Ukraine: tarihin abin da ya faru. Na ƙasar a Ukraine: tarihi

Ukraine ta ƙasa sanaki mutane riga akalla 44.000 shekaru. Pontic-Caspian steppe ya fage na muhimmin tarihi events na Bronze Age. A nan akwai hijirarsa na Indo-Turai al'ummai. A wannan Black Sea da Caspian matakan mutane hõre da doki.

Daga baya, a cikin Crimea da Dnieper rayu Scythians da Sarmatians. A karshe, waɗannan ƙasashe aka sanaki Slavs. Sun kafa na da jihar Kievan Rus ', wanda rududdugaggu a XII karni. By tsakiyar XIV karni, yanzu Ukrainian ƙasashe aka mulki ta hanyar uku sojojin: Golden taro, Grand Duchy na Lithuania da kuma Poland, Kingdom. Daga baya, cikin ƙasa da aka raba iko kamar Krymskoe Hanstvo, Rzeczpospolita, da Rasha, Empire da kuma Austria-Hungary.

A XX karni akwai mai zaman kanta Ukraine. A tarihin na zargin kasar ta fara da yunkurin haifar da UPR da ZUNR Amirka. Sai aka kafa Ukrainian SSR na Tarayyar Soviet. A karshe, cikin 'yancin kai da Ukraine, tabbatar da zaben raba gardama da kuma gane da gamayyar kasa da kasa da aka zayyana a shekarar 1991.

A tsohon tarihin Ukraine

Archaeological tono nuna cewa kwatanta rayu a arewacin tekun Black Sea a farkon 43-45 Millennium BC. A Crimea, ya gano abubuwa na kromanoltsam. Suna kwanan rana 32 shekara dubu BC.

A ƙarshen Neolithic a cikin Ukrainian ƙasashe akwai Trypillian al'adu. Its ganiya shi kai a 4500-3000 shekaru BC.

Da zuwan da Iron Age ta hanyar matakan da Arewa Black Sea shige Dacian kabilan - magabatan zamani Romanians. Sa'an nan nomadic kabilu (Cimmerians, Scythians da Sarmatians) zaune a ƙasar Ukraine. A tarihin wadannan kabilu da aka sani ba kawai domin archaeological sites, amma kuma daga rubuta kafofin. Game da Scythians da aka ambata da Herodotus a cikin rubuce-rubucen. Helenawa kafa su mazauna a cikin Crimea a cikin VI karni BC.

Sa'an nan kuma, a kan ƙasa na Ukraine zo da Goths kuma da Huns. Wannan ya faru a cikin III-V ƙarni AD. A karo na biyar karni akwai Slavic kabilu.

A VII karni a cikin Ukrainian steppes akwai jihar da Bulgars. Amma shi nan da nan suka sãɓa da aka tunawa da Khazars. Wannan nomadic mutane daga Asiya ta tsakiya, ya kafa kasar, wanda ya hada sararin yankuna - West Kazakhstan, da Caucasus, da Crimea, da Don steppe da kuma gabashin Ukraine. A tarihin fitowan da kuma flourishing da Khazar Khanate ne a hankali da alaka da aiwatar da samuwar statehood na gabashin Slavs. An sani cewa suna da Kagan sun fara Kievan sarakuna.

Kievan Rus

A tarihin Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha, bisa ga yawa masu bincike, ya fara a cikin shekara ta 882. Wannan lokacin da Kiev da aka ci nasarar da Prince Oleg Khazars kuma ya zama cibiyar sararin yanki na kasar. A guda jihar aka United share drevlyans, Ulichi, White Croats da sauran Slavic kabilu. Oleg kansa, bisa ga rinjaye historiography ra'ayi ya mai zuwa na baya.

A XI karni Kievan Rus ya zama mafi girma a cikin ƙasa na jihar na Turai. A yammacin kafofin na lokaci shi ƙasashe aka fi sau da yawa gano a matsayin Ruthenia. Sunan Ukraine aka farko da aka ambata a cikin takardu na XII karni. Yana nufin "gefen", "ƙasa".

A XVI karni, na farko taswirar Ukraine akwai. A da shi a karkashin wannan sunan ana sanya Kiev, Chernigov da Pereyaslavl asashe.

A tallafi na Kiristanci da kuma, kawar da Rasha

A farkon mabiya Kristi sun bayyana a Crimea a kalla a cikin IV karni. Kiristanci ya zama na aikin addini na Kievan Rus a 988, a cikin himma Vladimira Velikogo. A farko mai mulkin jihar da aka yi masa baftisma da kakarsa, Princess Olga.

