Wane ne wannan da kuma abin da ya rubuta Richard Bututu?

Yahudawa-Polish iyali bayan karshen yakin duniya na aka haife sanannen American tarihi, gwani a tarihi da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Rasha Richard Payps. Da zuwan na Nazis Bututu tare da tsananin wahalar tsere daga shagaltar da Poland da kuma jingine kasashe da dama, ciki har da "chernorubashechnuyu" Mussolini Italiya sun karshe a Amurka, na Jihar Ohio. Richard Bututu koyi da shi a kwalejin da kuma fara bauta wa a cikin American jirgin sama, wanda ke haifar da saye da kasa na wannan kasa. A yaki, na samu mai kyau horo a matsayin mai fassara daga Rasha.

duniya

Bayan demobilization Richard Bututu aure da kuma sauke karatu daga jami'ar Harvard, inda ya yi karatu tare da bafalsafe gwani na Turai tarihi tunani Crane Brinton, tabbatar da mafi kyau gefe a kimiyyar zamani da kuma kawo sama da yawa sanannun a ko'ina cikin kasar zamantakewa da siyasa Figures.

Bututu fuskanci wani doctoral sabawa rubuce-rubucensu a 1950, sa'an nan aiki a 'yan qasar na Jami'ar Harvard. Tuni a shekarar 1963, ya zama wani farfesa Richard Bututu, a 1968 - darektan na Rasha Research Center at Harvard University, kuma a shekarar 1973, ya tafi zuwa aiki domin hakkokin daga cikin manyan kimiyya da shawara ga Institute of Rasha karatu a Jami'ar Steenforda.

"Team B"

Team B ne sosai daban-daban daga "Team A", domin mafi yawan bangare da gaskiyar cewa mafi yawan shi ya zama a matsayin counterweight ga shirye-shiryen da ra'ayin jama'a. A "Team A" aiki kwararru na musamman guda iko - CIA manazarta, yayin da tawagar zuwa wanda ya shiga a 1976. Bututu, aka manned da farar hula da masana da ritaya soja.

Duk da haka, duka biyu teams da aka halitta da shugaban CIA ta kima na barazana daga Tarayyar Soviet ta Amirka. CIA darektan a lokacin da aka Dzhordzh Bush. Tun shekarar 1981, Majalisar Harkokin Tsaro yawa al'amurran da suka shafi manufofin {asar Amirka domin rukunan Ronald Reagan da kuma Richard Bututu tsunduma. The State Department, don haka da dama da suka gabata ya kasance babban aikin yanki na siyasa marubuci. Yana da da wadata Bututu da takwarorinsa na farko tubalin da aka dauka daga cikin filaye a kan wanda gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet suka tsaya, ta yin amfani da musamman ɓullo da siyasa da dabarun.

a yanzu

Kafin da kuma bayan halakar da Tarayyar Soviet American kimiyyar siyasa daga mutane da yawa sau da yawa a cikin kasar, inda ya taimaka ga rushe shi daga cikin game da shekarar 1958. Yanzu ya ne memba na American kwamitin tafiyad da zaman lafiya a Chechnya, inda, a cewar shi, ta tallafa a shiri na rikice-rikice. A a layi daya, ya ci gaba da bincike da tarihi na Rasha da kuma da yawa Rasha indignantly karanta wani abu game da abin da ya rubuta Richard Bututu.

Mai girma labarin daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, kuma a Rasha. Bugu da kari, su hada kai rayayye da sanannun ya 'yan adawa da kuma, frankly, subversive aiki ga kasar - da School of Siyasa Nazarin a Moscow - Richard Bututu kullum isa a kasar don bada laccoci. Halarci wani iri-iri na tattaunawa kulake, ba hira zuwa Rasha da kuma kasashen waje kafofin watsa labarai a kan sakamako (yawanci m domin mu) daga ta aiki.

A tarihin Rasha ta cikin idanu na Bututu

Richard Bututu, wani littafi wanda ya fito a cikin wani iri-iri kusan duk kãshi wasu har da tarihin Rasha, wani mabanbanta hanya na ganin ci gaban kasar mu, shi ne ba na rayayye son da cewa wannan hanya ne muhimmanci daban-daban daga wasu bunkasuwar kasashen trajectories. Ya fa, tã daidaici da nazarin sabon abu na Oktoba juyin juya halin da m da Rasha, burbushi asalin akidar Gurguzu a can. A cewar shi, da na da Moscovia kawai ba ya so ya yi wani tunani na zaman dũkiyarku, wadda halin bambanta da shi daga sauran kasashen Turai. Ya kasance da tafin kafa mai - Grand Duke.

