsa hatsi yadudduka, wanda aka located a sama.
• Nekonformnozernisty yana da wani babban alama a cikin nau'i na daban-daban siffofi na hatsi, wadda take kaiwa zuwa voids da porosity.

Bugu da ƙari Tsarin emit ko kuma irin zane. A division dogara ne a kan layering na:

• Gradation. Its samuwar ne da za'ayi a babban zurfin karkashin ruwa.
• Prosloevaya auku a wasu yadudduka na ruwa, da irin wannan za a iya dangana lãka smears, yadudduka da yashi don lãka.
• Pereslaivatelnaya faruwa a lokacin da manyan kauri, yana yiwuwa don tsayar da canji na launuka yadudduka. A matsayin misali, interlace lãka da yashi.

Yana iya haifar da yawa fiye da sukayi fassara, amma wannan, watakila, a daina.

Wakilai daga sedimentary kankara

Mun riga yayi nazari da sedimentary clastic kankara, misalai na wanda ma sa, da kuma yanzu zauna a kan wasu, wanda kuma ya yadu rarraba a yanayi.

1. Grits. Wakiltar sedimentary kankara a cikin nau'i na tsakuwa. Yana da aka hada da, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa na kankara da kuma ma'adanai na daban-daban masu girma dabam.
2. Sandy kankara. Wadannan sun hada da yashi, kuma sandstone.
3. Silty kankara da ɗan kama da sandstones, kawai a cikin tsarin ne mafi barga ma'adanai a cikin nau'i na ma'adini, muscovite.
4. Siltstone halin da roughness a kan karaya da launi dogara a kan cementitious abu.
5. Baƙin yumɓu.
6. Clay kankara.
7. Mudstones.
8. Marktl ne a cakuda carbonates da clays.
9. Limestones, wanda an hada da calcite.
10. Mel.
11. Dolomites kama farar ƙasa, calcite, amma maimakon su dauke da dolomite.

Duk wadannan duwatsu suna amfani da ko'ina a yi da sauran sassa na tattalin arziki.

metamorphic kankara

Idan muka tuna cewa wannan metamorphosis, shi za a gane cewa metamorphic kankara ne sakamakon canji na ma'adanai da kuma kankara a karkashin mataki na zazzabi, haske, matsa lamba, da kuma ruwa. A mafi kyau da aka sani na wannan kungiyar ne: marmara, quartzite, gneiss, schist, da sauransu.

Tun da metamorphosis iya zama batun daban-daban iri kankara, da kuma rarrabuwa dogara a kan shi:

1. METABASIC - wannan irin, wanda haifar da daga hira da igneous da sedimentary kankara.
2. Metapelites ne sakamakon hira da acid sedimentary kankara.
3. Carbonate kankara, kamar marmara.

A tsari na metamorphic dutse wanda aka kiyaye shi daga baya misali, idan dutse located sama yadudduka, da kuma sabuwar kafa, za ta samu wannan siffar. A sunadarai abun da ke ciki, ba shakka, ya dogara a kan asali dutse, amma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da halayen su iya bambanta. A ma'adinai abun da ke ciki na iya zama daban-daban, kuma tana iya hada duka biyu ma'adinai ne daya ko dama.

Igneous kankara

Wannan rukuni na kankara ne kusan 60% na dukan duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Sun tashi daga narkewa na kankara ko a alkyabbar a kasa na ɓawon burodi. Magma - zubi abu ne partially ko cikakken wadãtar da daban-daban gas. Kan aiwatar da samuwar ne ko da yaushe hade da wani high zafin jiki a cikin ciki na duniya. Sashen matakai abin da ke faruwa a ciki da Earth, kullum tsokane magma yakan zuwa surface. A kan aiwatar da kiwon faruwa sanyaya kuma crystallization na ma'adanai. Saboda haka ne tsari ga samuwar igneous kankara.