A zamanin mulkin Yaroslava Mudrogo aka karɓa sa na dokokin, da aka sani da "Rasha gaskiya". Yana wani lokaci daga cikin mafi girma ikon siyasa na Kievan jihar. Bayan mutuwar faru Jaroslav crushing cikin raba epoch Rus, sau da yawa mai saɓani da juna mulkin.

Vladimir Monomakh kokarin raya wani Karkasa jihar, amma a cikin karni na XII Rasha karshe disintegrates. Kiev da Galicia-Volyn sarauta zama wadanda yankuna, wanda daga baya ya haifar Ukraine. A tarihin abin da ya faru na Rasha ta fara da Yunƙurin na birnin Suzdal, wanda ya a siyasa da al'adu cibiyar na arewa maso gabashin kasar Rasha asashe. Daga baya, babban birnin wadannan yankuna ya zama Moscow. A arewa maso yamma da sarauta daga Polotsk ita ce cibiyar kewaye da Belarushiyanci al'umma da aka kafa.

A 1240, Kiev da aka kori by mangolawa da dogon rasa wani siyasa tasiri.

Galicia-Volhynia

A tarihin abin da ya faru na jihar Ukraine, a cewar wasu masana kimiyya, ta fara a XII karni. A wancan lokaci, kamar yadda arewacin sarauta fall karkashin ikon Golden taro a yamma ne biyu m Rasha jihar tare da babban birnin kasar a Galich da Lodomir (yanzu Vladimir-Volyn). Bayan da ƙungiyoyi kafa Galicia-Volhynia. A ganiya na da iko, shi hada Wallachia da Bessarabia kuma yana da damar yin amfani da tekun Black Sea.

A 1245, Paparoma Innocent IV lashe Prince Daniil Galitsky kuma bã shi da suna na Sarkin All Rasha. A wannan lokacin da sarauta jagoranci wani wuya yaƙi da mangolawa. Bayan rasuwar Daniila Galitskogo a 1264 ya aka yi nasara da dansa Leo, wanda ya koma da babban birnin kasar da birnin Lviv. Ba kamar mahaifinsa, wanda aka gudanar a pro-Western siyasa vector, sai ya tafi a kan yin hadin gwiwa tare da mangolawa, musamman, ya sanya wani ƙawance da Nogai Khan. Tare da Tatar, sãshensu waliyyai Leo mamaye Poland. A 1280, ya ci Hungarians kuma dauki bangare na Transcarpathia.

Bayan rasuwar Leo fara faɗuwar rana Galicia-Volyn sarauta. A 1323, a wurin yaƙi tare da mangolawa kashe karshe wakilan wannan reshe na Rurik. Bayan haka, Volyn zo karkashin iko da Lithuanian sarakuna Gedeminovichey da Galicia fadi karkashin mulkin na Yaren mutanen Poland Crown.

Rzeczpospolita

Bayan da kungiyar Lublin Ruthenian ƙasashe zama wani ɓangare na Mulkin Poland. A wannan lokacin, da tarihi na Ukraine a matsayin wata jiha da aka katse, amma shi ya kasance a wannan lokaci, ya kafa Ukrainian al'umma. RIKITARWA tsakanin Yaren mutanen Poland Katolika da kuma Orthodox Rusyns, sannu-sannu sa a kabilanci da bangaranci.

Cossacks

Dogayen sanda sun sha'awar kare gabashin kan iyakar Daular Ottoman kuma ta vassals. Domin wadannan dalilai, shi ne mafi kyau dace Cossacks. Su ba kawai daidai da hare-hare na Crimean khans, amma kuma halarci yaƙe-yaƙe na Commonwealth da Moscow mulkin.

A duk na Soja yabo Cossacks, Polish manya ki samar musu da kõme gagarumin cin gashin, kokarin maimakon maida da mafiya yawa daga cikin Ukrainian yawan jama'a a sansanin soja. Wannan ya kai ga rikice-rikice da kuma yunkuri.

Daga bisani, a 1648 ta fara da kwato yaki jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Tarihi na Ukraine ta shiga wani sabon zamani. Sakamakon daga tawaye Hetman jihar da aka kewaye da uku sojojin: Ottoman Empire, da Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth da Muscovy. A lokacin da harkokin siyasa maneuvering.

A 1654 Zaporozhye Cossacks shiga wata yarjejeniya tare da Moscow tsar. Poland kokarin sake samu iko da bata yankuna da shiga tare da Hetman Ivanom Vygovskim kwangila. Wannan ya sa a wani yaki tsakanin Commonwealth da Muscovy. Yana ƙare tare da shiga Andrusovo kwangila a karkashin abin da Hetman tashi Moscow.

A karkashin mulkin na Rasha Empire da kuma Austria-Hungary

A m tarihi na Ukraine, wanda ƙasa da aka raba tsakanin kasashen biyu, da aka halin da Yunƙurin na kasa sani tsakanin marubuta da kuma masana.

