Rasha explorers, kuma matafiya na cikin karni na 19th. Major Gwargwadon binciken

Rasha explorers, kuma matafiya na cikin karni na 19th sanya da dama fice a binciken, wanda ya zama dũkiyar ba kawai Rasha amma kuma waje, duniyar kimiyya. Bugu da kari, sun yi wani gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban gida da ilmi, kuma suka aikata mai yawa don taimakawa wajen horar da sabon ma'aikatan domin ci gaba da marine bincike.

abubuwan da ake bukata

Rasha explorers, kuma matafiya na cikin karni na 19th ɗaukar masa binciken sun fi mayar saboda a wannan karni sun bayyana bukatar neman sabon cinikayya hanyoyi da dama, don taimaka wa dangantakar da Rasha da sauran kasashe. A karshen XVIII - farkon XIX karni, kasar mu karshe karfafa ta matsayi a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama a matsayin ikon duniya. Babu shakka, wannan sabon arziki ya fadada geopolitical sarari, wanda ake bukata sabon nazarin da tekuna, tsibiran da kuma iyakar cikin teku domin gina tashoshin jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa da cinikayya tare da kasashen waje.

Rasha explorers, kuma matafiya na cikin karni na 19th ya faru a matsayin talented matuƙan ne kawai a sosai lokacin da kasar mu yana da damar zuwa tẽkuna biyu: Baltic da kuma Black. Kuma shi ne wani daidaituwa. Wannan ya buɗe sababbin dama ga marine bincike da ya samar da kuzari ga yi da kuma ci gaban da fleets, Maritime harkokin a general. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa a cikin farkon shekarun da suka gabata na dauke karni Rasha explorers, kuma matafiya na cikin karni na 19th za'ayi a yawan fice bincike, wanda ƙwarai wadãtar da Rasha Gwargwadon kimiyya.

Shirin duniya balaguro

Wannan aikin da aka sanya yiwu godiya a sashi nasara ayyukan soji a cikin kasar a cikin marigayi XVIII karni. A wannan lokacin, Rasha samu damar gina ta jiragen ruwa a tekun Black Sea, wanda, ba shakka, yana karfafa suna suna tukin jirgin. Rasha matuƙan a wannan lokacin tsanani tunãni a kan gaskiyar cewa sa m cinikayya hanyoyi. Wannan ne mafi yuwuwa da cewa kasar mu da aka gudanar a North America Alaska. Tun da shi ma ya zama dole ya kula da m dangantakar da kuma harkokin tattalin arziki.

IF Kruzenshtern a cikin marigayi XVIII karni, ya gabatar da wani shirin na duniya balaguro. Duk da haka, a lõkacin da ya aka ƙi. Amma kawai a 'yan shekaru bayan zamanin Alexander I, gwamnatin Rasha ta nuna sha'awa a cikin ƙaddamar da shirin. Ya samu yabo.

horo

IF Kruzenshtern zo daga mai daraja iyali. Ya yi karatu a Kronstadt sojan ruwa kungiyar soja da kuma kasancewa ya almajiri, ya dauki bangare a cikin yaki da Sweden, yayin da ya tabbatar da kansu da kyau. Bayan da ya aka aiko domin horo Ingila, inda ya samu wani kyakkyawan ilimi. Bayan ya dawo zuwa Rasha ya gabatar da wani shirin na duniya balaguro. Bayan samun yabo, a hankali shirya mata, ta sayi mafi kyau kayan aiki da kuma dakunan jiragen ruwa.

Ya fi mataimakin a wannan harka shi ne abokinsa Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky. Tare da shi ya jibinci baya a cikin ɗan jam'iyyar kadet Corps. Kowane ma ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin wani talented sojan ruwa jami'in a lokacin da Rasha-Swedish War of 1788-1790 shekaru. Riga an kitted fita nan da nan biyu jiragen ruwa a karkashin sunayen "Neva" da "Hope". A karshe cajin, Count Nikolai Rezanov, sanya shahara ta shahara dutse wasar kwaikwayo ta waka. The balaguro tashi a 1803. Its manufarsa shine gudanar da bincike da kuma gano da yiwuwar bude sabon cinikayya hanyoyi daga Rasha zuwa kasar Sin da kuma tekun na North American ƙasa.

ninkaya

Rasha explorers taso keya Cape Kakakin, ya fita zuwa cikin tekun Pacific, aka raba. Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky ya jagoranci jirgin zuwa North American gaba, wanda tsĩrar da kama Indiyawan ciniki Rasha birnin Novo-Arkhangelsk. A lokacin wannan tafiya ya kuma gudanar karo na farko a cikin tarihin na kewayawa sailing jirgin a kusa da Afirka ta Kudu.

The jirgin "Hope" jagorancin Kruzenshtern sa ze tashi a cikin Tekun Japan. The abin yabo da wannan bincike shi ne, ya sosai gudanar da bincike da bakin tekun na Sakhalin Island, kuma ya sanya gagarumin canje-canje ga map. Duk da haka, babban manufar ziyarar da aka gano bakin Amur River, a abin da ya dade da sha'awar shugabanci na Pacific jiragen ruwa. Kruzenshtern shiga Amur estuary, sa'an nan, bincika gaba na Kamchatka, ya koma kasarsa.

