Chlorine: halayyar sinadaran da jiki Properties

A yanayi chlorine aka samu a cikin gaseous jihar da kuma kawai a cikin nau'i na mahadi da sauran gas. A yanayi kusa da al'ada, shi ne mai guba lalatattu gas greenish launi. Yana daukawa mafi nauyi fiye da iska. Shi yana da dadi wari. chlorine kwayoyin qunshi biyu kwayoyin halitta. A cikin quiescent jihar bai ƙone ba, amma a high yanayin zafi ya shagaltar da hydrogen, bayan da hadarin fashewa. A sakamakon haka, gas da aka saki phosgene. Very mai guba. Saboda haka, ko da a low yawa a cikin iska (0.001 MG da 1 DM ³⁾ zai iya haifar da mutuwa. Babban halayyar nonmetal chlorine jihohin da shi shi ne mafi tsananin fiye da iska ya kuma inganta zai zama ko da yaushe a kusa da kasa a cikin wani nau'i na yellowish-kore hazo.

tarihin asali

A karo na farko a yi wannan abu da aka samu a 1774 K. Shelee g. Ta hanyar hada hydrochloric acid da kuma pyrolusite. Duk da haka, kawai a 1810 P. Davy ya iya faye hali chlorine kuma su tsai da cewa shi ne mai raba sinadari.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin 1772, Dzhozef Pristli ya iya samu hydrogen chloride - chlorine fili tare da hydrogen, duk da haka, za su rarrabe waɗannan biyu abubuwa na sunadarai iya ba.

Chemical faye hali na chlorine

Chloro - sinadari core kungiyar VII na lokaci-lokaci tebur kungiyar. Yana adana a cikin uku lokaci, kuma yana da wani atomic lambar 17 (17 protons a tsakiya). A amsawa nonmetal. Denoted haruffa CL.

Shi ne wani hali wakilin halogens. Wannan gas, ba tare da launi, amma yana da kaifi, pungent wari. Yawancin lokaci mai guba. All halogens yana da kyau diluted a ruwa. Ga lamba tare da m iska fara hayaki.

Da matsanancin sanyi electron 3s2Zr5 CL zarra. Saboda haka, a cikin mahadi daga cikin sinadaran da kashi farfado hadawan abu da iskar shaka matakan ne -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 +7 kuma. A covalent radius daga cikin zarra 0,96Å, ionic radius Cl- 1,83 wani, gwargwadon electron dangantaka na 3,65 EV, 12,87 maddî na ionization matakin.

Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, chlorine ne fairly aiki nonmetal da damar halittar mahadi da kusan duk karafa (a wasu lokuta ta amfani da zafin rana ko da danshi wuce bromo) da kuma nonmetals. A powdered tsari shi reacts kawai tare da karafa a high yanayin zafi.

Matsakaicin konewa zazzabi - 2250 ° C. Tun da oxygen da yake iya kafa oxides, hypochlorites, chlorites da chlorates. Duk da mahadi dauke da oxygen, ne m, a hulda da oxidizable abubuwa. Ya kamata a lura cewa chlorine oxides iya siddan fashe yayin chlorates fashe kawai lokacin da fallasa su da wani initiators.

Halayyar chlorine a matsayi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin:

• sauki abu.
• goma sha bakwai kungiyar kashi na lokaci-lokaci tebur.
• cikin wa'adi na uku na uku jere.
• bakwai kungiyar babban kungiyar.
• atomic lamba 17.
• suturta CL alama ce;
• amsawa nonmetal.
• ne halogen kungiyar.
• a cikin yanayi kusa da al'ada, shi ne mai guba gas yellowish-koren launi da pungent wari.
• wani chlorine zarra kwayoyin yana da 2 (dabara CL _2).

The jiki Properties na chlorine:

• tafasar batu: -34,04 ° C;
• narkewa batu: -101,5 ° C;
• mai yawa a cikin gaseous jihar - 3, 214 g / l;
• yawa daga ruwa chlorine (tafasar lokaci) - 1,537 g / cm ^3;
• yawa daga m chlorine - 1.9 g / cm ^3;
• takamaiman girma - 1,745 x 10 ^-3 L / g.

Chlorine: halayyar zazzabi canje-canje

A gaseous jihar yana da ikon sauƙi liquefied. A wani matsin lamba na 8 atmospheres da zazzabi na 20 ° C da ta bayyana a matsayin wani greenish-yellow ruwa. Yana yana da matukar high lalatattu Properties. Kamar yadda yi nuna, wannan sinadari iya kula da ruwa a jihar har zuwa m zazzabi (143 ° C), bayar da matsa lamba karuwa.