A wannan lokacin da Rasha Empire karshe karya Krymskoe Hanstvo da kuma daukan kan karkararta. Har ila yau ya auku uku sassan na Poland. A sakamakon haka, mafi yawan ƙasashe, lugar da Ukrainians, shi ne wani ɓangare na Rasha. Galicia motsa zuwa ga Austria sarki.

Mutane da yawa Rasha marubuta, artists, kuma statesmen na XVIII-XIX karni da Ukrainian asalinsu. Daga cikin shahararrun - Nikolai litattafan Gogol da Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. A kusan duk Elite, sabanin Rasha, shi ne a Galicia daga Austrians da Dogayen sanda, da kuma Ruthenians sun kasance mafi yawa manoma.

kasa Tarurrukan

A cikin XIX karni, a Gabashin Turai suka fara aiwatar da al'adu Tarurrukan na mutanen da suke zaune a karkashin ikon girma dauloli - da Austria, Rasha da kuma Ottoman. Ba na zauna da kai daga wadannan trends da kuma Ukraine. A tarihin fitowan na motsi ga kasa 'yancin kai ta fara a 1846 tare da kafa St. Cyril da Methodius Brotherhood. Member na wannan kungiyar da aka ciki har da mawãƙi Taras Shevchenko. Daga baya, da zamantakewa-demokra] iyya da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci jam'iyyar, pro-cin gashin na Ukrainian asashe.

Kusan lokaci guda, a 1848, a Lviv ta fara aiki "Koli Ruthenian Council" - na farko siyasa kungiyar na Yammacin Ukrainians. Duk da yake ar Russophile da kuma pro-Rasha sentiments a Bagalike kawo dukkan.

Saboda haka, tarihi na Ukraine a halin yanzu iyakoki ta fara da haihuwar al'umma daidaitacce jam'iyyun a tsakiyar XIX karni. Sun kafa akidar a nan gaba hadade jihar.

A yakin duniya na farko da kuma rushewar dauloli

Wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1914, da amfani da makamai rikici ya haddasa faduwar babban monarchies a Turai. Mutanen ga mutane da yawa ƙarni rayu karkashin mulkin na iko dauloli, yana da damar sanin nasu rabo.

Nuwamba 20, 1917 Ukrainian jama'ar kasar Jamhuriyar aka kafa. A Janairu 25, 1918 shi ya ayyana ta da cikakken 'yancin kai daga kasar Rasha. A kadan daga baya, ya karya up da Austro-Hungarian Empire. A sakamakon haka, Nuwamba 13, 1918 West Ukrainian jama'ar kasar Jamhuriyar aka zayyana. Janairu 22, 1919 da aka gudanar a taro na UPR da ZUNR. Duk da haka, tarihin abin da ya faru na jihar Ukraine ya da nisa daga complete. A sabon ikon da aka a tsakiyar wata rundunar sa'an nan Soviet-Polish yaki, kuma a sakamakon rasa samun 'yancin kai.

SSR

A 1922 an halitta Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet. Tun da gabatarwar da kuma kafin Tarayyar Soviet rushe, shi mukamansu na biyu daga cikin jamhuriyoyin da tattalin arziki da ikon da siyasa tasiri.

Taswirar Ukraine a wannan lokaci da aka canja sau da yawa. A 1939 ya aka mayar da su zuwa Galicia da Volyn. A 1940 - wasu yankunan kafin mallakar Romania, kuma a shekarar 1945 - Transcarpathia. A karshe, a shekara ta 1954 a Ukraine an annexed Crimea. A daya hannun, Shahtinskii da Taganrog gundumomi da aka canjawa wuri a cikin 1924 a Rasha, kuma a 1940 da Harshen Maldavian SSR tashi Transdniestria.

Bayan yakin duniya na II Ukrainian SSR ya zama daya daga cikin MDD kafa ƙasashe. Bisa ga sakamakon da 1989 ƙidaya, jama'ar na jamhuriyar amounted zuwa kusan miliyan 52.

'yancin kai

Tare da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, Ukraine ya zama wani zaman kanta a jihar. Wannan aka riga da tasowar m jin zuciya. 21 ga watan Janairu, 1990, da ɗari uku da dubu Ukrainians shirya wani mutum sarkar daga Kiev zuwa Lviv a cikin goyon bayan 'yancin kai. Suna tushen jam'iyyun da kasa-m matsayi. Ukraine ya zama doka magaji na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Ukraine ta kasar. A UNR gwamnatin gudun hijira a hukumance canjawa wuri ya da karfin iko ga shugaban farko Leonid Kravchuk.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da tarihi na Ukraine tun daga lokacin da aka cika da manya manyan nasarori, irinta kashi, fama daraja, m da m labaru.