A babban birnin kasar na Poland. Tsohon babban birnin kasar Poland

Warsaw - babban birnin kasar Poland. Shi ne mafi girma a yanki da kuma jama'ar na gari a kasar. Bayan wata wuta a cikin Wawel Castle Korol Sigizmund Uku umurce su da su matsawa gidansa ne a Warsaw. Wannan ya faru a 1596. Poland ta babban birnin kasar a gaskiya canjawa wuri zuwa kayyade birni. Duk da haka, ya sami matsayi doka kawai bayan da tallafi na kundin tsarin mulki a 1791.

etymological data

Mutane da yawa masana ilimin harsuna da tarihi tabbata cewa birnin gare ta asalin possessive manufofi «Warszowa» (ko «Warszewa»), kafa daga baya kowa sunan Warcislaw.

Sunan aka canza daga Warszewa a Warszawa a cikin karni na sha shida. Wannan sabon abu ne hade da peculiarities na mazovian (shi aka kẽwayãwa shi a kan ƙasa inda zamani babban birnin kasar Poland). Saboda haka, wasali "a" ya wuce a cikin "e" a matsayin bayan da taushi baƙaƙe (a hade "sz" ya taushi a lokacin). A cikin karni na sha biyar, wani hade da wani secondary "e" suna daga cikin yare, don haka mutanen da suka rike da wallafe-wallafen pronunciation, ya maye gurbin su da siffofin "a". A wannan yanayin, babban birnin kasar Poland ne Warsaw zama sananne a sakamakon maye na etymological nau'i a Hypercorrection.

Akwai sanannen imani da cewa Warszawa version bayyana a sakamakon Accession na masunci Wars sunan da Mermaid Sawa. Hoton na masoya, a matsayin unofficial version, da kuma ya zama wani tushen samuwar babban birnin sunan.

Mafi na kowa labari game da kafuwar Warsaw gaya game da wani yarima (Ubangiji) mai suna Casimir. Yin rasa yayin farauta, ya zo a fadin wani matalauci masunci ta bukka a kan banki na Vistula. Akwai da ya ga wata yarinya wanda ya yi kawai ba haihuwa zuwa biyu boys - Varsha da Sava. Casimir amince da zama godfather tagwaye, kuma yana da kyau ya gode wa Runduna domin su liyãfa. Bayar da kudi don su ya isa ya gina wani gidan gaba zuwa wani. Sauran masunta ma ya fara gina su bukkoki a wannan wuri. Don haka shi ne farkon babban birnin jihar.

Official Alamun

A babban birnin kasar Poland na da alama. Wannan aforementioned aljannar ruwa Sawa. Ta image za a iya gani ko da a cikin makamai daga birnin. Monument a cikin girmamawa ga mythical dabba da aka shigar a kan Market Square.

The gashi na makamai ne a cikin siffar Faransa jirgin. Its launi - ja. A babba iyaka ne a kintinkiri tare da taken, a harshe - Azurfa Cross na Order of Soja yabo.

Babban birnin kasar flag ne mai panel kunsha na biyu daidai nisa tube na ja da rawaya.

tarihi bayanai

Bisa ga archaeologists iske tsoho takardun, a cikin karni na goma a kan ƙasa na zamani birni ne dake da 'yan kwaminonin, mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu akwai Kamion, Brodno da Jazdow. Duk da haka, na farko katako, gine-gine ya bayyana a nan kawai a cikin goma sha biyu karni da dutse - A ta goma sha huɗu.

sabon lokaci

Abin da ake da babban birnin kasar na Poland ya tsakiyar Mazowiecki Duchy? Warsaw. Daga bisani, ta aka dauke gidansa na Yaren mutanen Poland sarakuna da Lithuanian sarakuna. Daga 1791 zuwa 1795 a birnin babban birnin na Commonwealth, daga 1807 zuwa 1813 - Duchy na Warsaw, daga 1815 zuwa 1915 - Yaren mutanen Poland mulkin.

A lokacin zama na 1939-1944 shekaru an buga wuya kasar ta Poland. Capital - Warsaw - An halaka su da Jamusanci kai harin. City saki 17/01/1945, a lokacin da nasarar da Vistula-gabaci aiki.

A karshen da 2nd Duniya babban birnin kasar Poland ya kasance rayayye warke. Duk da haka, kawai Royal Route, da Tsoho da Sabon Garuruwa da aka kerata a tarihi form.

Major Turai birane na marigayi sha tara - farkon karni na ashirin aka halin da m gine-gine. Yana bai ajiye domin inganta kiwon lafiya na gidaje daidai da akida shirin yanayin prokommunistov da kuma ra'ayoyin na zamani.

