Yaren mutanen Poland gentry: tarihin abin da ya faru, na farko ambaci, da wakilan

A yau Poland, 'yan kasarta da su daidaita hakkoki da abubuwan da aji fitattun abubuwa da ba. Duk da haka, kowane iyakacin duniya ya san ma'anar da kalmar "gentry". Wannan gatan aji wanzu a kasar domin kusan shekara dubu, tun 11th karni da kuma farkon 20th, a lokacin da a 1921, aka soke duk gata.

A tarihin abin da ya faru

Akwai iri biyu daga cikin zargin da m nobility Polish gentry.

A karkashin farko, wanda aka dauke mafi sahihanci a idanun hukuma da kuma soma, an yi imani da cewa Yaren mutanen Poland nobility samo asali a sakamakon juyin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki canje-canje.

Warwatse Slavic kabilu suke zaune a kan ƙasa na gabashin Turai, a hankali girma da kuma shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. The most aka mai suna Opole. Da farko ya jagoranci Opole tsaye majalisar dattawan zabe daga wakilan da ya fi iko da kuma mutunta aiki. A nan gaba, management na mutum yankunan Opole aka raba tsakanin shugabanni, da kuma ya zama hereditary, dattawa kuma suna kiran kansu shugabanni.

Constant yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice tsakanin shugabannin kai ga bukatar haifar da soja raka'a. Warriors aka dauka daga cikin free mutane, ba daura da ƙasa. Daga wannan, da aji ya girma da kuma sabon karfi aji - manya. Fassara daga Jamus kalma "gentry" na nufin "yaƙi".

Amma cewa shi ne na biyu version na zargin aji. A nasa ne da farfesa na Cracow University, Franciszek Xavier Pekosinskomu, wanda ya rayu a karni na 19th. Bisa ga masanin kimiyya, da Yaren mutanen Poland gentry aka haifa ba a cikin zurfin juyin Polish mutane. Ya tabbata cewa da farko manyansu su ne zuriyar Polabian, takaddama Slavic kabilu suka mamaye da yankin Poland a cikin marigayi 8th - farkon 9th karni. A goyon bayan jarrabawa ne da cewa a kan gashi na makamai daga cikin tsofaffin gentry iyalan wanda aka nuna Slavic runes.

A farko tarihin

A farko ambaci Polish Knights, da suke cikin magabatan na nobility, ya zauna a cikin tarihin Gallus Anonymus, wanda ya mutu a 1145. Duk da cewa ya hada "The Chronicle da kuma ayyuka na sarakuna, da shugabannin Polish" wani lokacin shan wahala daga tarihi rashin daidaito da kuma gibba, shi har yanzu zama babban tushen bayanai game da samuwar da Polish jihar. A farko ambaci nobility hade da sunayen Mieszko 1 da ɗansa, Sarki Boleslaw da Brave 1.

A zamanin mulkin Boleslav aka kafa aiki "Ubangiji" Halin da kowane soja, wanda ya sanya wani babba sabis wurin sarki. Wannan shi ne mai rikodin dating baya zuwa 1025 shekara.

Sarkin Polish Knights

Boleslaw da Brave 1 ni'imta lakabi na girmamawa ba kawai shugabanninmu, amma kuma bayi, ko da yake na farko kira kuma da kanta matsayi na musamman - "mozhnovlady" fiye da alfahari sosai. Up har da marigayi 11th karni m, su ne guda - da Knights, suka - cikin wadanda suka kafa na gentry aji, ba da ƙasarsu Holdings.

A 12th karni, a lokacin da Boleslav Wry-mouthed, knightly aji na tumbleweed zama mallaki gidaje.

Turai tsakiyar karni Knights san yadda Church of sojoji dauke da bangaskiyar Kirista ga al'ummai. A Yaren mutanen Poland Knights bai fara a matsayin coci sojoji, amma kamar yadda kare shugabanni da sarakuna. Boleslaw da Brave 1, haddasa wannan aji, da kuma ya fara Duke na Poland, sa'an nan da kai-shelar sarki. Ya yi mulki kusan shekaru 30 da ya zauna a cikin tarihi a matsayin sosai wayo, wayo da m siyasa da kuma soja. Lokacin Mulkin Poland shi ya ƙara muhimmanci saboda da Accession daga cikin Czech yankuna. Boleslav gabatar a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland wani ɓangare na Great Moravia. Godiya ga shi, birnin Krakow, babban birnin kasar na Karami Poland, ya shiga Mulkin Poland har abada. Na dogon lokaci shi ne babban birnin jihar. Shi ne wannan rana - daya daga cikin mafi girma a birane a kasar, mafi muhimmanci al'adu, da tattalin arziki da kuma kimiyya cibiyar na da shi.

metacarpel

Piast daular to wanda ya kasance daga Korol Boleslav, mulki kasar domin hudu ƙarni. Yana yana ƙarƙashin Piast Poland samu tsawon na mafi m ci gaba a dukkan duniyoyin. Harsashen na Modern Culture of Poland aka aza sa'an nan. Ba kalla rawa a cikin wannan wasa da Christianization kasar. Wadãta crafts da aikin noma da aka kafa karfi cinikayya links tare da kasashe makwabta. Manzon Allah Sallallahu aji rayayye shiga a cikin tsari, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da ci gaban da daukaka na Poland.

