Dzhozef Pristli - halittu, Falsafa, sunadarai. biography bude

Yana da aka kira Sarkin diraya. Dzhozef Pristli aka bar a tarihin marubucin muhimman hakkokin binciken a cikin sunadarai na gas da ka'idar da wutar lantarki. Ya kasance mai theosophist da kuma firist, wanda aka kira "gaskiya bidi'a."

Priestley - mafi girma ilimi na biyu tsakiyar XVIII karni, ya bar ta lamba a kan falsafa da kuma philology, kuma mafi - shi ne ya kirkiro soda da ruwa da kuma magogi ya shafe fensir Lines daga takarda.

farkon shekaru

Babbansu shida yara na ra'ayin mazan jiya iyalan draper, Dzhozef Pristli aka haife shi a spring na 1733 a wani karamin kauye kusa da Leeds Filskhed. Wuya yanayi na farkon yara, tilasta iyaye aika da Yusufu zuwa cikin iyali na da inna, wanda ya yanke shawarar shirya wani aiki dan Anglican firist. Jiran sa a tsananin tarbiyyar da mai kyau da ilimi a cikin al'adu da kuma tauhidin.

Early a cikin bayyanuwar ikon da himma a yarda Priestley nasarar gama makarantar sakandare Batley, inda a can ne a yanzu a baiwa da sunansa, da kuma tauhidin Academy a Daventry. Ya halarci wani hanya na kimiyyar yanayin halitta kuma sunadarai a jami'ar Warrington, wanda ya sa shi don tsara wani gida awon kuma fara mai zaman kanta kimiyya gwaje-gwajen.

Scientist-firist

A 1755, Dzhozef Pristli ya zama mataimakin fasto, amma aka hukumance tsarkake a 1762. Shi ne wani sabon abu bawan coci. Da ilimi, da sanin 9 rai, kuma matattu harsuna, ya a 1761 ya rubuta littafin "muhimmai na Turanci Grammar." Wannan tutorial ya dace a lokacin na gaba rabin karni.

Samun m hikimar tantance hankali, Dzhozef Pristli kafa da addini, yin matsahi na saba da ayyukansu daga cikin manyan masana falsafa da kuma masu ilimin tauhidi. A sakamakon haka, ya sulale daga ka'idojin da cewa wahayi zuwa gare shi a cikin iyali a haihuwa. Ya tafi daga Calvinism zuwa Arianism, sa'an nan zuwa fi dalilan rafi - Unitarianism.

Duk da stuttering, wanda ya zo da shi bayan wata shimfiɗar jariri, da rashin lafiya, Priestley ya aiki wa'azi da koyarwa, Gabatarwa zuwa Benjamin Franklin - fice masana kimiyya na lokaci - ya tako har darussan Dzhozefa Pristli kimiyya.

Gwaje-gwajen a cikin filin na wutar lantarki

Home Research ga Franklin ya kimiyyar lissafi. Wutar lantarki ne na babban sha'awa na U Pristli, da kuma a kan shawara na daya daga cikin nan gaba Amurka kafa kakanninsa a 1767 ya buga na aikin "Tarihin da kuma na yanzu na wutar lantarki." A cikin shi akwai da dama da muhimman hakkokin binciken, wanda ya kawo marubucin mai kyau cancanta suna a cikin da'ira na Birtaniya da kuma Turai da masana kimiyya da aka bayyana.

Banana watsin na graphite, Priestley gano baya ya samu babban m muhimmancin. Pure carbon ya zama wani bangaren da yawa lantarki na'urorin. Priestley ya bayana dandanawar electrostatics, a cikin abin da ya kammala da cewa kama dabi'u na lantarki illa da kuma Newtonian nauyi sojojin. Bayyana su zato na dokar "kishiya square" sa'an nan nuna a cikin muhimman hakkokin dokar ka'idar da wutar lantarki - Coulomb ta dokar.

carbon dioxide

Physics, wutar lantarki, conductance, cajin hulda - ba kawai kimiyya moriyar Priestley. Ya samu cikin batutuwa na nazari a cikin mafi m wurare. A aikin da ya kai ga gano carbon dioxide, da aka kaddamar a lokacin da yake kallo na zamanin] aular masana'antu.

A 1772, Priestley kusantar da hankali ga kaddarorin da gas wanda aka kafa a lokacin fermentation na wort. Yana da aka carbon dioxide. Priestley ya ci gaba da hanyar da samar da iskar gas a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, na gano cewa shi ne mutum fiye da iska, da wuya za su ƙone, kuma shi ne sosai narkewa a cikin ruwa, ba shi da wani sabon abu, na shakatawa dandano.

photosynthesis

Ci gaba gwaje-gwajen da carbon dioxide, Priestley sa kwarewa, wanda ya fara da tarihin samu daga cikin muhimman hakkokin to wanzuwar rayuwa a wannan duniyar tamu mamaki - photosynthesis. Sakawa gilashin akwati na wani kore shuka sprout, ya lit da kyandir da cika akwati da carbon dioxide. Bayan wani lokaci, sai ya sanya wa rai beraye kuma kokarin da haske a wuta. Animals ci gaba da rayuwa, da kuma kona ci gaba.

