Cell: da ikon da tsarin. The darajar da ikon Kwayoyin. Misalan ikon Kwayoyin

Modern gwaji karatu sun tabbatar da cewa kwayar halitta ne mai hadaddun tsarin da kuma aikin naúrar na kusan dukan masu rai, fãce da ƙwayoyin cuta, wadda ne da ba-salon salula rayuwa siffofin. Cytology nazarin tsarin da kuma salon salula aiki: numfasawa, da abinci, haifuwa, girma. Wadannan matakai za a tattauna a wannan takarda.

sifar tantanin halitta

By ta amfani da haske da na'urar hange masana kimiyyar sun gano cewa shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin dauke da surface naúrar (nadmembrannye da submembrane gidaje), cytoplasm da wasu gabbansa. A dabba Kwayoyin kan membrane ne glycocalyx dauke da enzymes da kuma samar da cell ikon waje da cytoplasm. A shuka Kwayoyin, prokaryotes (kwayoyin da cyanobacteria) da kuma fungi kan membrane an kafa cell bango, wanda ya kunshi cellulose, lignin ko murein.

Kwaya ne m organelle na eukaryotes. Yana da wani hereditary abu - DNA da ciwon da tsari chromosomes. Kwayoyin cutar da cyanobacteria dauke da nucleoid, mukaddashin matsayin m na deoxyribonucleic acid. Su duka yi tsananin takamaiman aiki, haddasa rayuwa salula tafiyar matakai.

Me muke nufi da Kalmar "cell abinci"

Rayuwa bayyananen Kwayoyin suna da kõme ba, fãce da canja wurin da makamashi da kuma mayar da shi daga daya irin zuwa wani (bisa ga na farko ka'idar Thermodynamics). Energy, located in gina jiki a boye, t. E. daure jihar da ke shiga ATP kwayoyin. A cikin tambaya na abin da ikon Kwayoyin a ilmin halitta, akwai wani amsar cewa daukan la'akari da wadannan postulates:

1. A cell a matsayin bude nazarin halittu da tsarin bukatar akai akai makamashi daga yanayi.
2. Organic abubuwa da ake bukata domin iko, da cell za a iya samu a hanyoyi biyu:

a) daga extracellular matsakaici, a cikin nau'i na shirya mahadi.

b) da kansa rairaya sunadarai, carbohydrates da fats, daga carbon dioxide, ammonia, da dai sauransu

Saboda haka, duk kwayoyin kasu kashi da heterotrophic da autotrophic metabolism wanda siffofi nazarin Biochemistry.

Metabolism da Energy

Organic abubuwa shigar da cell sha tsakiyan nonon, inda makamashi da aka saki a cikin nau'i na ATP ko NADP-H2. A gaba dayan sa da halayen na assimilation da dissimilation - shi ta metabolism. Kasa muka dubi matakai na samar da makamashi metabolism, da samar da abinci mai gina jiki heterotrophic Kwayoyin. Da farko, sunadarai, carbohydrates, lipids, kuma suna karye a cikin su monomers: amino acid, glucose, glycerol kuma m acid. Sa'an nan, a cikin oxygen-free narkewa, su ne batun kara lalata (anaerobic narkewa).

A wannan hanya a can caji ne ke kwayuka parasites rickettsia, chlamydia, kuma pathogenic kwayoyin cuta kamar Clostridium. Unicellular naman gwari-yisti ta manne glucose to ethanol, lactic acid kwayoyin cuta - to lactic acid. Saboda haka, glycolysis, barasa, butyric, lactic acid fermentation - Waɗannan su ne misalai na da ikon Kwayoyin a sakamakon anaerobic narkewa a heterotrophs.