Idan an sanyaya zuwa da zazzabi na -32 ° C, shi ya canjãwa ta jiki jihar zuwa wani ruwa ko na yanayi matsa lamba. A kara ragewan na da yawan zafin jiki na crystallization auku (da exponent -101 ° C).

Chlorine a cikin yanayi

A chlorine duniya ɓawon burodi ƙunshi kawai 0,017%. The girma ne a volcanic gas. Kamar yadda aka nuna a bisa, da kayan yana da mafi sinadaran aiki, saboda haka cewa halitta ya auku tare da sauran abubuwa a mahadi. Cikinsa da jam'i na ma'adanai dauke da chlorine. halayyar kashi damar da samuwar game da ɗari daban-daban ma'adanai. Yawanci, wannan ƙarfe chlorides.

Har ila yau, babban adadin ne a cikin teku - kusan 2%. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa chlorides an rayayye soke da kuma yada tare da taimakon koguna da tekuna. A baya tsari. Chlorine wanke baya zuwa ga tudu, sa'an nan iska ta fãɗa da shi ta hanyar unguwa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa cincirindo lura a ga ~ ar teku. A m yankunan duniya kafin mu gas da aka kafa ta danshin ruwa, inda da Saline bayyana. A shekara a duniya samar game da 100 ton miliyan na abu. Wannan, duk da haka, ba abin mamaki bane, domin akwai da yawa filayen dake dauke da chlorine. Halayyar da shi, duk da haka, sun fi mayar dogara daidai a kan ta Gwargwadon wuri.

Hanyar domin samar da chlorine

Yau akwai hanyoyin da dama don samar da chlorine, ya fi kowa na da ake da wadannan:

1. Diaphragm. Shi ne mafi sauki da kuma kasa m. A brine a diaphragm electrolysis shiga anode sarari. Bugu da ari, a kan wani karfe raga cathode gudana a cikin budewa. Ya ƙunshi wani karamin adadin polymeric zaruruwa. An muhimmanci alama na wannan na'urar ne countercurrent. An directed daga anode daki ga cathode, barin raba sami da chloro liquors.

2. membrane. A mafi makamashi-m, amma slozhnoosuschestvim kungiyar. Kama da diaphragm. A bambanci shi ne, anode da cathode sarari suna gaba daya rabu da wani membrane. Saboda haka, da fitarwa sakamakon a biyu raba qarqashinsu.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa faye hali na da sinadaran. rabi (chlorine) samu ta hanyar wadannan hanyoyi zai zama daban-daban. More "tsabta" an dauke su a matattarar Hanyar.

3. A Mercury Hanyar da ruwa cathode. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kimiyoyi, wannan zabin ba ka damar samun mafi tsarki chlorine.

Schematic zane na shigarwa kunshi da cell da juna famfo da kuma amalgam decomposer. Kamar yadda cathode ne pumped tare da famfo Mercury gishiri bayani da kuma wani anode - carbon ko graphite wayoyin. Manufa na kafuwa ne kamar haka: da electrolyte aka saki daga chlorine cewa an sallame su daga cell da anolyte. Daga karshen najasa an cire chlorine sharan donasyschayut halite da kuma sake dawo da electrolysis.

Bukatun ga Safety da kuma marasa amfani baki ɗaya samarwa ya kai ga maye mai ɗamfarar cathode ruwa.

A amfani da chlorine a masana'antu aikace-aikace

chlorine aiki Properties damar da amfani a masana'antu. Tare da wannan sinadari sami daban-daban organochlorine mahadi (vinyl chloride, chloro-roba, da dai sauransu), da kwayoyi, disinfectants. Amma babbar alkuki shagaltar a cikin masana'antu ne samar da hydrochloric acid da lemun tsami.

Yadu amfani da hanyoyin domin tsarkakewa daga ruwan sha. Don kwanan wata, kokarin motsa daga wannan hanyar, sun sauya shi da ozonation, domin muna la'akari da abu yana da mummunan tasiri a kan jikin mutum, kuma magni ruwa halaka bututun. An sa da cewa a cikin free jihar CL detrimental sakamako a kan bututu sanya daga polyolefins. Duk da haka, mafi yawan} asashe ba zaɓi ga chlorination Hanyar.

Har ila yau, chlorine da ake amfani a metallurgy. Tare da shi, sami yawan rare karafa (niobium, Tantalite, titanium). A sinadaran masana'antu rayayye amfani da daban-daban organochlorine mahadi don magance weeds da kuma ga sauran m dalilai, da kuma kashi da ake amfani da matsayin Bleach.