Wannan kadai ne m duk akalla kadan saba da tarihi na Rasha jihar. Lalle ne, yarima zai iya jefa cikin taskar, amma ba dũkiyar talakawansa. Bututu kuskure da kuma ma tsallaka fassara da kalmar "patrimony". Zargin da shugabanninmu, da sarakuna a cikin doka nihilism, shi ba ya la'akari da cewa kasar tana tasowa nasarar, girma ƙasashe nasara makiya. Babban cibiyoyin feudalism, gina a Turai, ga wanda Bututu matsayin masu bayar da shawarwarin, bai hana Print Email na waɗansu kõguna na jini, wanda mu Ivanu Groznomu kuma taba mafarkin na.

"Kullum aika mugunta"

A littafin, wanda ya yi nazarin sabon abu na Richard Bututu ( "Rasha kalkashin Tsohon gwamnatin"), Oddly isa, ya batun m binciken a Rasha jami'o'i da cibiyoyi na bayar. Subversive da kuma cutarwa postulates kunshe ne a cikin shi nuna cewa shi ne gaba ɗaya unacceptable. Za ka iya karanta waɗannan littattafai a cikin wani ilimi hanya ne kawai a lokacin da dalibai sun riga sun karɓi wadannan tarihi ilmi tushe. Don fadada cikin sãsanni da na koyo da kuma muhawara.

Bututu da kuma Rasha al'ada ne musamman ba na son, da kuma a cikin wannan littafin ya bada ta wani mummunan kimantawa, sa da laifi daidai da yanayin da dukiya, wanda ya kafa shi ne don haka daban-daban daga kasashen yammacin dabi'u.

Masana falsafa: Rasha da kuma Amirka

Zabar ikirari a Rasha Bututu kuma ya yi ĩmãni da wata babbar kuskure. Amma don Quote mu Chaadaeva a kan wannan batu, kana bukatar yawa da zurfi haske game da akida fasali na Rasha Falsafa. Kuma Richard Bututu ( "Rasha juyin juya halin" da sauran aiki - a kai tsaye tabbatarwa da wannan) - bayan da yawa - nakalto kirtani ne guda, inda Chaadaev sami rata tare da yammacin duniya dangane da mayẽwa daga Rum - kau da kai daga na al'ada na Kirista wayewa.

Ga mu tuna wasu jini Katolika ta samu wani, ya zama babbar rassan addini, The canji har yanzu "taxied". Byzantine reshe na Krista ba shine mafi mashaya jini, babu wata Jihadi. Ko da more rigima ne da bincike na Bututu 'views on mu manufar litattafan Gogol da Pushkin, wani lokacin lissafi na ban, amma mafi sau da yawa - dariya.

daukan hankali kama

Richard Bututu ( "The asalin yancin] an" da kuma kusan duk sauran aiki sun hada da bayanai sadaukar da wannan topic) Mai gani ne ga babban kamance tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayyar Soviet da kuma Nazi Jamus. Wannan ya maimaita haka sau da yawa cewa shi ya zama kamar wani irin Mantra, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wanda har yanzu samun kalla zuwa ga tunani da kuma halin da rashin kwarewa da rayuwa na al'ummar jihar.

Popular sau da yawa, kuma daga daban-daban bãkunansu yanzu dole mu yi ji wannan mummunan da karairayi da kuma rashin adalci sanarwa. Wannan ba da alaka da siyasa gwamnatocin ba, ba na ciki, kuma bã waje da manufofin a kan wani daga cikin matakai na wanzuwar kasashen biyu da daya.

Kamar yadda Tarayyar Soviet da aka kashe

Ga shi wajibi ne don ganin ga hannunsa Bututu zubowar ruwa. Kamar yadda a kullum kamar haka wani "shaho" na American majalisarsa, shi wanda ya yi gamsu Reagan - matsayin mai bada shawara ga CIA da kuma National Security Council shugaban sashen - dauki mafi tsanani matakan ga danniya da kuma lalata da Tarayyar Soviet. Shi ne ya yi, kasancewa wani gwani a kansu hanya fassara da tarihi na Rasha, Amurka ta tabbatar wa shugaban cewa Tarayyar Soviet - a colossus a kan lãka kafafu.