Autotrophic da fasali na tafiyar matakai na rayuwa

Domin kwayoyin da suke zaune a duniya, babban makamashi Madogararsa ne da rana. Godiya ga shi, ya gana da bukatun mazaunan duniya tamu. Wasu daga cikin su suna hada gina jiki saboda da haske makamashi, aka kira su phototrophic. Wasu - tare da taimakon makamashi na redox halayen, aka kira su chemotroph. A single-celled algae cell abinci mai gina jiki, photos of wanda aka gabatar a kasa, zama photosynthetically.

Green shuke-shuke dauke da chlorophyll, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin chloroplast. Ya hidima a matsayin eriya, kama kamfani mai suna Quanta haske. A haske da duhu bulan na photosynthesis faruwa enzymatic dauki (Calvin sake zagayowar), da sakamakon wanda shi ne samuwar carbon dioxide da kwayoyin abubuwa amfani ga ciyar. Saboda haka, tantanin wanda ikon ne saboda da yin amfani da haske da makamashi, kira autotrophic ko phototrophic.

Unicellular kwayoyin kira hemosintetikami, domin samuwar kwayoyin abubuwa ta amfani da makamashi sake ta sinadaran halayen, msl, mahadi na baƙin ƙarfe kwayoyin oxidize ferrous baƙin ƙarfe zuwa ferric, da kuma fito da makamashi ke kira na glucose kwayoyin.

Saboda haka, photo-roba kwayoyin kama haske da makamashi da kuma maida shi zuwa makamashi covalent mono- da polysaccharides. Sa'an nan tare da links abinci, sarƙoƙi da makamashi da aka canjawa wuri zuwa sel heterotrophic kwayoyin. A wasu kalmomin, godiya ga photosynthesis, akwai duk tsarin abubuwa na biosphere. Za mu iya cewa, Kwayoyin cewa ikon zo autotrophic hanya, "ciyarwa" ba kawai kansa da kuma dukan mazaunan duniya duniya.

Kamar yadda heterotrophic kwayoyin ciyar

Sel wanda abubuwan gina jiki da dogara a kan samu a cikinta kwayoyin abubuwa daga waje yanayi, da ake kira heterotrophic. Kwayoyin kamar fungi, da dabbobi, da mutane, da kuma parasitic kwayoyin karya saukar carbohydrates, sunadaran da fats da taimakon narkewa kamar enzymes.

Sa'an nan, sakamakon monomers ake tunawa da cell da kuma amfani da shi don gina ta da wasu gabbansa da kuma rayuwa. Narkar da na gina jiki shigar da cell ta pinocytosis, kuma m abinci barbashi - phagocytosis. Heterotrophic kwayoyin za a iya raba saprotroph da parasites. A farko (misali, gona kwayoyin, fungi, wasu kwari) ciyar a kan matattu kwayoyin halitta, da kuma karshen (kwayoyin cuta, tsutsotsi, parasitic fungi) - Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Mixotrophy, su rarraba a cikin yanayi

Mixed abinci a cikin yanayi ne quite rare kuma shi ne wani nau'i kayan aiki (idioadaptatsy) zuwa daban-daban muhalli dalilai. Babban yanayin mixotrophic - shi ne kasancewar a Kwayoyin da wasu gabbansa dauke da chlorophyll for photosynthesis da enzyme tsarin cewa karya saukar shirya gina jiki zuwa daga yanayi. Alal misali, guda-celled dabba euglena kore ƙunshi hyaloplasm chromatophores tare da chlorophyll.