Mafi yawa daga cikin birni aka canza halin. Warsaw ya canza ba kawai a cikin wani birane amma kuma a gine-gine da sharuddan.

weather

Warsaw mai tsakaitãwa nahiyar sauyin yanayi tare da dumi gumi lokacin bazaar, kuma da m winters. Frosts kasa da goma sha biyar digiri da zafi sama da talatin - a rarity. Kaka ne yawanci dumi da kuma lingering, spring yawanci zo a hankali. A shekara-shekara da ruwan sama na 530 millimeters a kan talakawan.

administrative division

Tun 2002, babban birnin kasar Poland - a County cewa kunshi guda ƙungiya. A karshen, bi da bi, ne zuwa kashi goma sha takwas gundumomi (Dzielnica).

A bit daga cikin manyan 'Yan sanda

Har 1833 da Warsaw 'yan sanda da aka daya daga cikin ofisoshin na birni babban birnin kasar management, aka gudanar da shugaban kasar. Ashirin na Yuni (na biyu a watan Yuli bisa ga tsohon kalandar) na shekara da aka bayar da Regulation na Yaren mutanen Poland majalisar mulkin. A cewar wannan takarda, da Executive 'yan sanda da aka rabu da administrative da kuma wuce zuwa iko da mataimakin shugaban kasar na babban birnin kasar, wanda daga baya ya zama a hukumance da aka sani da Warsaw Cif na' yan sanda.

yawan

A cikin juyin halitta da kuma karuwa a yawan varshavtsev dogon aka rinjayi da cewa birnin yana daya daga cikin staging posts on tsaka-tsaki na cinikayya hanyoyi da Trans-Turai hijirarsa. Wannan shi ne wani gagarumin tasiri a kan yawan da kabilu na gida mazauna. Kafin zama cibiyar Warsaw a matsayin sabis masana'antu da kuma yawan da mafi yawa kunshi 'yan kasuwa. Bisa ga 1897 ƙidaya, 34% na yawan, sun kasance Yahũdãwa (219,000 na 638,000). Da hadawa da kasashe, ra'ayoyi da kuma ƙungiyoyi da ya kai ga cewa akwai da na yau da kullum sunan babban birnin kasar. Poland ya zama sani na da "na biyu Paris" - Warsaw.

City gine

Modern Warsaw ne wani saje na da yawa daban-daban gine-gine styles. Wannan shi ne saboda da wuya tarihi na biyu da kasar da kuma birnin. Su sabawa sanya dawo da tsarin bayan yakin duniya na biyu. A tarihi cibiyar babban birnin - Royal Palace - mayar da haka ya zuwa yanzu. Abin lura shi ne cewa wannan yanki da aka jera a matsayin UNESCO ta duniya Heritage Site. Ana gane matsayin da personification na sosai maimaitawa aiwatar da halakar tarihi abin tunawa.

A cikin sau da Yaren mutanen Poland ta kasar a birnin akwai wasu gine-gine a style of Stalin ta daular. Wasu gagarumin gine-gine da aka mayar da bayan faduwar Poland. A zamanin yau, birnin gine aka ƙara supplemented zamani ta kasuwanci cibiyoyin da skyscrapers.

Ferry tsarin

Metropolitan jama'a kai cibiyar sadarwa ya kai wani babban mataki ne na ci gaba. Ɓullo da wani babban yawan bas hanyoyi. Transport tsananin bãyukansu da jadawalin. Lokaci-lokaci bas tare da wani low kasa domin saukaka naƙasasshe baƙi.

A birnin aiki daya reshe na jirgin karkashin kasa, kuri'a na tram Lines. Tikiti na tafiya za a iya saya a kiosks a Tashoshi ko daga direban, kuma sun kasance duk m, raba ta da irin abin hawa ba a yi. A babban birnin kasar, keke haya cibiyar sadarwa da aka ci gaba.

Tsohon babban birnin kasar Poland

A baya can, babban birni a kasar da aka dauke su Krakow. Kuma ko da ta da cikakken hukuma sunan - Capital sarauta birnin Krakow - tuna mana wannan. Har karni na sha takwas, akwai aka lashe dukkan Polish shugabanni.

ƙarshe

Krakow aka dace located in cewa ƙasa, inda p. Wisla zama navigable. Saboda ta ɓangaren da garin da aka hanzari fadada da wuri da kuma girma arziki. Boleslav Hrabry kafa episcopal kujera a 1000. Kirgawa a kan goyon bayan da Silesian shugabanninmu, kuma ya ji da muhimmancin, a cikin 1311, Krakow Jamusawa shirya wani tayarwa gāba da Vladislava Lokotka. A tawaye aka sauri mur da wannan 'yan tawayen rasa duk gata da kuma amfanin.

Meaning of Krakow ya fara girma a cikin karni na sha hudu. A 1319 na yanzu m - Vladislav farko gwiwar hannu - koma zuwa gidansa (a baya, shi ne a Gniezno). A zamanin mulkin Kazimira Velikogo a cikin birnin da aka gina sabon wurin, ta samu irin wannan yankunan da cinikayya da kuma sana'o'i. A watan Fabrairu 1386, a tsohon babban birnin kasar Poland Jagiello aka yi masa baftisma. Akwai ke ma gudanar da bikin aure da Jadwiga.

