VNO - menene wannan?

Yau, watakila, za ka ba hadu da wani mutum wanda bai san abin da pheromones. Turare tare da pheromones, "dandano fitina" kuma wari na soyayya - ne yadu amfani da kasuwar tallace-tallace da kuma sharuddan. Olfactory tsarin cewa shi ne alhakin da ganewa na maras tabbas sinadaran sakonni hade tare da jima'i da kuma masu juna biyu gabbai, iko da neuroendocrine da kuma halayya martani, da ake kira vomeronasal. Kuma babban sashen na tsoka mai amsa sigina na wannan tsarin - da vomeronasal sashin jiki. Alhakin da hulda da kwayoyin daga cikin wannan jinsin, shi kwanan nan aka gano a cikin mutane da kuma tabbatar da muhimmiyar rawa a siffata da halayya da numfashinsa.

Al'amarinsu tare da pheromones

Yana duk ya fara a 1870 a lokacin da Faransa halitta Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre (1823-1915) a takaice bar malam dakin gwaje-gwaje. Bayan ya dawo zuwa Lab, sai ya ga cewa taga, suka tattara 'yan namiji malam. Kuma a cikin abin da dakin ya iya tsayawa ba da mace, namiji bi ta duk lokaci. Saboda haka manufar "attractors" a ilmin halitta - wani abu da Highlights da mace don jawo hankalin maza. Kawai a 1959, bayan ya tara isasshen ilimi na volatiles da kuma rawar da suka taka a cikin haihuwa hali na Swiss entomologist Martin Lüscher (1917-1979), ya gabatar da manufar "pheromones" (pheromone), kamar yadda ajalin da aka kafa daga hadakar da Girkanci kalmomi "transfer" da " to karfafa. "

Pheromones shuke-shuke da dabbobi

Modern ilmin halitta a karkashin wannan lokaci da ake nufi wani rukuni na maras tabbas sinadaran mahadi da cewa samar da shuke-shuke da dabbobi domin sadarwa, yi sigina da kuma jima'i kara kuzari. Pheromones ba kawai jima'i ma'anar, ko da yake wannan wani ɓangare na da ayyuka da mafi m da kuma ban sha'awa. A cikin darajar su iya zama cikakken yankin (dabbobi alama ƙasa), Yanã shiryar (tururuwa nuna hanya yan'uwanmu), repellents (shuke-shuke emit da sigina abubuwa a cikin hari na kwari) da kuma da yawa wasu. A farko tsarki pheromone aka ware a shekarar 1956, kuma ya da wani iko attractant Butterfly silkworm - ya tilasta wa maza doke fuka-fuki "fluttering dance" a cikin mafi kadan allurai. An yi imani da cewa idan daya mace malam zai ware nan da nan dukan stock na pheromone, zai iya jawo hankalin wani tiriliyan maza. Da zarar akwai pheromones, a can ya zama wani tsarin for su ji.

Juyin Halitta vomeronasal olfaction

VNO bayyana farko a halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, dabbobi a cikin wannan tsarin shi ne riga na raba jijiya da kuma kwan fitila, guringuntsi, jini da kuma gland. A embryogenesis wannan jiki ne a duk kungiyoyin na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da kuma mutum. A adult dabbobi ta ci gaba ne daban-daban daga rayayye a guje (halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, Maciji, cat, kare) zuwa rage da jimlar babu (Whales, da dabbobin ruwa, jemagu).

Jacobson ta Gabar

Ƙarni biyu da suka wuce, Ludwig Dane Jacobson (1783-1843) da aka bayyana a rukuni na Kwayoyin dake a cikin kashi na kwanyar tsakanin hanci da baki. Wadannan tun fil azal rabe wasu fiye da olfactory da kuma iyawa, daga baya ake kira da vomeronasal sashin jiki. Jacobson ta sashin jiki da aka bayyana a cikin kwari, macizai, hakori, dabbobi. Sniffing, Cats wani lokacin dan kadan bude bakinka, kamar yadda suke, grimacing. An yi imani da cewa wannan qara iska ya kwarara zuwa vomeronasal sashin jiki a Cats. Amma macijin kara da ji na pheromones translational ƙungiyoyi na harshe. Saboda haka, a lokacin da macijin sa irin wannan motsi - shi ne ba ƙoƙarin fitar da ku, ta sniffs ku.

