Hydrochloric acid

Hydrogen chloride gas ne game da 1.3 sau mutum fiye da iska. Ya ba shi da wani launi, amma tare da wani kaifi gagarumin kuma halayyar wari. A zazzabi na debe 84C, hydrogen chloride gas ya wuce daga ruwa jiha, da kuma solidifies a debe 112C. Hydrogen chloride an narkar da a ruwa. Daya lita na H2O iya sha har zuwa 500 ml na gas. The bayani ne kira ta hydrochloric acid ko hydrochloric acid. Dabzar hydrochloric acid a 20C, halin da matsakaicin yiwu taro sulusi da murabba'i na asali abu ya zama 38%. The bayani - shi ne mai ƙarfi monobasic acid (a cikin iska "smokes", da kuma danshi kasancewa a lokacin da kafa da acid hazo), shi ma yana da wasu sunaye: hydrochloric, da kuma a kan Ukrainian nomenclature - acid chloride. A sunadarai dabara za a iya wakilta a wannan nau'i: HCI. Matauni taro ne 36,5 g / mole. Yawa na mayar da hankali hydrochloric acid a 20 ° C daidai 1.19 g / cm³. Wannan shi ne wani abu cutarwa cewa nasa ne da na biyu aji na hatsari.

A cikin "bushe" fom hydrogen chloride ba zai iya hulɗa tare da aiki karafa, amma a gaban danshi da dauki fitowa quite vigorously. Wannan karfi hydrochloric acid ne iya amsa tare da duk karafa wanda suke zuwa hagu na hydrogen a electrochemical jerin. Bugu da kari, shi reacts tare da asali da kuma amphoteric oxides, da kwasfansu, da salts da:

• Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 ↑.
• 2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O.
• 3HCl + Fe (OH) 3 → FeCl3 + 3H2O.
• 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑.
• HCI + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3.

Bugu da kari ga general Properties halayyar ga kowane daga wani karfi acid, hydrochloric acid ya rage Properties a dabzar form reacts da dama oxidizing jamiái, sakewa free chlorine. Salts na acid chlorides kira. Kusan dukkan su suna readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa da kuma gaba daya dissociate cikin ions. Ƙwauro, narkewa ne: Gubar chloride PbCl2, da azurfa chloride AgCl, mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2 (calomel) da kuma cuprous chloride CuCl. Hydrogen chloride ne iya shiga cikin Bugu da kari dauki zuwa unsaturated hydrocarbons da biyu ko sau uku bond, cikinsa da magni gudanar da mahadi kafa.

A awon yanayi hydrogen chloride an samu lokacin da fallasa su bushe sodium chloride da sulfuric acid conc. Reaction karkashin yanayi daban-daban na iya faruwa ta samar da sodium salts (ko acid matsakaici):

• H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCI
• H2SO4 + 2NaCl → Na2SO4 + 2HCl.

A farko dauki ke ta a zafi kadan, na biyu - a mafi girma yanayin zafi. Saboda haka, a cikin wani dakin gwaje-gwaje hydrogen chloride mafi sami farko hanya, ga abin da adadin sulfuric acid bada shawarar ya dauki kudi na samu na NaHSO4 acid gishiri. Sa'an nan, ta rushe hydrogen chloride a ruwa da aka samu hydrochloric acid. A masana'antu, shi ne samu da kona a cikin yanayi na hydrogen ko chlorine shafi bushe sodium chloride (kawai don na biyu dauki lissafi) na sulfuric acid conc. Har ila yau, hydrogen chloride an samu matsayin byproduct a chlorination na cikakken gudanar da mahadi. A masana'antu, hydrogen chloride samu ta hanyar daya daga cikin sama da hanyoyin da aka narkar a musamman hasumiyai a wanda wani ruwa ne haƙĩƙa, sun shige daga sama zuwa kasa, da kuma iskar gas kawota daga kasa zuwa sama, Ina nufin a kan countercurrent manufa.

Hydrochloric acid da aka hawa a musamman gummed tankuna ko kwantena, kazalika a ganga 50 lita roba ko gilashin kwalabe tare da damar 20 lita. Lokacin da dauki na acid da karafa akwai wani hadarin fashewar hydrogen-iska garwayayye. Saboda haka, ya kamata a gaba daya shafe a sakamakon tuntužar da kafa hydrogen dauki tare da iska, amma kuma (via anticorrosive coatings) acid lamba tare da karafa. Kafin outputting apparatuses da bututun, inda aka adana ko abin hawa, don gyara, wajibi ne a gudanar da wani nitrogen kawar da saka idanu da matsayi na gas lokaci.

Hydrogen chloride ne yadu amfani a masana'antu samar da a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ana amfani da etching karfe shiri na salts da kuma matsayin reagent a analytical karatu. Hydrochloric acid aka samar da wata fasaha Gost 857-95 (rubutu ne m ga kasa da kasa misali ISO 905-78), reagent - a cewar Gost 3118-77. Taro na fasaha samfurin dogara a kan inganci da iri-iri da zai iya zama 31,5%, 33% ko 35%, da kuma samfurin bayyanar shi ne yellowish saboda abun ciki na baƙin ƙarfe ƙazantar chlorine da sauran sinadaran abubuwa. Amsawa acid dole ne colorless kuma m ruwa tare da wani taro sulusi da murabba'i na daga 35 zuwa 38%.