Kruzenshtern taimako ga kimiyya

Rasha explorers sun ci gaba muhimmanci Rasha Gwargwadon kimiyya ta kawo shi zuwa ga duniya matakin na ci gaba. Wannan balaguro da ya ja hankalin masu jama'a. Bayan karshen tafiya biyu rubuta littattafai a cikin abin da sakamakon su gudanar da bincike da aka gabatar. Kruzenshtern buga "a duniya", amma na musamman muhimmancin da aka fito da su da atalas hydrographic aikace-aikace. Ya cika yawa farin spots a kan taswira, yana da muhimmanci da binciken tekuna da kuma tekuna. Saboda haka, shi ne koya da kuma matsa lamba na ruwa zazzabi, ruwa igiyoyin, tides.

Outdoor ayyuka

Ya biyo baya aiki da aka nasaba, tare da Marine Corps, inda da farko an tsare sufeto. Daga bisani, akwai da koyarwa, sa'an nan duk gangarawa shi. Bisa ga himma, da Higher Jami'in Classes. A nan gaba, sun sāke Sojan Ruwa Academy. Kruzenshtern gabatar da sabon tarbiyya a cikin ilimi tsari. Wannan ƙwarai karu da ingancin koyarwa suna suna tukin jirgin.

Bugu da kari, ya taimaka wajen tsara wasu expeditions, musamman sauƙaƙe da tsare-tsaren da wani shahararren mai bincike O. Kotzebue. Krusenstern halarci halittar shahara Rasha Kasa Society, wanda daya aka ƙaddara zauna a manyan matsayi ba kawai a Rasha amma kuma a cikin duniyar kimiyya. Na musamman muhimmancin ga ci gaban labarin kasa ya fito da su "Atlas Kudu Sea".

Shiri na wani sabon balaguro

Kruzenshtern 'yan shekaru bayan tafiya nace a kan wani sosai nazari na kudancin latitudes. Ya samarwa ba biyu expeditions zuwa Arewa da kuma Kudu sandunan da biyu jirãge kowane. Kafin wannan navigator J. Cook kusan zo kusa da Antarctica, amma ya hana su tafi a kan kankara. Sa'an nan sanannen matafiyi da shawarar cewa na shida nahiyar ko dai ba ya wanzu ko ba da dama ga shi.

A 1819, gwamnatin Rasha ta yanke shawarar kaya wani sabon rundujar soja masu dawaki domin yin iyo. Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen, bayan wani yawan jinkiri da aka nada ta darektan. An yanke shawarar gina biyu jiragen ruwa: "Aminci" da "Gabas". Da farko tsara ta Rasha masana kimiyya shirin. Shi ne m da kuma hana ruwa. Duk da haka, na biyu gina a Birtaniya, ya kasa barga, saboda haka yana da wani lokacin da za a remodel, sake gina da kuma gyara. Shiri kuma yi jagoranci Mikhail Lazarev, wanda koka game da savanin da kwanoni guda biyu.

Travel kudu

A sabon balaguro saita kashe a 1819. Ta kai Brazil da kuma skirting da babban yankin, ya tafi Sandvicheskim tsibiran. A Janairu 1820 Rasha balaguro gano shida nahiyar - Antarctica. A lokacin horar a kusa da shi aka gano da kuma bayyana da yawa tsibirin. Daga cikin mafiya muhimmanci binciken za a iya kira wani tsibirin na Bitrus I, Alexander I. Coast sa dole bayanin a ƙasar, kazalika da almara na dabbobi gani a kan sabuwar nahiyar, Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen tanã gudãna da baya.

A lokacin balaguro, a Bugu da kari ga ganewa na Antarctica da aka sanya wasu binciken. Alal misali, mahalarta samu cewa Duniya Sandwich - yana da cikkaken tarin tsiburai. Bugu da kari, shi aka bayyana a tsibirin Kudu Georgia. Na musamman muhimmancin ne kwatancin sabuwar nahiyar. Mikhail Lazarev tare da jirgin samu damar duba da kyau na ƙasar, don haka da binciken ne na musamman darajar kimiyya.

Ma'ana binciken

Balaguro na 1819-1821 shekaru ya na bayar da muhimmanci ga kasa da kasa da duniya labarin kasa. Opening na sabon, shida nahiyar, ya juya da ra'ayin na labarin kasa na duniya. Dukansu matafiya sun buga sakamakon, daga karatunsu, a biyu kundin tare da Satin aikace-aikace da kuma dole umarnin. A lokacin tafiya da shi da aka bayyana game da talatin tsibiran, sanya m zane na nau'in a Antarctica da namun daji. Bugu da kari, mambobin na balaguro taru a musamman ethnographic tarin, wanda aka sa a Kazan University.

m ayyuka

Bellingshausen baya ya ci gaba da sojan ruwa aiki. Ya halarci Rasha-Turkish yaki na 1828-1829, a umurnin da Baltic jiragen ruwa, da kuma daga baya aka nada shi gwamnan Kronstadt. A alamar amincewa da ayyuka ne da cewa shi ne mai suna bayan jerin yanayin siffofin. Da farko, ya kamata mu ambaci teku a tekun Pacific.

Lazarev kuma zira kwallaye bayan sanannen tafiya zuwa Antarctica. Ya aka nada shugaban balaguro zuwa gaba na Rasha da Amurka Kariya na smugglers da wanda ya yi nasarar da gudanar. Daga baya ya umarci Black Sea rundunar motoci, halarci yakin Navarino, ga wanda ya lashe dama awards. Saboda haka, babban explorers na Rasha kuma sanya ta yi fice taimako ga ci gaban labarin kasa.