Wane ne shirki manoma? Wannan shi ne mai ban sha'awa tambaya game da matsayin da manoma a Rasha

Daga cikin peasantry zamanai 18-19 ake kasaftawa da dama kungiyoyin. Na musamman sha'awa ne possessional kuma shirki manoma. Yana da wani babban ɓangare na peasantry, wanda aka hukumance dauke su dukiya da ke jihar, amma a gaskiya hõre mai tsanani amfani da masu kamfanoni da kuma masana'antu.

A labarin na bonded manoma category

XVII karni a cikin tarihi na Rasha shi ne lokacin da haihuwa na farko sprouts na jari hujja. By sarautar Alexei Mikhailovich ne bayyanar manufactories, ciki har da dutsen a cikin Urals. Daga wannan al'amari da kuma hade aukuwa na irin wannan manufar shirki manoma. Wannan bayani da bukatar yin amfani da aiki a kan sabon Enterprises a cikin yanayi kawai kamalla (a 1649) na serfdom. Duk da manoma na wannan zamani ya kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyin: da serfs da chernososhnye (jiha).

A farko iya ba da yardar kaina a hayar, da kuma karshen kasance m zuwa karafa da kuma metallurgical aiki dangane da tsanani daga cikin aiki. A cikin mahallin da 'yan kasuwa kira da taimako ga jihar mai tsanani da karancin ma'aikata. Late fara zuwa siffantãwa ga shuke-shuke jihar manoma tare da yanayin da cewa shayarwa zai biya domin su zabe haraji da sadãkõkinsu. A nan gaba da al'adar Jingina mika wa jihar masana'antu.

The manoma dangana ga masana'antu

Da farko, da aiki da manoma sanya wa masana'antu, da aka gani a matsayin Boon - watau wucin gadi taimako a baya na factory aiki, kamar: ja da ƙarfi makãmashi, kwal, da Karafa, da baƙin ƙarfe. Yana da aka zaci cewa, manoman za su yi aiki daga cikin adadin da za su biya cikin Jihar shayarwa a biya su sadãkõkinsu. Amma sannu a hankali abubuwa canza. A factory gwamnati ne mafi kuma mafi janyo hankalin zuwa aiki kashe na manoma, da yawa daga cikinsu suka zama hakar gwal. Wadannan ƙarin ayyukan da aka biya domin, amma a mafi. Shirki manoma a karkashin Bitrus 1 fara samun monotonous cajin fadin Rasha domin aikin a masana'antu a lokacin bazara filin aiki. Farmer da wani doki - 10 aninai, kuma horseless - 5 aninai. Amma, kamar yadda ya saba a Rasha, da dokokin ba ko da yaushe tilasta. Kuma tun da shi ya wajaba a yi amfani da aiki ga kowane "ruhin mutum", balagaggu iyali iya aiki ga wani shekara a shuka domin haihuwa uba, matasa da 'ya'ya maza. Ta hanyar da shuka gwamnati kulla da hakkin ya azabtar da su ƙanƙan da ma'aikata. Shirki manoma da ake gani a matsayin bautar. Yana bar yawa da aka rubuta kafofin gunaguni na factory masu, kuma mafi muhimmanci shawara ne su sa hannu a anti-gwamnati ƙungiyoyi, musamman a cikin tawaye Emelyana Pugacheva. Saboda haka, matsayin da manoma dangana ga shuka, shi ne zai yiwu danganta zuwa serfdom.

possessional manoma

Tun 1649 makale a kenkenewa na noblemen da boyars a cikin mallaki manoma, ciki har da yiwuwar su sayarwa. Amma Bitrus 1 da aka fuskanta tare da bukatar taimaka da nascent bourgeoisie a warware batun aiki domin su masana'antu. Saboda haka, dokar da aka bayar a 1721, wanda damar domin sayan manufactories manoma manya shirya nasu zaman kansa kasuwanci. Wannan zaman jama'a kungiyar da aka kira possessional manoma. Basu iya sayar da ko jinginar gida ware daga shuka da kuma amfani da su aiki zuwa kasashen waje ayyukansu. Saboda haka, mulkin gargajiya jihar warware matsalar na kasawa da aiki ga matasa Rasha masana'antu. Saboda haka, a cikin 18th karni shirki manoma - wannan ba possessional. A nan gaba, da rabo daga cikin sharuddan canza.

Shirki possessional da kuma manoma, a cikin karni na 19th

By marigayi 18th karni, gwamnatin tsaya da al'adar danganta ga shuke-shuke na jihar manoma. Wannan bayyana m tashin a cikin Urals da gunaguni na masu. A 1807, Alexander na dauki wani mataki wajen kawar da wannan kungiyar manoma. Mafi yawan su suna Ban daga m ayyuka a cikin ni'imar da shuka, shi ya kasance da ƙaramar zama dole don tabbatar da ci gaba da aiki. Abin takaici, wannan arziki ya shafi kawai ga Urals. Kalmar "shirki manoma" vuya daidai da matsayi a 1807. Wannan, duk da haka, ba ya nufin kawar da amfani da manoma zuwa dukan shuka. A iyaka yawan manoma bar a cikin shayarwa ƙarƙashin, ya zama da aka sani da "da ba makawa ma'aikata." Su hukumance suka daidaita da possessional manoma. Kawai bayan da abolition na serfdom Ural masana'antu da sauran masana'antu da aka tilasta su matsa zuwa hayar aiki.

wasu statistics

Domin da farko lokacin da gaskiyar rajista na manoma da kamfanoni Dates baya ga 1633 shekara, kuma a gwada yawa sharuddan, sun kasance kadan fiye da ɗari uku da mutane. Mai rayayye wannan tsari da ya faru a farkon rabin na 18th karni, bayan da na zamani da Bitrus. By ƙarshen 18th karni, wannan category da fiye da 312 000 mutane. Bayan da garambawul na 1861, fiye da 170.000 manoman samu possessional nufin sarki-liberator.