Human vomeronasal Gabar

Na dogon lokaci an yi tunanin cewa mutane, wadannan tsibiran na m Kwayoyin ne kawai a tayi jihar, sa'an nan kuma suka bace. A 1703, wani soja mai fiɗa Frederick Ruysch (1638-1731) ya bayyana sabon abu rãmi na soja tare da wani mĩki ga hanci. Kuma a cikin 1891, riga Faransa likita Potike (1841-1903) ya gano vomeronasal sashin jiki a 25% na surveyed 200 marasa lafiya. Wurare da dama a gwaje-gwajen da histological nazarin reshe na ilmin halitta. Kuma a yau a cikin kimiyya al'umma akwai bambancin ra'ayi game da rawar da vomeronasal sashin jiki, da kuma ta rayuwar mutane, daga cikakken musu ta zama ba, har ma a manya ne m zuwa kara da darajar.

M tsibiran Jacobson

VNO - kunkuntar pouches, tsawon na 'yan millimeters, liyi tare da azanci shine epithelium. Su ne a garesu daga cikin hanci septum (kashi a rarrabawa hanci septum da palate kira Vomero), da nisa sosai daga olfactory yankin. A cikin mutane, vomeronasal sashin jiki na wari gabatar da wani kananan (1 mm a diamita) rami wanda kara a tube tsawon na 2 zuwa 10 millimeters. The girma na jiki ne sosai daban-daban a duk mutane kuma iya canza dukan rayuwarsa. Akwai a duk jinsi da kuma a duka biyu mata da maza. Histology na vomeronasal sashin jiki da aka yi sama da tsoka mai amsa sigina epithelium da azanci shine neurons wanda axons ƙarasa a cikin amygdala - wani yanki na kwakwalwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na hypothalamus.

musamman flair

Mene ne bambanci na vomeronasal sashin jiki na ji na wari? Wari ne da za'ayi a cikin epithelial sel hanci sinuses, cikinsa da sinadaran kara kuzari da aka tuba a cikin wani lantarki jijiya Kwayoyin kuma daukar kwayar cutar zuwa cerebral bawo. Ga akwai sigina bincike da kuma sautin ganewa da kuma image samuwar. A ƙarshen vomeronasal neurons suna located a cikin amygdala - yankin, wanda shi ne alhakin da yanayi da kuma tausaya da ba su shafi cikin cerebral bawo. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wadannan attractants ko pheromones ba za a iya kwatanta da aiki na musamman a kan wani tunaninsu da lamirinsu matakin.

"- mahaifiyar jaririn" tsarin

Da muhimmancin da vomeronasal olfaction a dangantakar dake tsakanin uwa da ta cub tabbatar a dabba gwaje-gwajen. Sun dabbobi masu shayarwa emit takamaiman pheromones cewa ta da da magana daga cikin masu juna biyu gabbai na mace. Kau da VNO a mace take kaiwa zuwa wani ban mamaki hanawa na masu juna biyu hali. Akwai ka'idar cewa jima'i cuta da kuma kishili buri a cikin mutane da zai iya samar kasawa a cikin matakin na jima'i hormones a cikin uwa tasa ta ciki. Wannan yanki na aikin vomeronasal olfactory tsarin da aka har yanzu talauci gane da daukawa mai yawa binciken.

Vomeronasal sashin jiki da kuma zabi na abokin

Impact ta cikin tunaninsu da lamirinsu bayyana rashin iyawa don sarrafa kishi, so, wallahi baƙin ciki ne na unrequited soyayya da bege. Adam fata, musamman da nasolabial folds da kuma armpits - shi ne mai pheromone factory. Su ne kusan odorless, amma sun ayyana ji ta cikin vomeronasal jima'i abokin roko da kuma yanke shawarar wanda muka mils, kuma wanda ya aikata ba. Wannan jima'i pheromones ne alhakin soyayya da farko wurin, su zama daidai, da farko wari. Karatu da sakamakon pheromones a kan mutum ya fara da 1990s, amma a yau akwai real shaida rawar da suka taka a siffata jima'i hali. Gano pheromones cewa siffar jima'i gudu zuwa kusa da dangi da kuma hana lalatar. Gano pheromones, wanda ya fitar da nono uwa, da kuma yaron ya san daidai inda da madara da kuma ko yana inna. Akwai pheromones cewa a kwantar da hankula, rage hawan jini da kuma rage zuciya rate.

aiki tare na rayuwa

An gwaje tabbatar, a lokacin da zama a cikin wannan wuri ko a cikin iyaka sarari na 'yan mata, daga gare su akwai wani aiki tare na hailar hawan keke (Farfesa. Maris McClintock, University of Chicago, a 1970). Control na sake zagayowar ne da za'ayi ta hanyar da dama hormones, wanda bauta a matsayin alama domin samar daban-daban pheromones. A hankali, bambanci a ranar farko na haila a mata an rage kuma, a karshen, zo da hawan keke na synchronicity. Wadannan sakamakon nuna da kuma gwaje-gwajen a dabbobi.

jima'i dabara

Wani gwaji gudanar da Czech masana kimiyya jagorancin Jan Galvichekom. A lokacin watan, mata da aka haramta yin amfani da deodorant, kuma a karkashin da makamai suka sa gammaye. Wadannan gammaye an tambayi don gwada maza da zabi mafi kyau daga gare su. Bisa ga sakamakon da ya fi m ya wari da mata da suke a kan aiwatar da shigarwa cikin ovulation, cewa shi ne a cikin wani Jihar shiri ya yi ciki. Wanne sake nuna hikimar halitta a cikin kungiyar na rayuwarsa a duniya.

"A ƙanshi na so"

Masana kimiyya kada su gushe ba don neman asirin sashi cewa zai sa a kan hanya zuwa ga zuciya da abokin tarayya, kuma su iya kula da romantic dangantaka. Turare tare da pheromones ne ba mamaki. A yawa da kamfanoni da hukumomi da bayyana su a matsayin kayayyakin dauke da pheromones kuma yana da dukiya na jawo akasin jima'i. Asiri na samar da abun da ke ciki na turare ana sa a cikin tsanani amincewa. Kuma ba za ka iya yi imani a cikin inganci na roba pheromone, amma facts magana don kansu.

Yana nufin for romance

Gurbin roba hormones nuna farfesa Psychology gwajin Standards McCoy na Jami'ar San Francisco. Test kayan aiki da za su yi rayuwa mafi romantic, ya miƙa 30 wakilan da adalci jima'i a cikin shekaru daga 19 zuwa 48 da shekaru. Daily gwaji da kuma kula da (amfani da placebo) kungiyar kara zuwa da turare dropwise sakamakon abu. Tsarki uku hawan keke summed sakamakon. 74% na mahalarta wanda ya yi amfani da roba pheromones, jima'i aiki ya karu, yayin da a kula da kungiyar, da adadi shi ne 24%.

Amma duk da haka roba pheromones ne kawai ta wucin gadi shãmaki a karkashin abin da mu jigon da yake a ɓõye. Ko da a cikin gwaje-gwajen da dabbobi jima'i hali bayyana ba kawai a spraying pheromones, amma gaban mutane daga cikin m jima'i. Bugu da kari, da "shida ji" saboda da shida, cewa muka dõgara a lõkacin da zabar wani abokin tarayya, ba kawai a kan shi amma kuma a kan sauran gabobi biyar. Duba ga wani abokin yin amfani da roba pheromones ko dõgara a kan data kasance gaskiya - ka zabi.