Lokacin da hukumomin suka Jagiellonians, Krakow karshe ƙarfafa matsayin babban birni na mulkin. Yawan mazaunan ya karu zuwa dubu ɗari.

Abin da ake da babban birnin kasar na Poland ya a cikin karni na sha shida? A 1596 lakabi na girmamawa a koma daga Krakow zuwa Warsaw. Jindadin da zarar arziki gari ne sannu a hankali, amma lalle eroding da kai hare-hare na makiya. A 1787 Krakow Yawan jama'ar kasa da dubu goma mutane.

karni na ashirin

Har 1918 Krakow tana karkashin iko na Austro-Hungarian Empire. , 1939-1945. Shi ne mai ban tausayi lokaci a cikin tarihi na tsohon babban birnin kasar. Nazi mamaye shirya a Krakow duhun kai, inda taso keya up mafi Yahudawan da suke zaune yafi a cikin Kazimierz gundumar. Wakilai daga wannan kabila damƙar zasu kare a cikin taro sansani na Auschwitz, kuma Plaszow.

By da dakarun na farko Ukrainian Front, a Janairu 1945 birnin da aka sami 'yanci daga invaders. The goma sha ɗaya na Agusta na wannan shekara birgima a Krakow pogrom. A lokacin rikicin siyasa na shekarar 1968, shi ya wuce anti-Semitic yaƙin neman zaɓe. Ganin wadannan aukuwa, mafiya yawa daga Yahudawa, tsira da Holocaust bar Poland.

cibiyar al'adu

Mene ne babban birnin kasar Poland yanzu? Babban birnin kasar - Warsaw. Duk da haka, 'yan ƙarni da suka wuce, da lakabi na girmamawa mallakar Krakow. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wannan gari ne har yanzu da ake kira zuciya na Yaren mutanen Poland al'ada. Its tarihi cibiyar da za a halaka su a lokacin da mãsu bãyar da bãya na Jamus sojoji a shekarar 1945. Duk da haka, kamar yadda a sakamakon hadadden soja aiki za'ayi da sojoji na Soviet Army da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland juriya kungiyoyin, birnin na tsira.

The biyu main jan hankali na Krakow suna located a kan Wawel Hill. A farko daga gare su - da Cathedral of Wawel Cathedral. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girmama Ibada na kasar. Tun da farko shi za'ayi sa kambi da kuma binne Polish shugabanni. Na biyu ban sha'awa gininsa a kan wani tudu - Royal Castle. Ya sau daya ne mazaunin Jagiellonian, Piast Vasa. A farko da castle da ke a wajen fadin kadan gini a Romanesque style. Daga baya, sai aka akai-akai gina, kumbura. Shi ya sa yana da halayyar fasali na gine-gine da yayi na da yawa na tarihi lokaci.

A Krakow, mai girma da yawa majami'u. Cikin tsofaffin - St. Maryamu (Mariana). An yadu sani na da irinta Gothic akwai gilashi. Da farko, da ginin da aka yi da itace. A cikin goma sha uku karni a wurin da aka gina sabon - a cikin Romanesque style, amma shi da aka hallaka a lokacin daya daga cikin hare-hare na Tatars. The coci gina a karni na sha hudu, da kuma riga a cikin Gothic style.

Wani janye ne duniya sanannen gishiri mahakar ake kira "Magnum Sal". Suna located game da goma kilomita daga Krakow - a garin Velichko. Duk iya ziyarci musamman Salt Museum.

Shahararren Krakow ma'aikata na mafi girma ilimi - Jagiellonian University. A takardar shaidar bayar a kan tushen daga gare Casimir II a watan Mayu 1364. A ƙofar ne rubũtacce da wadannan taken: "Zuciya ta lashe ikon". Wannan makaranta da wani rejista da yawa manyan malaman na duniya kimiyya. Daga gare su, mafi sau da yawa ambaci Nikolaya Kopernika - falaki da lissafi na Renaissance lokaci, marubucin da heliocentric tsarin na duniya. Stanislaw Lem - sanannen marubucin dama labaru. John Paul canonized Albarka.

Da farko an kafa goma sha ikon tunani, na abin da takwas jurisprudential lafiya biyu da daya m arts. A sashen na tauhidin zo daga baya, a lokacin da shi samu izni daga cikin Paparoma. University gangarawa ta Chancellor na Yaren mutanen Poland mulkin. Da nauyin da hada kula da ayyukan da kuma ci gaban da ma'aikata.

ƙarshe

Sama da muka yi duba a sa da kuma lokacin da ya canja sunan babban birnin kasar. Poland da aka sani da yawa tsoho birane, amma shi ya kasance a Krakow da Warsaw sun mayar da hankali da babban tarihi gani, kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna ma kunshe a cikin UNESCO Duniya Heritage List.