Saboda da sinadaran tsarin chloro halaka mafi kwayoyin da inorganic dyes. Wannan shi ne cimma ta hanyar da cikakken bleaching. Wannan sakamakon shi ne kawai zai yiwu idan gaban ruwa, domin bleaching tsari ne saboda atomic oxygen, wanda aka kafa bayan da lalata da chlorine: CL ₂ + H ₂ Ya → HCI + HClO → 2HCl + O. Wannan hanya ya samu aikace-aikace yan ƙarni da suka wuce, kuma shi ne m da kuma wannan rana.

A Popular yin amfani da wannan abu don organochlorine kwari. Wadannan kayayyakin gona da kashe cutarwa kwayoyin, barin m shuke-shuke. A gagarumin rabo daga cikin jimlar chlorine samar a cikin duniya ke m amfani.

Haka kuma an yi amfani da sarrafa roba da kuma roba mahadi. Tare da su taimako, sanya waya rufi, stationery, hardware, iyali kayan harsashi, da sauransu. D. Akwai wani ra'ayi da cewa rubbers samu a cikin wannan hanya, cutar da mutane, amma shi ba a tabbatar da kimiyya.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa chlorine (halayyar al'amarin da aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, a baya) da kuma Kalam kamar mustard gas da kuma phosgene, amfani da soja aikace-aikace na sinadaran yaki jamiái.

Chlorine a matsayin mai haske wakilin maras karafa

Nonmetals - sauki abubuwa, da suka hada da iskar da kuma taya. A mafi yawan lokuta, sun gudanar da wutar lantarki ya fi muni da karafa da kuma samun bambanci a cikin jiki da kuma inji halaye. Tare da babban ionization matakin iya kafa covalent sinadaran fili. Wadannan bayanin irin misali na nonmetal chlorine za a ba.

Kamar yadda riga aka ambata a sama, wannan sinadari ne mai gas. Karkashin al'ada hali, shi ne gaba daya ba a nan Properties kama da wadanda daga karafa. Ba tare da waje taimako na iya ba su amsa tare da oxygen, nitrogen, carbon da sauransu. Its nuna oxidizing Properties na sadarwa da sauki da kuma wasu hadaddun abubuwa. Yana nufin da halogens, wanda a fili nuna a cikin ta sinadaran halaye. A mahadi tare da sauran halogens (bromine, astatine, aidin), displaces su. A gaseous chlorine (halayyar shi - a kai tsaye shaida) da narkar. Shi ne mai kyau disinfectant. Kawai ya kashe rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, abin da ya sa shi ba makawa a aikin noma da kuma magani.

Amfani kamar yadda guba

Halayyar chlorine zarra damar ta yin amfani da matsayin mai guba wakili. Gas aka farko amfani da Jamus, da 04/22/1915, a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, a sakamakon mutuwar game da dubu 15. Mutumin. A lokacin, a matsayin guba ba ya tambaya.

Bari mu bayar da taƙaitaccen bayanin da wani sinadari kamar yadda da hašari mai cutarwa wakili. Ana rinjayar da jikin mutum ta hanyar shaƙa. Samar da farko babba airway hangula da ido hangula. Ya fara da tari bouts na breathlessness. Next, iya shiga cikin huhu, da gas corrodes da huhu nama, wanda results a edema. Muhimmanci! Chlorine ne azumi abu.

Dangane da natsuwa a cikin iska, cututtuka iya zama daban-daban. A low yawa a cikin mutane redness na mucous membranes, m shortness na numfashi. Abun ciki a cikin yanayi na 1.5-2 g / m ³ Yanã da tsanani kuma thrills a cikin kirji, kaifi zafi a cikin sama Airways. Har ila yau, a jihar iya a tare da wani karfi lacrimation. Bayan 10-15 minti a cikin wani dakin da irin wannan taro na chlorine auku karfi konewa huhu da kuma mutuwa. Lokacin da denser yawa yiwu mutuwa a cikin minti daga inna daga cikin manya na numfashi fili.

Lokacin aiki tare da wannan abu da aka shawarar yin amfani da tufafin kariya, mask, safar hannu.

Chlorine a cikin rãyuwar kwayoyin da kuma shuke-shuke

Chlorine ne wani ɓangare daga kusan dukkanin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Feature shi ne cewa shi zai iya ba su kasance ba a m tsari da kuma a cikin nau'i na mahadi.