Dangane da zurfin a da hardening, an rarraba su zuwa dama kungiyoyin na kankara, iri tebur iya duba, kamar wannan:

plutonic	volcanic	hypabyssal
Wadannan kankara suna kafa a cikin ƙananan ɓangare na ɓawon burodi.	Kafa a lokacin da shigowa na magma zuwa surface.	Jinsi na faruwa a lokacin magma cika da fasa a cikin data kasance kankara.

Igneous kankara bambanta daga tarkace cewa babu saurã daga matattu kwayoyin a cikin su. Dutse dutse samuwar ne daya daga cikin mafi shahararren tsakanin wannan ƙungiyar. Ya kunshi: feldspar, ma'adini da Mica.

Lokacin da wani shigowa, da magma barin surface na duniya, a hankali cools kuma Forms irin volcanic dutse. Ba su dauke da manyan lu'ulu'u a matsayin zazzabi drop daukan wuri quite da sauri. Wakilin irin wannan rawa ne basalt da dutse. Su sukan yi amfani da tsufa domin yi na Monuments da sculptures.

Volcanic clastic kankara

A kan aiwatar da volcanic eruptions kafa ba kawai dutse dutse, amma kuma da yawa wasu. Bugu da ari effusion lawa cikin yanayi tafi manyan yawan niƙaƙƙun wanda, tare da clots ƙarfafa lawa fadowa zuwa surface da kuma siffar tephra. Wannan pyroclastic abu ne sannu a hankali ana eroded, suka hallakar da wani ɓangare na da ruwa, kuma daya cewa shi ne compacted da kuma zama mai karfi da dutse - volcanic tuffs.

A warwarewarsu dutse, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa za a iya gani, da sarari tsakanin wanda aka cika da toka wani lokacin lãka ko siliceous sedimentary abubuwa.

Weathering na kankara

All kankara, kasancewa a cikin yanayi, ana fama da yawa abubuwan da haifar da yashewa ko rushewa. Dangane da tasirin da exerted akwai da dama iri wannan tsari:

1. Jiki weathering na kankara. Yana auku saboda zafin jiki canje-canje, sakamakon dutse fashe, a cikin wadannan fasa kuskure ruwa wanda za a iya tuba a cikin kankara a low yanayin zafi. Saboda haka a hankali halakar da dutse ya auku.
2. Chemical weathering ne da za'ayi ta ruwa da samun a cikin dutse fasa da leaches, dissolves shi. Irin wannan effects ne mafi amenable ga marmara, farar ƙasa, gishiri.
3. Halittu weathering ne da za'ayi tare da sa hannu na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Alal misali, shuke-shuke da su Tushen ke hallaka dutse, lichen, zaunar a kan su, asirce wasu acid, wanda su ma cutarwa sakamako.

Kauce wa da weathering na kankara ne kusan ba zai yiwu.

Ma'ana kankara

Ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin da tattalin arzikin ba tare da yin amfani da kankara. Motsa jiki irin wannan amfani ya fara a zamanin da, a lokacin da mutane koya yadda za a rike duwatsu. Da farko yi amfani da shiri masana'antu kankara. Misalan sun ha] da wadannan:

• Marmara.
• Farar ƙasa.
• Mel.
• Dutse.
• Quartzite da sauransu.

Su yi amfani da a yi ta dogara ne a kan ƙarfi da kuma sauran muhimman halaye.

Wasu breeds suna amfani a cikin metallurgical masana'antu, kamar tsaurin lãka, farar ƙasa, dolomite. A sinadaran masana'antu ne rabuwa daga dutse gishiri, Tripoli, diatomaceous duniya.

Ko haske masana'antu yana amfani da dutse don su bukatun. A noma ba zai iya yi ba tare da potash, phosphate dutse, waxanda suke da wani muhimmin bangaren gargajiya.

Saboda haka, mu yi nazari a kan kankara. Kuma shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa a halin yanzu su ne wasu kuma dole mataimakansa mutum a kusan kowace masana'antu, jere daga rayuwar yau da kullum don yi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ra'ayi ba dutse aka fi amfani da shi, da kuma ma'adanai da cewa daidai nuna muhimmancin wadannan halitta kududdufai.