Priestley ya zama na farko da mutum don tsayar photosynthesis. Bayyana bayyanar rufaffiyar gas ganga iya rike numfashi da kuma konewa iya kawai shuke-shuke ikon sha carbon dioxide da kuma sakin more, bada rai-abu. A gwaji sakamakon sune tushen ga haifi nan gaba duniya ta jiki theories, ciki har da dokar kiyayewa da makamashi. Amma da farko binciken na masanin kimiyya sun kasance a layin da nan kimiyya.

Dzhozef Pristli bayyana photosynthesis cikin sharuddan da phlogiston ka'idar. Its marubucin - Georg Ernst Stahl - zaci gaban flammable abubuwa kayyade abu - weightless ruwaye - phlogistic, da konewa tsari ne Lalacewar wakili a cikin ta bijiro da batun kafa da aka gyara da kuma sha na phlogistic iska. Priestley ya mai taimako da wannan ka'idar ko da bayan sanya mafi muhimmanci samu - kasaftawa oxygen.

A manyan samu

Mutane da yawa gwajen Dzhozefa Pristli ya kai ga sakamakon da aka kyau bayyana da sauran masana kimiyya. Ya tsara a na'urar inda gas samar rabu da iska ba ta ruwa da kuma sauran denser ruwa - Mercury. A sakamakon haka, ya ya iya ware volatiles, wanda a baya narkar da a cikin ruwa.

A farko da sabon gas samu Priestley ya nitrous oxide. Ya sami wani sabon abu tasiri a kan ta mutane, me ya sa akwai wani sabon abu da sunan - dariya gas. Daga baya sai aka yi amfani da matsayin m m.

A 1774, na wani abu daga baya gano a matsayin Mercury oxide, da masana kimiyya nasara a isolating a gas a cikin abin da kyandir fara ƙona mamaki mai haske. Ya kira shi dephlogisticated iska. Priestley kiyaye imani cewa yanayin konewa, ko da Antuan Lavuaze tabbatar da cewa bude Dzhozefa Pristli - wani abu da ciwon mafi muhimmanci ga] aukacin aiwatar rayuwa Properties. New gas da aka mai suna oxygen.

Chemistry da Rayuwa

Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen - bincike na wadannan gas bayar Priestley a labarai sunadarai. Tabbatas da abun da ke ciki na gas da hannu a cikin tsari na photosynthesis - taimako masanin kimiyya a ilmin halitta. Gwaje-gwajen da lantarki zargin, da ammonia bazuwar hanyoyin yin amfani da wutar lantarki, kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta aikin masanin kimiyya tsiwirwirinsu yiwuwa daga cikin physicists.

A samu, sanya ta Priestley Afrilu 15, 1770, ba su da irin wannan muhimman hakkokin darajar. An gudanar da rayuwar da yawa daga makaranta da kuma ma'aikatan ofis. bude labarin fara da cewa Priestley ya gano yadda wani yanki na roba daga India ta da kyau Yana share takarda fensir Lines. Saboda haka akwai wani roba - abin da muka kira wani magogi.

Da ilimin falsafa da kuma addini ya sãɓã, Priestley 'yancin kai da ya tsirfanta shi da suna na mai tsaurin kai zurfin tunani. Priestley littafin "Tarihin Kiristanci cin hanci da rashawa" (watan Julin 1782) da kuma bayyana goyon bayan su ga juyin a Faransa da kuma Amurka sun sa fushin daga cikin mafi mabiyin na Birtaniya Conservatives.

Lokacin da ya yi bikin a 1791 tare da kamar shiryayye tunawa da storming na Bastille, ya ƙara rura wutar da wa'azi yan zanga-zanga halakar Priestley ta gidan da dakin gwaje-gwaje a Birmingham. Bayan shekaru uku da ya tilasta su yi hijira zuwa Amurka, inda a 1804 da kuma kawo karshen kwanaki.

babban mai son

Addini, zamantakewa da kuma siyasa aiki Priestley - wata babbar gudummawa ga ilimi ci gaban Turai, da Amurka da kuma duniya. Jari da kuma nuna jin abokin daguti, ya rayayye magana da mafi m zukatan zamanin.

Wannan mutumin da yawa dauke da wani dilettante, masana kimiyya kira shi, ba ya samun a yau da kullum da kuma cikakken kimiyya da ilimi, Priestley aka zargi ga cewa ba zai iya ba da cikakken gane muhimmancin da binciken sanya ta shi.

Amma a cikin wasu shekaru daban-daban da aka Dzhozef Pristli. Tarihinsa - mai haske page a cikin tarihin duniya. Wannan shi ne rai na fice masanin, wa'azi gamsu mafi m ideas, girmamawa memba na duk jagorantar kimiyya Jami'an da Turai da kuma duniya - masana kimiyya suka yi wani gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban asali na halitta kimiyya theories.