Bi matsin lamba daga Amurka: tallafawa mãsu jihãdi a Afghanistan da kuma Chechnya, rushewar farashin man da kuma kaddamar da farfaganda inji da kungiyar na wani Babbar cibiyar sadarwar makarantu inda horar nan gaba "matasa kyautatawa". Cibiyar sadarwa, ta hanyar, ya watsu duk jamhuriyoyin da babban birnin kasar da kuma fiye ko ƙasa da manyan yankin da kuma na yankin cibiyoyin, da kuma a cikin tsakiyar babbar makaranta zaunar a matakin gwamnatin kwamitocin. Bayan shekaru biyar, Tarayyar Soviet rushe. Iya magoya tafa littattafai "Biyu Rasha hanya." Richard Bututu lashe.

Rasha ba za ta zama wata superpower?

Bututu yi imanin cewa tun kafin ta kafa, Rasha yi kome ba cewa mafarkin game da wannan rawa a duniya al'umma. Dalilin da kalamai na wannan lallashewa - ko da mafi wulãƙantarwa mai girma kasa a cikin jama'a (da ba kawai da West, amma kuma da m) ra'ayi.

Duk da haka, Rasha Bututu ra'ayi ne, ba haka muhimmanci. More muhimmanci ayyuka da cewa zai iya da kyau a yi la'akari da wani tsoma baki a cikin harkokin mu. Geopolitics kasar mu dogara a kan ta Gwargwadon wuri, wanda kawai na bukatar shi ya zama mai girma da iko. A mafi tsawo iyaka, lamba tare da Turai, da Far da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya - duk duniya crises, da kuma wani duniya events kawai ba zai iya daukar wuri ba tare da mu sa hannu.

Bututu da kuma Rasha kawo dukkan

Mafi shahara American kimiyyar siyasa ya kawo aikin da pre-neman sauyi Rasha, da kawo dukkan. Ya kamata a lura da cewa amfani da marubuci ya aikata ba kawai radicals da kuma Conservatives, Conservatives wanzu sansanin cewa kare daular mulkinsu, Orthodoxy da autocracy. Da dama daya-sidedly la'akari da wannan ɓangare na Rasha yawan Richard Bututu. Dukiya da kuma 'yanci - wadannan su ne biyu aka gyara daga cikin duniya dabi'u, wanda ba zai iya zama a cikin kadaici daga juna. Amma abin da game da wani fasalin na Rasha haukan, ko da yaushe ta jitu da talauci? An ba kawai Bututu ba la'akari m, ba ya da ra'ayin game da kasancewarsa.

Amma kawai m, ya yayi Magana game da akidar cewa Verkhovod da kuma yanzu a Rasha, a kan wani m rashin fahimta - Republican. Wannan m tattalin arziki, zamanancewa kasar a kan asusun da zato da baya da baya, kuma da yanayi ba sosai mai kaifin mutane, ba karbar duk wani m manufofi. Wannan m nationalists wanda mafarki na na da umarni, shi ne haskaka functionaries da denominational shugabannin. A hakika masu tunani mutane Bututu ba la'akari, kamar ba su zauna ba ta kasance ba, ba Herzen kuma Kropotkin ko Bakunin ko Lopatin kuma Plekhanov ya ba sha'awar. Amma da demonization Vladimira Ilicha Lenina, wani mutum mai sau ɗari fiye high-tashi falsafa da tunani, fiye da la'akari a nan marubucin fara daga littafin Richarda Paypsa.

afterword

A cikin ayyukan Bututu yawa iri iri na ambato kuma nassoshi, wanda Rasha masana tarihi sun kõma daidaici da yammacin Turai. Amma da mafi karatu ci gaba, da mafi tambaya taso: ko da marubucin ba a yin ba'a da mu, bada wadannan nassoshi a cikin wannan mahallin? A ra'ayi ne cewa texts an hada da riga data kasance stereotypes a cewa kafin a fara karni na ashirin, dauke tsakanin Rasha da masana falsafa da kuma marubuta a cikin dukan yi ɓatanci ga wani iri-iri na zalunci.

Lokacin da karanta shi ga alama cewa wannan mai kaifin Bututu rassmeotsya a gaba jere, ta cewa ya ya joked, kamar yadda aka rubuta da kafiri. Amma ba. Bututu har yanzu ci gaba da kuma a kan. Kuma yana da ba funny.