Ivan Peresvetov da falsafa ideas

Daga cikin XVI karni zo mana aikin jaridar rubuce-rubucen wallafa Ivan Peresvetov - daya daga cikin mafi girma da hankalinsu na zamanin Ivana Groznogo. A wani lokaci a lokacin da amincewarsa aka mur da matsananci zaluntar, ya yi ƙarfin hali ya bayyana ra'ayoyin saba wa hukuma akida na jihar. Bayani game da rayuwarsa da aka sosai iyakance, kawai tushen daga abin da suka kasance samu, sun nasa qagaggun, kiyaye sunansa a cikin memory na gaba.

Service a cikin hayar sojoji

Peresvetov Ivan Semenovich ya asalinsa na Lithuanian asashe, da kuma kai ƙarfinsa, ya zama mai sana'a soja. Na biyu ro, rubuta ta da shi a cikin sunan Ivan da Munin, an san cewa a cikin marigayi twenties na XVI karni, ya kuma wani rukuni na Yaren mutanen Poland manyansu suka bauta wa a Hungarian sojojin Sarki Jan cika. A fili, muna magana ne game da wani hayar sabis, don haka na kowa a cikin waɗancan kwanaki.

Provoevav karkashin Banners cika a cikin 'yan shekaru, Ivan ya shiga sabis na abokin kokawarsa - da Czech monarch Ferdinand na da Habsburg. Dalilin shi canje-canje a cikin manufofin da Polish King Sigismund I, wani batu na wanda ya Ivan Peresvetov. Bayan wani gajeren lokaci rabo ya jefa shi cikin sojojin Harshen Maldavian master Peter IV, da wanda ya shiga a dama yakin.

A ikon da burokrasi Boyar

Bugu da ari, a cikin takarda, ya ce cewa a cikin marigayi thirties, ya zo babban birnin Moscow. Akwai ya aka wakkala a samar da sojoji kafa samar na fama da garkuwoyi, amma wannan aikin tabbatar da unfulfilled saboda laifi da boyars wanda kafa yayin da hukuncin Elite a kasar. Ko da suka gudanar don haka masoyi ga zukatansu burokrasi, ko kuma kawai sace kudi, amma kawai zauna Ivan Peresvetov yi aiki ba, amma m sojojin - ba tare da garkuwoyi.

Da zarar a Moscow da kuma nan da nan tsayar da detrimental zuwa jihar manifestations uncontrolled ikon Boyar, sai yayi ha'inci mai zurfi fahimta daga kome gani da kuma kokarin neman hanyoyin warware matsaloli. Ya tunani da ya buga fita a kan takarda a cikin nau'i na ro kuma ya sallama waɗanda suka mulki kasar a madadin sa'an nan jariri Tsar Ivan IV. Amma wanda yake a ikon a lokacin lokaci-sabobin bai da kome zai yi da tunani, da kuma takardun da sallama zuwa gare su tafi a amsa ba.

Criticism na Moscow boyars

Ivan Peresvetova ro daga waɗanda shekaru bai isa mu, kuma ko da gaskiyar cewa sun zahiri wanzu, ya dade da aka tambaye su. Kawai bincike da masana kimiyya da XX karni sun tabbatar da ainihinsu. Yau, a zubar da cikin masana tarihi ne ayyukan Peresvetova, rubuta a baya lokacin, a lõkacin da matasa Ivan IV kai da shekaru, kyale shi ya mallaki kasar a kan nasu. Yana nufin ƙarshen forties da XVI karni. Author ta wallafe-wallafen al'adunmu ya hada biyu collections - cikakken da kuma bai cika edition.

Babban abun ciki na ayyukan Ivan Peresvetova ko ta yaya rage wa kaifi zargi na mafi girma nobility, wadai da rashin akida, da kuma halin kirki lalata, da sakamakon wanda aka kasanta tartsatsi aika mugunta. Ya sãɓa wa su "matalauta amma jarumi voinnikov". Wannan shi ne bauta wa mutane, qumshi da gaskiya da goyon baya na jihar. Zamantakewa da kuma falsafa ra'ayoyin na Ivan Peresvetova sun fi mayar da irin wannan jin zuciya ƙananan yadudduka na mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji - da nobility. A cikinsu, ya nuna kansa a matsayin wani ideologue na Muscovite autocracy. A jan zare ta hanyar duk abin da ya rubuta zo jigo na bukatar "wani karaya na sarki ikon."

Makiya bauta kana kuma subjugation

Duk da haka, a cikin ayyukansu na Ivan Peresvetova sau da yawa ya nuna tunani da suke hannun riga da manyan ka'idojin da ke jihar tsarin na cewa zamanin. Muhimmanci wuri a cikin su shi ne Hukuncin dukkan siffofin subjugation da bautar da ƙananan strata al'umma. Rubuta a matsayin babban shawara ba a Littafi Mai Tsarki kalmomi cewa dukan mutane, ko da kuwa su asalin ko kabila - shi ne " 'ya'yan Adam", kuma haka bai kamata mallaka karfi rauni. A cewar shi, kowane bautar auku diabolical instigation.

Ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen, sun unusually m kuma ba zai iya amma janye da fushi daga abokan adawar. Alal misali, Ivan Peresvetov da'awar cewa rãyuwar gaskiya da ãdalci sama addini. Irin wannan kwatanta da shi wani babba ɓangare na limaman Kirista. Amma duk da haka Moscow Jihar woes, ya bayyana shi da rashin gaskiya, wanda haka gabagaɗi, ɗaukaka daga barin abin ruhaniya dabi'u.

tips sarkin sarakuna

A su ro, ya aiko Ivanu Groznomu a cikin tsawon lokacin da ya riga da tabbaci kwace mulki a hannun Peresvetov daukan cikin yanci ba da shawara ga monarch a mulkin kasar. Yadda m sarki dauke shi wajibi ne don ku shiryu da su, ya kasance batun kimiyya muhawara a cikin XIX karni. A musamman, sanannen tarihi Karamzin kusantar da hankali ga cewa da yawa daga abin Peresvetov rubuta, samu da ainihin nuni a sarki siyasa, amma ko shi da daidaituwa ko wani monarch ba ƙyãmar da tunani na dan kasa, shi ya kasance wani asiri.

Wannan za a iya kwatanta ta da misali na ci na Kazan mulkinsa, aiwatar a 1552. Gaskiyar cewa Peresvetov a cikin rubuce-rubucen, ya bayyana a matsayin mabiyin goyon bayan yaki da Tatars da gaske rubuta game da bukatar zuwa Master su babban birnin kasar. Amma a ce Ivan Grozny sanya hukunci yakin neman ya rinjayi ya Rokon, zai zama da ɗan kurji. Fight tare da Kazan mulkin da aka gudanar daga farkon XV karni, kuma watakila shi ne wani sakamako na da sakamakon wadannan koke-koke.

Shi ne kuma quite rigima rawa a cikin Shirin zanen na Peresvetova a 1550 Sudebnik - mai sa na dokokin jiha a Rasha. A ra'ayin daga cikin larura na halittarsa ne sau da yawa samu a cikin ro, amma na aiwatuwa a cikin rãyuwar monarch shi ya bit daban-daban.

A falsafa ra'ayoyin na Ivan Peresvetova da daidaitakar dukan mutane a gaban Allah, da kuma inadmissibility daga cikin bauta tafi su yaƙi sarki siyasa, da kuma cewa da aka nuna a Sudebnik wanda dokokin bai hana bautar da mutum mutum, amma kawai gwada wannan tsari.

Boyarsky dan - wani abokin gaba na bauta

Af, in da kalamai game da inadmissibility na roko Singles a bayi Peresvetov ya ba shi kadai. A cikin tarihi na Rasha ya shiga sunan wani abokin gaba na bauta - Matveya Bashkina. Wannan Boyarsky dan ayyana qeta bidi'a wa'azi ma'aikata ne ba wajibi ba ne, da kuma aiwatar da wasu ayyuka a kan wani son rai-akai. A cikin yankin, ya kamata ya bar duk serfs, lalata takardun da kafa su kuma bãwa m zamantakewa matsayi.

A iri-iri na adabi siffofin a cikin ayyukan Peresvetova

Literary Monuments na da alkalami na Ivan Peresvetova ne sosai bambancin a yanayi. Idan muka yi magana game da muka ambata a sama Karami kuma Greater ro, na farko daga cikinsu shi ne da gaske da wannan takarda - wani request ga sarki don cimma takamaiman gajere sakamakon. A wannan yanayin, shi ne mai bukatar taimako a samar da bangarori ga sojojin. Idan muka juya zuwa ga Big takarda shi ne, ba wuya a lura da cewa wannan daftarin aiki ne na wani daban-daban domin. Kafin mu bayyana unwrapped siyasa rubutun, ya nisa-kai dabarun a raga.

Quite daban-daban a cikin wallafe-wallafen form shi ne irin ayyukan da suna "The Legend of Magmet-Saltan" da kuma "The Tale of Tsar Constantine". A duban farko, yana da dukan siffofin daga cikin labarun da aka rubuta a cikin almara style, amma a kusa dubawa ya bayyana cewa shi ne kaifi aikin jaridar aiki domin kauda mũnãnan ayyuka na kowa a cikin al'umma, maƙiyi wanda ya Ivan Peresvetov. Da ra'ayoyin samu a wadannan litattafan na asali da kuma sosai m magana. A fannoni da dama su ne gaba na lokaci.

Babban abun ciki na ayyukan Ivan Peresvetova ne daidai da gaskiya da kuma gane ta lahani. A wannan jijiya, marubucin na sukar Byzantine Sarkin sarakuna Constantine, wanda ya zama alhakin gaskiya cewa da zarar iko kasar, zama ganima ga m, kuma m majalisarsa, tikis da kuma fadi wanda aka azabtar Magmet-Saltan. Akwai fili yana tuna Sultan Muhammed II, da ci da Konstantinoful a shekara to 1453 sun. Shi ne mai irin gargadi game da sakamakon da kasar uncontrolled arbitrariness na ta shugabanni.

Karshen rayuwa, boye da ƙarni

Shi ba a san lokacin da kuma a karkashin abin da hali, shũɗe daga Ivan Peresvetov. Tarihinsa ya ƙunshi kusan babu kankare bayanai. Daya iya kawai zaton cewa da wuya ya gama a duniya tafiya a cikin natsuwa - akwai da yawa sun nuna seditious tunani. Wannan ne kaikaice tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa a cikin m shekaru Peresvetova sunan karfi da mur na dogon lokaci da kuma kasance wani abu wulakantacce. Irin wannan ne da yawa daga duk wanda ba su ji tsoron gaya gaskiya a fuskar iko da zama.