A dabba da mutum kwayoyin na chlorine ions yana kiyaye osmotic daidaici. An sa da cewa suna da mafi m fuska ga shigar azzakari cikin farji na jikin tantanin. Tare da potassium ions CL shirya ruwa da gishiri balance. A cikin hanji, da chlorine ions ƙirƙirar m yanayi domin mataki na proteolytic enzymes daga cikin ciki ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Chloride tashoshi suna bayar a da yawa Kwayoyin na jiki. Ta hanyar da intercellular ruwaye na faruwa da PH kiyaye Kwayoyin. Game da 85% na jimlar girma na wannan kashi a cikin jiki ne a cikin intercellular sarari. Excreted ta mafitsara. An samar da mace jiki a kan aiwatar da nono.

A wannan mataki na ci gaba ne uniquely wuya a ce daidai da abin da cuta tsokani chlorine da mahadi. Wannan shi ne saboda da rashin gudanar da bincike a wannan yanki.

Har ila yau, da chlorine ions ne ba a shuka Kwayoyin. Ya aka tsunduma cikin makamashi metabolism. Ba tare da wannan kashi na aiwatar da photosynthesis ba zai yiwu. Tare da shi tushen rayayye sha da zama dole abubuwa. Duk da haka, babban taro na chlorine a tsire-tsire iya exerting a masi tasiri (inda hakan ya saukar da photosynthesis tsari, dakatar da ci gaba da kuma ci gaban).

Duk da haka, akwai wakilan Flora cewa sun iya "yin abokai", ko a kalla samun tare da abu. Halayyar nonmetal (chlorine) ya ƙunshi wannan batu kamar yadda da ikon da wani abu to oxidize kasa. A ci gaba da tsire-tsire da aka ambata a sama, da ake kira halophytes, gishiri Marshes shagaltar da komai, wanda suka komai saboda wani overabundance wannan kashi. Sun sha chlorine ions, sa'an nan yin kawar da su ta hanyar leaf fall.

Kai da kuma ajiya na chlorine

Akwai hanyoyi da dama don matsawa da kantin sayar da chlorine. Feature kashi na bukatar musamman high-matsa lamba cylinders. Irin wannan kwantena da ganewa markings - a tsaye kore line. Monthly tankuna dole ne sosai tsabtace. Tsawo ajiya na chlorine cikinta precipitate da aka kafa wanda shi ne sosai m - nitrogen trichloride. Rashin kiyaye duk aminci dokoki yiwu maras wata-wata ƙonewa da kuma fashewar.

Nazarin chlorine

Future chemists chlorine dole ne a san halayyar. A karkashin shirin, 9-graders iya ko saka awon gwaje-gwajen da wannan abu a kan tushen da asali sanin a kan batun. Hakika, malami yana zamar masa dole ya gudanar da aminci horo.

A hanya aiki kamar haka: dole ne ka ka ɗauki kurtun da kuma zub da chlorine cikin shi swarf. A jirgin, da kwakwalwan kwamfuta za filashi haske tartsatsi kuma a lokaci guda yana da sauki fari hayaki SbCl _3. Lokacin da masu niyyar baftisma cikin wani akwati na chlorine tin tsare shi ne kuma kai-igniting, amma a kasa daga cikin flask sannu a hankali runtse da wuta snowflakes. A lokacin wannan dauki wani hayaki ruwa - SnCl _4. Lokacin da ajiye da baƙin ƙarfe filings a wani jirgin ruwa da kafa ja "saukad" kuma zai bayyana ja hayaki FeCl _3.

Tare da m aiki an maimaita ka'idar. A musamman, irin wannan tambaya kamar yadda chlorine halayyar da matsayi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin (aka ambata da farko).

A sakamakon gwaje-gwajen, ta bayyana cewa kashi reacts zuwa hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi. Idan ka sa a cikin wani gilashi da chlorine auduga ulu soaked a turpentine baya, shi nan take kunna, da kuma kurtun sharply garkunan toka. Yadda ya kamata smoldering wuta sodium yellowish, da kuma a kan ganuwar da glassware gishiri lu'ulu'u bayyana. Dalibai za ku yi sha'awar koyon cewa, yayin da har yanzu matasa sunadarai, NN Semenov (daga baya ta Nobel), da ciwon irin wannan kwarewa, tattara daga ganuwar da flask, da kuma gishiri, yafa masa ta burodi da kuma ci. Chemistry da yake daidai da kuma bai bari da masanin kimiyya. A sakamakon wata sinadaran da kwarewa sosai juya talakawa tebur gishiri!