Sauki iri-iri. Nau'in, halaye da kuma muhimmanci daga cikin sauki

dabbobi suna dauke da mafi m single-celled kwayoyin ne 'yan mulkin. Sun samar da da sararin irin protozoa, iri-iri wanda za mu tattauna a yau. The Latin sunan wannan irin - Protozoa. Tun da guda-celled kwayoyin ne da wuya ka raba dabbobi (Protozoa) da kuma shuke-shuke (Protophyta), suna sau da yawa hade a wani rukuni Protista. A iri-iri sauki buga. Adadin su ne fiye da 30 000 jinsunan, mafi yawan abin da suke ganuwa ga tsirara ido, saboda girman su daina da allura tip. Bari mu yi kokarin taƙaice bayyana bambancin da protozoa.

Taƙaitaccen bayanin mafi sauki

Duk wadannan kwayoyin kasu kashi 4 azuzuwan dangane da yanayin da harkokin sufuri. Sarkodovyh (Sarcodina) motsi ta hanyar da pseudopodia. su ne wadannan su ne yafi free-rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kama ganima. Flagellates (Mastigophora) aka koma ta hanyar daya ko fiye flagella. Sporozoa (Sporozoa), da kuma hada da Plasmodium sp, -. Parasitic siffofin rasa locomotion musamman adaptations. Ciliates (Ciliata) aka hade a yafi free-nau'i, wanda aka koma ta hanyar da cilia. Similar to dada tube ciliate Stenior, ciyar, ruwa shuke-shuke ne a haɗe zuwa surface.

Kamar dukan sauran dabbobi, protozoa, yawanci mobile, suna ciyar da abinci a kan wani iri-iri na chemically hadaddun abinci. Jikinsu yana raba, samar da shi da makamashi. All iri-iri sauki bukatun a cikin ruwa yanayi. Duk da yake mafi yawan jinsunan zaune a cikin wani marine ko sabo ne ruwa, da yawa daga cikinsu suna parasitic hanyar rayuwa a cikin mafi girma da dabbobi, ciki har da mutane, inda su ne sau da yawa a cikin hanyar cututtuka daban-daban. A iri-iri na pathogenic protozoa manyan.

flagellates

By flagellar akwai nau'i biyu - Euglena da kuma na Chlamydomonas, wakilan wadda dauke da chlorophyll da haka ne iya photosynthesis. Yana kuma ya hada da sulke flagellates (Dinoflagellata), ado a cikin wani cellulose kwantena da kuma wani bangare ne na plankton. Mutumin na zaune, haddasa barci amai, a parasitic nau'i na Trypanosoma (hoton da ke ƙasa).

sarkodovyh

Sarkodovyh - wani rukunin, to wanda babban yawan jinsunan nasa. Duk wannan iri-iri ne kawai wuya don bayyana, don haka bari mu ce 'yan kalmomi game da shahararrun. Mu ne duk saba da wannan wakilin sarkodovyh daga makaranta kamar yadda wani free-rai Amoeba Proteus (hoton da ke ƙasa). Amoeba - celled dabba da cewa nasa ne a m irin protozoa, wanda yabanya ko'ina quite m.

Da girmansu Range daga microscopic m Babesia jini zuwa manyan foraminifera, wanda bawo 5 cm a tsawon.

Kwafsa, dory da sporozoans

Kwafsa (Radiolaria) da kuma dory (Heliozoa) da kwarangwal na silica. Saboda haka, wani lokaci ana tattara, da kuma amfani da wani abrasive kayan. Faduwa daga cikin jimlar bambancin dokoki Sporozoa nuna wani babban mataki na uniformity, wanda ba ya bambanta da bambancin protozoa. Parasitic protozoa - kowane irin su. Saboda haka sporozoans rasa wasu gabbansa da ake bukata domin motsi da ikon: ba su bukatar motsa, kuma suka metabolize abinci riga narkewar. Su rai sake zagayowar hadawa mataki, waddan biyu asexually da kuma jima'i, sakamakon samuwar spores cewa zai iya samar da mutane da yawa daruruwan mutane.