Lokacin da tafki, cikinsa da zaune euglena, da lit, shi Ciyarwar a kan shuka, watau. E. Autotrophically ta photosynthesis. A sakamakon da carbon dioxide da aka hada glucose, wanda shine tantanin halitta da kuma amfani da abinci. euglena powered dare heterotrophically lazimta a kansu kwayoyin abubuwa da enzymes dake a cikin narkewa kamar vacuoles. Saboda haka, mixotrophic ikon Kwayoyin, masana kimiyya suka yi ĩmãni da hujja na hadin kai na asalin shuke-shuke da dabbobi.

cell girma da kuma da dangantaka da trophico

Kara tsawon, salla, juz'i, kamar dukan jiki da kuma ta gabobin da kyallen takarda, da ake kira girma. Ya ba zai iya zama ba tare da akai samar da gina jiki ga Kwayoyin cewa bauta a matsayin gini tubalan. Don samun amsar wannan tambaya na yadda za girma Kwayoyin cewa faruwa autotrophic abinci mai gina jiki, shi ne wajibi ne don bayyana ko shi ne mai zaman kanta jiki ko kuma wani ɓangare na wani tsarin naúrar na kwayar mutum. A cikin farko case, da ci gaban da za a yi a lokacin da Interphase na cell sake zagayowar. Yana hanzari tafiyar matakai roba metabolism faruwa. Ikon heterotrophic kwayoyin correlatively dangantaka da gaban abinci zuwa daga waje muhalli. Girmancin na wani kwayar kwayoyin faruwa sakamakon a kunnawa da biosynthetic ilimi kyallen takarda, kazalika da Yaduwar anabolic matakai, catabolic halayen a sama.

Aikin na oxygen a wani abinci heterotrophic Kwayoyin

Aerobic kwayoyin: wasu kwayoyin, fungi, dabbobi da kuma mutane amfani da oxygen ga cikakken narkewa na gina jiki kamar glucose zuwa carbon dioxide da water (Krebs sake zagayowar). Yana auku a cikin mitochondrial matrix dauke da enzymatic tsarin H + -ATP-ase, wanda synthesizes da kwayoyin da na ATP daga ADP. A prokaryotic kwayoyin, kamar aerobic kwayoyin cuta da kuma cyanobacteria, oxygen dissimilation mataki auku a jini membrane na sel.

Bayani dalla-dalla samar da gametes

A ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu da kuma cytology cell ikon za a iya taƙaice bayyana a matsayin tsari fitowa a cikinta gina jiki, su kira da tsakiyan nonon na wasu adadi na makamashi a nau'i na ATP kwayoyin. Trophism gametes: ova da maniyyi, yana da wasu halaye hade da wani babban bayani dalla-dalla na ayyuka. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na mata haihuwa Kwayoyin, tilasta tara babban wadata da na gina jiki, yafi a cikin nau'i na kwai gwaiduwa.

Bayan hadi, shi zai yi amfani da su domin crushing da kuma samuwar amfrayo. A ma'ana a lokacin maturation (spermatogenesis) an samu kwayoyin abubuwa daga Sertoli Kwayoyin, dake a cikin seminiferous tubules. Saboda haka, duka biyu iri gametes da wani babban rayuwa kudi, wanda shi ne zai yiwu saboda da aiki cell trophic.

Rawar da ma'adinai abinci mai gina jiki

tafiyar matakai na rayuwa ba zai yiwu ba tare da ambaliya na cations da anions cewa yin up ma'adinai salts. Alal misali, dole for photosynthesis magnesium ion, ga enzymatic tsarin mitochondria - potassium ions da alli, don kula da buffering damar hyaloplasm - gaban sodium ions kazalika carbonate anions acid. Solutions na ma'adinai salts shigar da cell ta pinocytosis ko yadawa ta cikin jikin tantanin. Ma'adinai abinci muhimmi a duka biyu autotrophic da heterotrophic Kwayoyin.

Don takaita, mun gani cewa, darajar da ikon Kwayoyin gaske mai girma, tun lokacin da wannan tsari take kaiwa ga samuwar wani gini abu (carbohydrates, fats da kuma sunadarai) na carbon dioxide a autotrophic kwayoyin. Heterotrophic Kwayoyin ciyar a kan kwayoyin abubuwa kafa saboda autotrophs aiki. A sakamakon makamashi sun yi amfani ga haifuwa, girma, motsi, da kuma sauran m tafiyar matakai.