Rabuwa da tsada da kuma jarumtan

By 14th karni da Polish gentry ya fairly manyan da sosai m aji. Yanzu fara shi kamar cewa, ga jarumi feat ya gagara. dokokin indigénat, adoptsii da ennoblement aka soma. Manya to dissociate kansu daga sauran azuzuwan, sa lamba kan sarki. Suna iya iya da shi, domin ga dama ƙarni zama mafi girma a gonaki a kasar. Kuma a cikin zamanin sarki Louis da Hungarian cimma abar ƙyãma na gata.

Kosice gata

Louis ya ba 'ya'yansa maza, da' ya'yansa mata da bãbu wani hakki a kan karaga. Don samun wannan dama don su, ya yi musu wa'adi da manyansu, gentry yarjejeniyoyin da kusan duk aikinsu wajen monarch. Saboda haka, a 1374 zo cikin shahararrun gata Kosice. Yanzu, duk muhimmanci gwamnati a shagaltar da ta Polish gentry.

A karkashin sabon yarjejeniya, nobility ƙwarai takaita ikon sarauta iyali da kuma na m firistoci. Manyansu sun kebe daga dukkan haraji, fãce ƙasar, amma ya kasance mai baƙin ciki - tare da daya filin a kowace shekara za a caje kawai 2 dinari. A wannan yanayin, manya sami albashi a lokacin da tsunduma a fama. An ba da ake bukata domin gina da kuma gyara kwa'di, gadoji, birni gine-gine. A lokacin ziyara da sarauta mutum a cikin ƙasa na Poland manyansu ba tare da ita kamar yadda mai tsaro na girmamawa da kuma rakiya tare da su aka kuma cire haraji don samar da sarki da abinci da kuma tsari.

Rzeczpospolita

A 1569, Mulkin Poland sõyayya da Grand Duchy na Lithuania cikin guda jihar, Rzeczpospolita. A tsarin siyasa a cikin sabon jihar kira gentry dimokuradiyya. A gaskiya, shi ya ba da wannan ba dimokuradiyya. A shugaban na Commonwealth da aka zabe su domin rayuwa da sarki. Lakabinsa ya ba hereditary. Tare da monarch kasar iko nuna Diet.

A rage cin abinci kunshi biyu bẽnãye - Majalisar Dattawa da kuma jakadun na bukka. A rage cin abinci kunshi manyan jami'an gwamnati da kuma koli da limaman, kuma Ambassadorial bukka - su zabe wakilan da gentry aji. A gaskiya ma, cikin tarihin na Commonwealth - ne labarin yadda nobility siddan, kuma unreasonably sarrafa nasu jihar.

Ikon da nobility Poland

Tare da wani rauni daular mulkinsu Polish manya sun yi gagarumin tasiri a kan majalisu da kuma zartarwa hukumomi. Masana tarihi gentry kai-kiyasta a matsayin da ake bukata kafun rashin tsari.

Wannan rahoto da aka gina a kan wani Unlimited rinjayar da gentry a siyasa da tattalin arziki matakai a kasar. Gentry da dama na kujerar naƙi, idan sarki nufi ga kira wani mayakan, ya dauki wata doka ko kafa wani sabon haraji, da na karshe kalma, zama da shi ko ba, ya ko da yaushe ya tsaya ga gentry. Kuma wannan duk da cewa da sosai gentry aji aka kiyaye shi ta doka a kan sirri da kuma dukiya m.

A dangantaka da manoma na gentry

Bayan shiga a cikin 14-15 ƙarni. Poland zuwa sparsely lugar Red Rus Polish manoma fara motsa a cikin sabon yankuna. Tare da ci gaban cinikayya a kayayyakin gona, samar a kan waɗannan ƙasashe, shi ya fara amfani da kasashen waje a high bukatar.

A 1423 'yancin manoma gudun hijira al'ummomi takura wani dokar da aka gabatar a karkashin matsin lamba daga cikin gentry aji. A karkashin wannan dokar, manoma da aka juya zuwa cikin serfs aka zamar masa dole ya yi panschinu da aka ba a yarda ya bar kasar da kuma gida.

Dangantaka tare da gentry commoners

Tarihi na Commonwealth, kuma ya ambaci yadda gentry slighted birane yawan jama'a. A 1496 a dokar da aka wuce hani da Filistiyawa saya ƙasar. Dalili shi ne har-debo matsayin shaida a cikin ni'imar da tallafi na wannan ƙuduri ne kawai sa'an nan cewa 'yan ƙasa da hali ya jin kunya daga soja aikinsu, da kuma ƙasar tanada manoman - m recruits. Kuma su gida-gari burgers zai hana kira daga mutãnensa domin soja sabis.

Bisa ga wannan dokar da aikin masana'antu da kasuwanci kamfanoni sarrafawa da prefects da kuma gwamnonin nada daga cikin gentry.

Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama na gaba

A hankali da Polish nobility fara gane kansa da m kuma mafi kyau daga cikin Yaren mutanen Poland kadarori. Duk da cewa jimlar nauyin manya ba tycoons, kuma yana da wajen suna fadin dũkiyarku da ba su da wani babban matakin da ilimi, sunã da wani sosai high kai girma, saboda mutum - shi ne na farko, kuma farkon kishi. A Poland, da kalmar "kishi" har yanzu yana da wani mummunan connotations.

A kan abin da aka irin wannan sabon abu na gaba da aka tushen? Da farko a kan cewa kowane bafadan, wanda aka zabe ta a gwamnatin, yana da hakkin ya kujerar naƙi. A sa'an nan gentry al'ada nufi ko da dismissive hali wa sarki, wanda aka zabe a da hankali. Rokosz (dama sãɓã wa Sarki) saita monarch kan daidai da jama'a na gentry aji. Gentleman - wani mutum daidai despising duk azuzuwan, fãce ta, kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa idan sarki da kansa don mutum - ba hukunci, kuma lalle ba Allah ya shafe, sa'an nan abin da ya ce game da manoma da kuma tsakiyar aji? Manyansu kira bayi.

Saboda haka abin da suka aikata a lokacin wannan rago rabo daga jama'ar na Commonwealth? Favorite aiki manya da aka biki, farauta da dancing. Dabi'u Polish nobility colorfully aka bayyana a cikin tarihi da litattafan da Genrika Senkevicha "Kanar Wolodyjowski", "Wutã da Sword" da "Ambaliyar."

Amma duk abin da ya zo ga ƙarshe wani lokaci. Kuma ƙare da zaluncin da nobility.

Poland a cikin Rasha Empire

A cikin marigayi 18th karni, kashi na yankuna na Commonwealth ya zama wani ɓangare na Rasha Empire. Ga sa'an nan ya fara da ake kira critiques gentry. Wannan kalma tana nufin wani sa na ayyuka da za'ayi da gwamnatin Rasha. Suna nufin iyakance m da bai dace ba, a cikin tsarin na ci gaban} asa, da gwamnati na Yaren mutanen Poland nobility. Af, yayin da yawan daraja yawan jama'a a Poland amounted zuwa 7-8%, kuma a cikin Rasha Empire ya kawai 1.5%.

Property matsayi na gentry bai isa ya yarda a Rasha. By sarki umurnin Satumba 25, 1800 zuwa nobility iya hada masu mazaunan Privislinskih larduna (abin da ake kira Polish ƙasashe cikin Rasha Federation), wanda za su iya yi shekara biyu don samar da shirin hujja da su matsayi, dating baya ga gentry Revision lists a 1795. All sauran za a rarraba a kan sauran azuzuwan - manoma, tausayin-bourgeois da volnohleborobskomu. A lokacin gentry gwamnati a Commonwealth gentry aji rayayye a bayansa da tare da sabon members. A lokacin da shiga cikin Rasha Empire tsakanin manya sun kasance wadanda suka gudanar don samun matsayi na Manzon Allah Sallallahu Majalisar wakilai,, amma yana da wani tabbaci na Heraldry na majalisar dattijai. Wannan category aka cire daga jerin dauke da za a hada a cikin nobility.

Bayan da Polish yunkuri na 1830-1831 da aka soma da majalisar dattijai yanke shawara a kan tsari na Dogayen sanda gane kansu tare da gentry, da rabo daga cikin su uku Categories, bi da lissãfi ga nobility.

Sinfi na farko da aka dangana Dogayen sanda mallakan kadarori da manoma mallakan ko batutuwa, amma ba su da ƙasar, ko da kuwa ko da suka kasance sunã amince da Majalisar na Manzon Allah Sallallahu ko ba.

Sinfi na biyu ne dangana Dogayen sanda suka ba su da ƙasa, kuma batutuwa, amma amince da Manzon Allah Sallallahu Majalisar.

The uku category ne dangana Dogayen sanda la'akari da kansu manyansu, amma ba su da ƙasa, kuma batutuwa, kuma ba su yarda da Manzon Allah Sallallahu Majalisar.

Tun da shigarwa cikin karfi na wannan Regulation Noble Majalisar haramta ba da Dogayen sanda takardar shaidar da nobility, idan ya kira matsayi ba a bokan a Heraldry.

Yaren mutanen Poland-gentry, za ta gabatar da wata takarda a kan arziki na nobility, aka rubuta ta 'yan kasa ko freeholders. All sauran da aka rubuta a cikin jihar manoma.

Manya ba su yarda da Rasha nobility, aka ba a yarda ya saya ƙasar daga manoma. A ƙarshe suka shiga cikin tausayin-bourgeois aji da kuma peasantry.

Ƙarshen gentry aji

A zamanin da Polish gentry tare da saye da Poland (a farkon karni na 20th) 'yancin kai daga Rasha Empire. A sabon kundin tsarin mulki na 1921-1926 biennium. Na taba ambata kalmar "gentry" ko "nobility". Yanzu kuma har abada a cikin Jamhuriyar Poland novoprovozglashonnoy duk 'yan kasarta da su daidaita hakkoki da wajibai.