Ciliate-sifila

Paramecium (ciliate-takalma) - musamman guda-celled dabba. A da shi, haƙĩƙa, ya cancanci a ce da su, ta kwatanta bambancin da ruwa protozoa. A m Layer na cell abinda ke ciki - ectoplasm - iyakance m harsashi ɗauke da jam'i na kankanin cilia. Su rhythmic hadewa buga damar dabba motsa. Peristome take kaiwa zuwa wani makaho outgrowth - makogwaro kewaye da granular endoplasm. Abinci barbashi ciyar a cikin makogwaro ta hanyar ciliary motsi, sa'an nan kuma fada cikin vacuole. Da abinda ke ciki na narkewa kamar vacuoles, motsi a endoplasm digesting enzymes. Undigested saurã an fitad da ta poroshitsu. Ruwa balance yana kiyaye ta wurin aikin biyu pulsating vacuoles. Na biyu ya fi girma nuclei (macronucleus) hade da metabolism na cell, da kuma kadan (micronucleus) ne da hannu a cikin jima'i tsari.

Plasmodium vivax

La'akari da wani sani form, ta kwatanta bambancin da protozoa. Parasitic protozoa suna da yawa, amma da zazzabin cizon sauro m ba musamman mai yawa damuwa ga mutane. Plasmodium vivax, samun shiga cikin mutum jini bayan cizon ya mace sauro Anopheles, shiga a cikin hanta Kwayoyin, inda ninka. A lokacin da ka karya fitar da abin ya shafa Kwayoyin plasmodium kuma harba sababbi. Sa'an nan ya gabatar da maimaitawa a cikin ja da maikacin jini, ya riɓaɓɓanya su, ya hallaka. A karshe, akwai namiji da mace jima'i sel (gametocytes). Da samun da jini zuwa wani sauro, namiji gametocytes rarrabu a ciki, forming gametes. Daga cikin samfurin na ci - da zygote - akwai sabon plasmodium, iya shiga cikin sauro ta salivary gland. Kuma da sake zagayowar ya mayar da kanta.

haifuwa sauki

Lokacin da sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, ta protozoa rarrabu a rabin, forming mutane biyu. Irin wannan rabo ne kafa cikakken Kwayoyin da na kama da protoplasm da tsakiya. A sakamakon wannan nau'i biyu m ya Kwayoyin. A karkashin yanayin unfavorable wasu flagellates kuma asirce sarkodovyh m impermeable m agảrả (mafitsara) a cikin abin da tantanin halitta zai iya raba. Lokacin da allura a cikin sharadi gwargwado mafitsara da aka hallaka, kuma akwai mutane da cewa haifa asexually.

jima'i haifuwa daga cikin sauki hanyoyi ne sosai bambancin. Paramecium, msl, da Tasrifu ninka: mutane biyu na zuwa daban-daban Lines ci tarnaƙi, sa'an nan kuma bayan nukiliya fission da makaman nukiliya musayar kaya diverge. Daga baya duka biyu abokan iya raba, samar da har zuwa takwas (hudu kowane) na Associated samfurori mallakan nuclei da gauraye gadar hali. Amoeba, haifuwa asexually, ne zuwa kashi biyu, 'yar Kwayoyin. Suna da wannan girma. A farko fission a cikin zuciyar, wanda ya zama guntu, kuma thicker bayyana chromosome. kowane aka hada biyu chromatids. Pulsating vacuole da aka raba, da kuma ta halves baya. A lokaci guda baya da kuma chromatids, kuma cytoplasm fara pereshnurovyvatsya rabin. A karshen rabo daga chromosomes rabu da cytoplasm. A sakamakon 'yar Kwayoyin ne m.

ikon sauki

Kamar sauran dabbobi, protozoa sami makamashi, cin hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi. Amoeba sp. pseudopodia kama abinci gaɓũɓuwa, kuma suna narkewar a cikin narkewa kamar vacuoles shafe enzymes. Paramecium sp. Yana zaune yafi saboda kwayoyin cuta, tuki su a cirrus ƙungiyoyi na cilia. Trichonympha sp. Yana zaune a cikin Gut na tururuwan da kuma ciyar da shi da abubuwa da ba su tunawa da rundunar. Acineta sp. (Hoton da ke ƙasa) da ake amfani a abinci kawai a wasu iri ciliates, wanda a wani lokaci ya fi girma fiye da kansu.

motsi

A sauki tafi a uku main hanyoyi. Sarkodovyh "creep" ta hanyar samuwar outgrowths protoplasm. The motsi halitta da shugabanci na yanzu a daya shugabanci da kuma ta endoplasmic reversible canji a kan periphery a wani gelatinous ectoplasm. Saboda kaifi tasiri na flagellum tafi flagellates. A ciliates an koma da oscillating a jam'i na kankanin cilia.

Kwayoyin cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta

Janar halaye na iri-iri da kawai bukatar da za a supplemented da wani taƙaitaccen labarin game da kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda sukan gauraye da su. Su isar da wani matsala ga mutum, amma wasa na musamman rawa a yanayi. Kwayoyin cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta - da karami kwayoyin a duniya. Ko da yake shi ne in mun gwada da sauki shirya adam, ba kira su m. Sun iya tsira a sosai m yanayi, da kuma mafi iya aiki don daidaita canza yanayi yana sanya su a kan wani par tare da mafi-ci-gaba da kuma nasara siffofin. Ƙwayoyin cuta - wannan ba shi ne Kwayoyin, don haka ba za a iya dangana ga guda-celled, amma kwayoyin za a iya gani a matsayin irin wannan. Duk da haka, ba su da sauki, saboda ba su da tsakiya. Za mu gaya muku game da su.

Sanaki kwayoyin

Ba kamar ƙwayoyin cuta kwayoyin - a cell. Duk da haka, suna da yawa sauki tsarin fiye da sel sosai shirya halittu, da kuma sosai bambance bambancen a size da kuma siffar. A kwayoyin da ake samu a ko'ina. Suna iya rayuwa ko da a karkashin sharadi da hana wanzuwar mafi hadaddun kwayoyin. Sun hadu a cikin teku, ko a zurfin 9 km. Tare da tabarbarewar muhalli da yanayi kwayoyin samar da wata barga kyaun mataki - endospores. Shi ne mafi barga na san rai kwayoyin: wasu endospores ba mutu ko a lokacin da Boiled.

Daga cikin dukkan yiwu habitats daga cikin mafi m - wasu kwayoyin. Kwayoyin cutar samun cikin da shi ne yawanci ta hanyar wani rauni. Amma, tun samu a ciki, ya kamata su yi adawa da jami'an tsaro da aka azabtar, musamman da phagocytes (Kwayoyin iya kamawa da kuma digesting) da kuma antibodies cewa zai iya neutralize su cutarwa effects. Saboda haka, wasu kwayoyin cuta suna kewaye waje da mucosa, invulnerable zuwa phagocytes. wasu bayan su kama da phagocytes iya rayuwa a cikin su. A karshe, cikin uku masking kayan abubuwa da taimaka su, su ɓõye da kasancewar a kamuwa Kwayoyin, da kuma karshen kada sarrafa antibodies.

Cutarwa da kuma amfani da kwayoyin

A kwayoyin iya haifar da wata cũta a cikin hanyoyi uku: misali, blockage na daban-daban m tashoshi a cikin jiki saboda da manyan yawan; sakewa mai guba abubuwa (toxin gona kwayoyin Clostridium tetani (hoton da ke ƙasa) haddasa tetanus, shi yana nufin mafi m gubobi da aka sani zuwa kimiyya). kazalika da ruri na rashin lafiyan halayen a shafa.

Wasu lokaci da ake dasu cututtuka sun tasiri maganin rigakafi, da yawa kwayoyin sun ɓullo da juriya ga lamba na kwayoyi. Su haifa da sauri, raba a sharadi gwargwado kowane minti 10. Wannan, ba shakka, da chances na bayyanar rikidaddu da suke resistant zuwa wasu maganin rigakafi ƙaruwa. Amma ba duka kwayoyin da suke zaune a cikin wasu kwayoyin, suna cutarwa. Alal misali, a cikin gastrointestinal fili ta saniya, ko akuya tumaki yana da wani musamman sashen - wani tabo, wanda mai yawa na kwayoyin zaune da cewa taimako dabbobi zuwa nike shuka fiber.

Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma - da karami na duk salon salula kwayoyin da kuma, yiwu, shi ne tsaka-tsakin mataki tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin - samu a yanayi a cikin ruwa mai guba, amma zai iya shafar dabbobi da kuma haddasa su cututtuka irin su, misali, wasu siffofin amosanin gabbai a aladu.

Ma'ana kwayoyin

Saboda wadannan kwayoyin decompose gawawwakin da kuma koma zuwa ga ƙasa žunsa kwayoyin halitta. Ba tare da wannan m sake zagayowar gina kwayoyin rayuwa ba zai iya zama raka'a. Mutane daya-daya da muhimmanci ayyuka na kwayoyin yadu amfani da mayar Organic sharar gida kayan cikin amfani da kayayyakin a lokacin takin, yin cuku, man shanu, vinegar.

a ƙarshe

Kamar yadda ka gani, iri-iri da kuma darajar sauki girma. Duk da cewa su masu girma dabam ne kadan, sai suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaba da rayuwa a kan wannan duniya tamu. Hakika, mun kawai a takaicce bayyana bambancin da protozoans. Muna fatan za ka yi a so su san su. Systematics kuma bambancin daga cikin sauki - mai ban sha'awa da kuma m topic.