Yawa daga iska

A rayuwar yau da kullum, 'yan mutane tunani game da abin da shi ne da yawa daga cikin iska, da kuma abin da muhimmanci wannan adadi ne kullum a cikin wanzuwar duk da cewa akwai a duniya. A halin yanzu, a kowace rana muna ganin tashi jirage, tashin gwauron zabi tsuntsu, tashi sama da kuma fadowa saukar abubuwa da ba ya yin tunãni a kan cewa shi ne iska yawa siga kayyade gaban wadannan mamaki.

Sau da yawa, jawabin da holidays a wurare daban-daban, mu ce cewa a daya aya shi ne damp iska, kuma a cikin wani - bushe. A wannan yanayin, ya kara da cewa a cikin farkon yanayin, ka sauƙi matsawa, numfashi, da kuma a cikin na biyu kuka riga kuka dandana mai tsanani daga cikin motsi, da rashin jin daɗi, wanda bai fuskanci lokacin da ka zauna a cikin wani al'ada yanayin yanayi a gare ku. A wannan lokaci, mun manta da abin da muka aka ce wani malami yayin da koyar a makaranta a darussan kimiyyar lissafi - da gumi iska yana da wani yawa kasa da iska ne bushe, kuma, saboda haka, ta taro shi ne kasa da bushe.

A farko wurin, ga alama paradoxical idan muka yi la'akari da mu azanci shine kwaikwayo, wanda aka tattauna a sama. Amma gaske, kamar yadda iska, abin da mafi ruwa da aka kara a cikin nau'i na tururi, shi yana iya zama wuta fiye da ruwa da cewa ba ya dauke da?

Amma wannan shi ne haƙĩƙa, haka al'amarin, da kuma amsar wannan, paradoxical a duban farko, wannan tambaya, masana kimiyya sun sani na dogon lokaci.

Domin da farko lokacin da suke cewa da yawa daga m iska ne m fiye da na bushe iska, ya nuna babban Isaak Nyuton cikin sanannen littafinsa "kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta", wanda aka buga a London a 1717. Duk da haka, babban Banasare jarrabawa ba iya ci - har sai karni na sha takwas, masana kimiyya ba kawai yarda da shi, amma kada ka ji wani musamman sha'awa a cikin wannan batun.

Don ko ta yaya samu kusa da fahimtar matsalar - me ya sa da yawa daga iska dogara a kan zafi - ya kamata su tuna 'yan sani halitta dokokin.

Alal misali, a farkon karni na karshe Amedeo Avogadro shahara Italian likita gano cewa, ko da kuwa da irin gas, idan ta dauki wani tsayayyen girma, sa'an nan a cikin wannan zafin jiki da kuma guda matsa lamba, da yawan kwayoyin a cikin gas za su kasance m. Wannan darajar, kuma daga baya aka mai suna Avogadro akai, kamar yadda aka kira shi, kuma ya gano dokar gas.

Kamar yadda wannan dokar bayyana kanta a matsayin da yawa daga iska dogara a kan zazzabi, matsa lamba da kuma zafi za a iya tabbatar a wani wajen sauki da misali.

Yawanci, bushe tsabta (a cikin sinadaran ji) iska, ya ƙunshi a cikin abun da ke ciki game da 78% na nitrogen kwayoyin, da atomic nauyi na kowane daga cikin wadannan kwayoyin ne 28. The iska abun da ke ciki ya 21% mallakar oxygen kwayoyin, da atomic nauyi daga abin da kwayoyin ne daidai da 32 . Daya kashi a matsayin wani ɓangare na iska da dama a kan wasu sauran iskar, da masu ba da shi ba, amma ga lissafin, wannan adadi za a yi la'akari kaɗan.

Gas kwayoyin an san suna da dukiya free departing daga tafki, cikinsa da gas ne. Saboda haka, Avogadro kafa da wadannan mulki: idan mu girma na bushe gas dauke, kamar yadda muka amince, kwayoyin nitrogen da oxygen, don ƙara wani ruwa kwayoyin, to, zã su yi mana iska ne kasa m. A dalilin ne mai sauqi qwarai - da ruwa kwayoyin da wani atomic nauyi karami fiye da kwayoyin nitrogen da hydrogen, shi ne daidaita 18. Tun da yawan kwayoyin a cikin wani da aka ba girma na gas a akai, da ruwa kwayoyin suna kawai tura kwayoyin nitrogen da oxygen a cikin iska abun da ke ciki, ya maye gurbin nasu. Kamar haka nan da hanyar da yawa zama kasa gumi iska fiye da bushe.

A wannan misali, duk da haka, akwai rikitarwa. Ya kunshi a gaskiyar cewa wani talakawan mutum zai iya yi kuka, ta yaya wannan zai iya zama idan ruwa yawa mafi girma iska yawa. Amsar mai sauki ce ma: ruwan ne ba a cikin iska a cikin nau'i na tururi, wanda ya fi sauki da kuma nitrogen da oxygen, da kuma saboda irin wannan "ruwa" yaxa duk alamu samu m Avogadro.

Yana da muhimmanci a yi la'akari da cewa ya dogara more a kan iska yawa da matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki fiye da zafi. Saboda m iska yana da ƙananan yawa fiye da bushe kawai yayin da rike wannan zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba.