Rayuwa da kuma aiki na Goncharova. aiki Goncharova

By da yanayi, Ivan Aleksandrovich ya sosai daban-daban daga cikin mafi yawan manazarta, haife zamanin 60s, aiki da kuma mai kuzari. Ransa ya mai yawa na sabon abu ga lokaci, kamar yadda idan flurry na jama'a aiki, da kuma daban-daban canje-canje 60s aka ba ta shãfe. Taro, tashin hankali, impulsivity halayyar da marubuta na wannan zamanin, Ivan Alexandrovich maye gurbin steadiness, sobriety, sauki. Rayuwa da kerawa Goncharova an taƙaice aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.

Na shekara-shekara tebur na rayuwa

farkon shekaru

Na shekara-shekara tebur Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich bude 1812. Wannan shekara, a Simbirsk, aka haife shi. Ivan Aleksandrovich mallakar 'yan kasuwa cewa yayin da kawo dukkan wani rare togiya, kamar yadda aka saba wakilci nobility. Kewaye da wani marubuci, duk da haka, akwai kadan ainihin m, wannan matsakaici ne kusan wani sakamako a kan wani daga cikin tarbiyyar da kuma ilimi, ko da kewaye yanayi. Uba Ivan Alexandrovich, ya mutu da wuri, ya kasance attajiri, wanda a yarda Goncharov ba fãce a kan halin kaka da kuma rayuwa quite m.

Simbirsk cewa lokaci ya mai tarin mafi yawa na katako, tsohon gidaje da gine-gine, amma birnin yawan da aka ba da yawa. A wannan wuri kasance na farko da shekaru goma na rayuwa na marubuci. A farko samuwar Ivan Goncharov, wanda biography da kuma aiki ne a hankali related, da ke cikin zaman kansa da takardar gidaje na birnin, kazalika da gida, firist, dauke da wani shiga makaranta yara daga daraja iyalansu. Wannan gidan baki Ivan Aleksandrovich samu kadan library, kuma ƙaunar da suke ciyarwa lokaci karanta almarar Rasha da kuma kasashen waje mawallafa.

Karatu a Moscow

A 1822, yana da shekaru goma da shekaru, don ci gaba da karatu, ya aka dauka zuwa Moscow na biyu ma'aikata ga nobility. Saboda haka rayuwa da kuma aiki na Goncharov ta tafi a cikin wani sabon mataki na m rai ba tare da parental kula. Ya zo gida kawai domin bazara, jawabin da sauran lokaci a Moscow. Ga Ivan Aleksandrovich, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga ayyukan Faransa marubuta, da kuma daya daga cikin Romanov Ezhena Sue ko da fassara a cikin Rasha. An sharhin, an ɗauko daga wannan translation da aka buga a mujallar "nesa kusa" ga shekara 1832.

Shekaru takwas na horo wuce da sauri sosai, ba tare da kawo a general, babu musamman amfanin ko musamman diyya.

jami'a

A 1830, shekaru 18 da haihuwa, Goncharov riga an shirya don jami'a, amma farkon na kwalara, kuma shi aka rufe, don haka yi wa Ivanu Aleksandrovichu ne kawai a gaba, a cikin 1831. By lokacin ya riga ya san harsuna da dama: Faransa, Jamus, Turanci da kuma Latin.

A jami'a rayuwa da kuma aiki na Goncharova, wani m look at wanda aka miƙa a cikin wannan labarin, shiga cikin wani sabon mataki. Ya halarci laccoci Kachenovsky, Shevyreva, Nadezhdin Pogodin, Davydov da sauransu, daga baya kuma ya tuna su tare da godiya. Goncharov ya abar dalibi. Ya ziyarci kusan duk laccoci da aniya rubutã malaman, ka yi aikin gida. Ivan Aleksandrovich eschewed da'irori. A jami'a yayin da karatu Herzen da Ogarev, amma ba haka ba tare da wani ya yi ba hadu, kuma ya gana da Lermontov kawai masu sauraro.

Na shekara-shekara tebur Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich ci gaba gaba kwanan wata, Yuni 1834, a lokacin da ya samu nasarar wuce karshe jarrabawa da kuma bar shi da ɗan'uwansa gida Simbirsk. Rayuwa da kuma aiki na matasa marubuci yanzu fara a mahaifarsa.

a gida

Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich rubuta: "Ina da aka kama a matsayin tururi, gida pampering." A wannan "cute Oblomovka" da aka gudanar da-ciyar, farin ciki rai, da kwanaki aka bi ta kwana da shekaru, a tsawon shekaru, babu m canji. A lardin Simbirsk wuya ji m yanayi na Nicholas ta tsarin mulki. Goncharov dukan shekara kawai Allaha, yin kome musamman. Bukukuwa da kuma zamantakewa events bi juna. Da saurayin wani lokacin tunani game da nan gaba, ya zama kamar ma shi a matsayin mai hidima, amma shi duka kamar har yanzu mai nisa, da kuma kawai hali na kara al'amarin, wato zumuncin da cewa fara Goncharov (biography da kerawa da shekaru na marubuci aka bayyana a kasa) tare da Gwamnan Uglich, gayyace shi ya zama magatakarda a ofishinsa.

Daga wannan lokaci kan for Ivan Alexandrovich fara saba komai haqqinsa na yau da kullum, daga cikinsa akwai kasance ba sosai m, amma amfani da kwarewa da kuma tunanin da gaisuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa da kuma sauran mũnãnan ayyuka sanda. Photo Goncharova gabatar a kasa.

Petersburg. A farko da wallafe-wallafen aikin

Matakai na rayuwa da kuma aiki ya ci gaba da Goncharova Petersburg lokaci. A kan wani ta denunciation a 1835 Uglich aka tuno daga ƙasarsa ta Simbirsk ya tafi zuwa St. Petersburg, kuma tare da shi, suka tafi da Ivan Aleksandrovich. A nan sai ya shiga ma'aikatar kudi a sabis, sashen na waje cinikayya, da farko a matsayin mai fassara sa'an nan da shugaban magatakarda. Ya m, shiru hali corresponded ga wannan sabis, da kuma a auna clerical yanayi ba nauyaya Ivan Alexandrovich.

A farkon shekaru bayan da ya dawo a Petersburg cikin kayayyakin lokaci ya fassara Schiller, Winckelmann, Goethe, kazalika da Turanci-pisataley da mawallafa irin su. Duk da haka, a kan nasa aikin a lokacin wannan lokaci Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich ya ba tsammani game da shi. Kawai a cikin farkon forties bayyana farko m ayyukansu. Kasa photo Goncharov.

"Talakawa Story"

A 1847, a shafukan na "Littafi" da aka buga na farko labari matasa marubuci, "Talakawa Story". By wannan lokaci da marubuci ya riga shekaru 35 da haihuwa, rayuwa da kuma aiki na Goncharova sun shiga wani lokaci na balaga.

Shi ne mai labarin na cizon yatsa, auka daga cikin fatan da matasa ƴan na daban-daban Oblomovok wanda tururuwa zuwa babban birnin kasar tare da tsaraba daga lady daga cikin zuciya da kuma wani karamin girma na Schiller cikin aljihunsa, funny, tsananin sonta take, da kyau-ciyar. Petersburg nan da nan cece su daga dukan mafarki da kuma reverie, ya halaka dukan bege, don haka wannan labarin za a iya kira da "kowa bala'i."

A labari, a fili ji wani sada kashi. Kamar yadda yarda da marubucin kansa, wannan aikin nuna ya kwarewa na rayuwa, da lokacin ya kasance mai mafarkin na romance juya a cikin wani sanyi, kuma businesslike hukuma. Ivan Goncharov, wanda biography aka miƙa zuwa ga hankali, ya tafi, ta hanyar wani canji kama da wanda ya ji protagonist.

Alexander Aduev, dreamy romantic a lardin, an sha'awar na Schiller, suyi imani a madawwami aminci da soyayya, ya kuma zuwa wajen babban birnin kasar, St. Petersburg forties, daga kula da ta devotedly ƙauna mahaifiyarsa. Ya dama a soyayya, amma soyayya ha'inci shi, canji da kuma abota. Daga abin da Alexander mai yanke ƙauna. Ya koma zuwa lardin, sai ya manta game da duk burinsu da kuma akida da kuma ƙare da ransa tare da wani arziki amarya, nagari paunch da kuma mai kyau albashi.

"Talakawa Story" da aka sake rubutawa sau uku, halittarsa marubuci ya ciyar a game da 5-6 shekaru kafin aikin da aka buga. Yana nan da nan janyo hankalin da hankali, da kuma Goncharov samu amincewa a matsayin wani marubuci. Na amsa wannan labari da kuma sanannen astute sukar Belinsky, wanda ya yi maraba da sabon talented marubucin da kuma annabta da nasara.

A 1846, Ivan Aleksandrovich da kaina Masana Belinsky, amma ba a rufe su da shi, ko kuma sauran mambobin da wallafe-wallafen da'irar da kuma ba converged. Sa'an nan wannan MUG mallakar Nekrasov, Pan, Turgenev, Botkin, Granovsky, Herzen da sauransu.

"Jirgin ruwa mai filafilai" Pallada "

A 1852, Ivan Aleksandrovich da matsayi na Admiral Sakataren Putiatina tafi a kan wani balaguro zuwa Rasha dũkiyarku a Amurka. Dalilin da ziyarar da aka shirya a cinikin yarjejeniya tare da Japan, kasar na da tsohon a lokacin da kusan ba a sani ba zuwa Turawa. Travel marubuci da aka bai da wuya lokaci, musamman da farko 'yan watanni na kewayawa, - ya wasa harin neuralgia da ciwon kai, da kuma a cikin gida sau da yawa sanyi. Kawai a hankali, a kan ya dawo a Ingila, Ivanu Aleksandrovichu ya iya samun amfani da marine rayuwa tare da pitching, sanyi da kuma hazo da kuma jin a gida. Bugu da kari ga hukuma kalamai da kuma rahotanni, ya rubuta wata wasika, da aka buga a "Sea tarin", wanda ya bayyana kwaikwayo. Daga baya, wadannan haruffa zo sailing bayanin da ake kira "jirgin ruwa mai filafilai" Pallada ", da aka buga a cikin biyu kundin.

Wannan aikin da aka lura a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyau a cikin Rasha adabi na siffatawa ayyukansu. Ya iya karanta duka biyu manya da yara, ilimi da kuma m. A littafin ya bayyana yanayin da daban-daban m kasashen ziyarci da jirgin, kwantanta kasashen waje dabi'u tare da mutanen ƙasarsa ta kasar, akwai kuma m aukuwa. Ya biya haraji ga da kyau na gida yanayi, amma har yanzu na da kyau zuwa ga zuciya sun 'yan qasar shimfidar, wanda Goncharov, wanda littattafai magana ga marubuci da kansa, ko da yaushe tuna da shi da ƙauna.

IA Goncharov, "Oblomov"

Litattafan Goncharova ci gaba "Oblomov". A ra'ayin je masa marubuci baya a forties. Kuma da samfur na Ili Ilicha karfi da gudanar da shi a lokacin da sama manufa. Dauki misali da farko babi na farko littafin na "jirgin ruwa mai filafilai" Pallada ". Yana adawa da aiki, aiki, ya gaggauta Banasare Rasha mutum, shiru da kuma m. Life Description mutum ne sosai kama da bayanin Oblomov.

"Oblomov" - shi ne wani sabon mataki, wanda ya shiga cikin rayuwa da kuma aiki na Goncharova. TABLE ya biography da kerawa ba cikakken ba tare da wani ya ambaci 1857. Wannan shekara a lokacin hutu a kan ruwan da wannan aikin da aka ƙara a Kissingen, ta yi ciki da baya a forties.

Rayuwa da kerawa Goncharova da a saki wannan labari ya buɗe wani sabon mataki. Nan da nan bayan bazawa na aikin ya kasance wani abin mamaki, shi ne ya yi magana game da muhawara a dukan zangon. Biyu daga cikin mafi kyau sukar - Dobrolyubov da Pisarev - sadaukar "Oblomov" ya witty critiques. Mataki na ashirin da Dobrolyubova "Abin da Oblomovism?" Oblomov sa a kan wani par tare da shahararrun jaruman da lokaci - Pechorin, Onegin, Beltov, Rudin. "Oblomovka da mu kai tsaye mahaifarsa" - rubuta Dob, wanda daidaita zuwa wani labarin duk Rasha kawo dukkan zuwa Oblomov irin. Domin Nicholas Alexandrovich Oblomovism - shi ne da farko a softness, lalaci lordly condoned da barori da yawa. Hakika, Dob ba bayyana yar alamar juyayi ga ko dai babban harafin ko wani Oblomovism a general.

Pisarev a cikin labarin, fiye da hankali ne ya biya zuwa m halaye, abin lura da yankunan da sakamako da shafi tunanin mutum apathy, lalacewa ta hanyar wasu dalilai mabambanta. Sam Goncharov lura da cewa Mataki na ashirin da Pisarev - mafi kyau ga duk abin da aka rubuta game da labari, kamar yadda ya bayyana haduwar da wannan alama na farko Oblomovka irin. Bayan duk, gwarzo, shi dai itace, ya mai da lafiya mutum, kamar Goncharov ce. Oblomov ba kawai son aiki, da kuma aiki ne ji tsoro, domin shi ya ba shi jiki wahala. Kuma duk da haka ya wani lokacin ne ya iya zama da aiki, ko da yake a karkashin waje tasiri. Olga gudanar ya sa shi zuwa aiki, daban-daban aikin da.

Hero zahiri throbs cikin ayyukan Goncharova, fãce, watakila, da mafi yawan 'yan ta shafukan. Ya ji tsõron duk: danshi, motsi, ta hanyar iska, soyayya, jin kunya, m kalmomi. Kuma da wannan tsoron - halayyar alama na atrophy na nufin, a shafi tunanin mutum da rashin lafiya.

Bugu da kari, Oblomov ne ko da yaushe tsakanin biyu hamayya da juna: ya aka kawo a cikin tsohuwar Rasha style, da kuma yanayi, saba sakaci da alatu hadu nasu son zũciyõyin. Ya shafe da yara a karkashin m, kiyashi dubawa na dangi, kamar kasãla, kuma m kamar yadda ya ke.

Yana wanka da kuma tsananin sonta take, kokarin kashe da hasken dake fitowa ta na aiki da kuma playfulness, halitta ga wani matashi, kazalika da son sani da sha'awa cikin wani abu abin. Ribar irin ilimin da aka sani - lalaci, soma da matsananci tsari, kazalika da tsoron wani canje-canje da bukatun rayuwa.

Wannan cuta, bisa ga Goncharov, an kafe a cikin dukan na Rasha rayuwa da kuma tarihi. A wannan yanayi, Oblomov shi ne gaskiya embodiment na aristocratic Rasha pre-gyare-gyare lokaci. Duk da haka, za mu iya ɗauka cewa bayan da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom, halin da ake ciki ya canza haka da cika fuska? Ni matattu Ilya Ilyich?

Babu, ba zai iya mutuwa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wannan labari yanzu, kamar yadda ko da yaushe, ya zauna dacewa.

"Oblomov", ya fahimci matsayin bayyananniyar labari satirising gentility da kuma Rasha lalaci, wata babbar nasara library. Goncharova ko da idan aka kwatanta da litattafan Gogol.

Dawo daga tafiya, a duniya, Ivan Aleksandrovich ya kõma zuwa ga jama'a sabis, aiki a wannan sashen na waje cinikayya a post-sarrafa. Amma nan da nan, a 1858, ya soja kurum marar a cikin katsalandan sashen na ma'aikatar ilimi. A 1862 ya zama editan ta leƙa sa'an nan "Arewa Mail", da na aikin jarida. Goncharov bauta a bangaskiya mai kyau da kuma ya samu babba nasara a sabis: shi aka tashe shi sau da dama a cikin ofishin - daga m zuwa babban iko memba na Press.

IA Goncharov labari "The magudan ruwa"

Litattafan Goncharova bazawa na "Oblomov" ba ya kawo karshen akwai. A 1868 da mujallar "Herald na Turai" ya zo ya na gaba bayan "Oblomov" labari - "Open". Yana da aka ɗauki cikinsa kusan lokaci guda tare da "Oblomov", amma ka rubuta wannan yanki Goncharov dauki fiye da shekaru 20. A lokacin wadannan shekaru, shi da aka maye gurbinsu da wani tsaran, a dukan zamanin. Duhu lokacin da ta sarautar Nicholas I, Rasha mayar da su cikin Tarurrukan da sabuntawa. Amma ina duba Goncharova aka har yanzu neman baya, daga abin da ya zaro images da haruffa. Criticism bai godiya da wannan labari, watakila wannan gudummawar da rashin tabbas da lokacin da ya bayyana. A wannan lokaci an rufe mujallu "Littafi" da "Rasha kalmar", da kuma zargi ya rasa ta mafi kyau wakilan, ciki har da Pisarev. "Bayanan kula da Fatherland" Ya tukuna samu da ƙafafunta. A aikin jarida da aka mamaye da rikice a zukatan da kuma halaye. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin wadannan lokatan wahala an haifi wani aikin imbued tare da wasu ra'ayinmu game da rayuwa, da kuma za a iya ce wa duba kaffa ... Goncharov gane duk haihuwa da karfi, da lafiya da kuma mai kyau, yana fatan sulhu da haihuwa tare da sabon. Hakika, yayin da irin wannan matsayi ba zai iya samun magoya baya.

Bari mu ce 'yan kalmomi game da biyu tsakiya Figures da labari - Eden kuma kakarta. Aljanna aka yaƙi da tsohon tsari, taushi, amma barci a kan wani dadi gado, kuma ba ya musun kanka wani abu, ko Egorka izni dauki kashe ta takalma. Ya zaune har yanzu a wannan zamanin na serfdom, da kuma yaqe shi ne kawai a kalmomin kawai, ba da goyan bayan da hali: kawai da shawara kakarsa sa yantar da serfs, amma a cikin wannan hali ba ya so ya shiga tsakani, ko da yake shi yake da shi. Wannan jinkirin ne quite hankula, halayyar ga dukkan Rasha jama'a a wuya lokacin, kamar yadda kowane tsaka lokaci.

Kaka ne sosai busily ya jikan. Yana magana da harshen na kakanninsu, kalmomi, karin magana, tsoho hikima. Ta hanyar wannan rabu amfani da hikima ta da aka kyan gani yafi ji fiye da a cikin Aljanna. Shi ne mai kusa, tukuru, imperious mace, ba m ba a, ko da yake a zuciya da kuma fahimtar sau da yawa cewa Aljanna hakkin. Duk da haka, duk da amincewa da kuma imani da cewa suna da gaskiya ba, shi ne har yanzu ba kin amincewa da sabon touchy. Kawai, shi ne sallama da haihuwa da kuma sabon tsoro, amma mafi ƙaranci daga gare shi kamar yadda ake bukata.

Saboda haka ta hanyar dukan labari daukan sanya wannan batu: gwagwarmaya zama wanda aka rabu amfani da sabon. Goncharov ba ta tashi zuwa tsaro na wani daga cikin jam'iyyun, shi ya nẽmi kawai don su sulhu da kuma jam'iyya.

A karshe shekaru ransa

Ivan Aleksandrovich, ba shakka, an yi tuntuɓe, ya ɗauki shi a matsayin labari. By lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 60 da haihuwa, da kuma bayan sun kasance manyan wallafe-wallafen nasara. Bayan sakin "magudan ruwa" Goncharov sosai da wuya nuna wa jama'a da kuma kananan da aka rubuta. Daga cikin ya latest ayyukan hada da "Literary Maraice", "zillion azãba", "Notes kan shaidar Belinsky," "Better marigayi fiye da taba", "bãyinSa", "Memories".

Rashin fi so yaron, rashin lafiya da kuma tsufa na gabatowa shiryar da shi zuwa wani melancholy kuma bege. A 1873, da daraja na general, Goncharov ritaya wuya daure fiye da shekara arba'in da sabis akalla daya mai kyau memory. Duk da haka, bayan da cewa shi aka qaddara domin ya Ivanu Aleksandrovichu rayu kusan shekaru 20. Abokai da ya bar wani kadan ma kusa, ya wuya samu baƙi da kuma magana ko ta yaya m. A cikin 'yan shekaru, Ivan Alexandrovich annoba da kiwon lafiya da matsaloli, da kuma Goncharov mutu daga ciwon huhu a kan 15 Satumba 1891 shekara.