Rarrabuwa da karfe gami

A yau masana'antu yana amfani da wata babbar adadin kayan. Robobi da kuma composites, graphite da sauran abubuwa ... Amma da karfe ne ko da yaushe dacewa. Saboda shi ya sa da giant constructions, shi da ake amfani da su haifar da wani iri-iri na inji da kuma sauran kayan aiki.

Kuma saboda rarrabuwa na karfe taka a masana'antu da kuma kimiyya da muhimmiyar rawa, saboda, da sanin shi, za a iya zabar mafi dace da irin abu domin cewa manufar, ko ni. Wannan shi ne batun da kuma batun wannan labarin.

A general definition of

Metals ake kira sauki abubuwa wanda a karkashin al'ada yanayi ne halin da dama bayãnin hukuncin siffofin: high thermal watsin da lantarki halin yanzu, kazalika da ductility. Roba. A m jihar halin da crystal tsarin a atomic matakin, sabili da haka suna da high ƙarfi halaye. Amma akwai gami da suke su Kalam. Mene ne wannan?

Don haka ya kira kayan samu daga biyu ko fiye abubuwa ta gasa a kan narkewa batu. Ka lura da cewa akwai karfe da kuma wadanda ba karfe gami. A farkon yanayin, da abun da ke ciki dole ne dauke da akalla 50% karfe.

Duk da haka, za mu ba shagala daga labarin batutuwa. Saboda haka, abin da irin na karfe ne rarrabuwa? A general, raba shi fairly sauki:

1. Ferrous karafa.
2. Nonferrous karafa.

Sinfi na farko ya hada da dukan baƙin ƙarfe da ta gami. All sauran karafa ne masu launin, duk da haka, kamar yadda su mahadi. kowane category bukatar da za a gani a cikin mafi daki-daki: duk da musamman m janar rarrabuwa, shi ne ainihin yawa mafi rikitarwa. Kuma idan mun tuna da cewa akwai daraja karafa ... Kuma su ma, suna daban-daban. Duk da haka, da rarrabuwa na karafa masu daraja ko da sauki. Gaba daya akwai takwas na su zinariya, da azurfa, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, da kuma azurfa, da iridium. A mafi muhimmanci ne platinum kungiyar karafa.

A gaskiya, da rarrabuwa na daraja karafa da kuma na m. Don haka ya kira (a cikin kayan ado) ne guda azurfa, da zinariya, da platinum. Amma isasshen na "high al'amura". Yana da lokaci don magana game da more kowa da shasi kayan.

Mun fara da wani bayyani na daban-daban maki na karfe, wanda shi ne kawai wannan shi ne wani wanda aka samu daga cikin Gudun na black karfe - baƙin ƙarfe.

Mene ne karfe?

An gami da na baƙin ƙarfe, da wasu Additives, wanda ya ƙunshi ba fiye 2.14% atomic carbon. A rarrabuwa na wadannan kayan ne musamman m, kuma yana daukan cikin account: da sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma samar da hanyoyin, gaban ko babu detrimental impurities, kazalika da tsarin. Duk da haka, mafi muhimmanci alama ne da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, kamar yadda rinjayar da iri da kuma sunan da karfe.

carbon jinsunan

Wadannan kayan kullum da dopants, amma fasahar na qarya samar da dama sauran impurities (yawanci, manganese). Tun da abun ciki daga cikin wadannan abubuwa ne a cikin kewayon 0.8-1%, wani tasiri a kan karfin, inji da kuma sinadaran Properties na karfe, su ba su da. Wannan category da ake amfani a yi da kuma masana'antu na daban-daban kayan aikin. Hakika, da karfe a cikin wannan rarrabuwa ne da nisa daga kan.

Tsarin carbon karfe

Mafi sau da yawa amfani domin gina daban-daban Tsarin ga masana'antu, soja ko m dalilai, amma sau da yawa suna amfani da samar da kayayyakin aiki, da kuma hanyoyin tsarin. A wannan yanayin, da carbon abun ciki a cikin wani hali ya kamata ba ƙetare 0.5-0.6%. Ya kamata su sami wani musamman high ƙarfi, wanda aka ƙaddara da dukan Gungu bokan duniya gwajin wakili (Rm, σ0,2, δ, ψ, KCU, HB, HRC). Akwai iri biyu:

• Talakawa.
• Quality.

Kamar yadda za ka iya tsammani, da farko zuwa gina daban-daban injiniya Tsarin. Quality kamar yadda tsarin karfe da aka yi amfani da musamman domin samar da abin dogara kayayyakin amfani a cikin aikin injiniya da kuma sauran rassan masana'antu da kuma samar.

Kamar yadda na wadannan kayan, da lalata na karfe iya zama a farfajiya. A rarrabuwa na sauran iri karfe wanda ya samar da karin stringent bukatun su.

Tool carbon karfe

Su ikon yinsa - daidaici aikin injiniya, masana'antu kayan aikin domin kimiyya Sphere, da kuma magani, kazalika da sauran masana'antu da bukatar kara karfin da kuma daidaito. Su carbon abun ciki na iya Range daga 0.7 zuwa 1.5%. Irin wannan abu dole ne a sosai high ƙarfi, zama resistant to sa dalilai da kuma kyakkyawan high yanayin zafi.

alloyed steels

Don haka ya kira kayan da, ban da na halitta impurities dauke da wani gagarumin adadin dopants da za a kara artificially. Wadannan sun hada da chromium, nickel, molybdenum. Bugu da kari, gami steels kuma iya zama manganese da silicon abun ciki na wanda shi ne mafi sau da yawa ba fiye da 0.8-1.2%.

A wannan yanayin, rarrabuwa na karfe kwakwalwa ta rabo a cikin iri biyu:

• Steels da low abun ciki na Additives. A Naira Miliyan Xari, su ne ba fiye da 2.5%.
• Doped. A cikin wadannan Additives iya zama daga 2.5 zuwa 10%.
• Materials da wani babban abun ciki na Additives (sama da 10%).

Wadannan iri suna kuma zuwa kashi subspecies, kamar yadda a baya hali.

Alloyed tsarin karfe

Kamar yadda da dukan sauran jinsunan, ana amfani da ko'ina a aikin injiniya, gina gine-gine da kuma da sauran fannin jiki, da kuma a cikin masana'antu. Idan muka kwatanta su da carbonaceous jinsunan, sa'an nan irin kayan da amfana daga rabo ƙarfi Properties, plasticity da danko. Bugu da kari, su ne sosai resistant zuwa musamman low yanayin zafi. Daga cikin wadannan, yin gadoji, da jirgin sama, makamai masu linzami, high-daidaici kayan aikin ga masana'antu.

Gami kayan aiki karfe

A ka'ida, da halaye suna kama da irin tattauna a sama. Su za a iya amfani da wadannan dalilai:

• Production na yankan da kuma high-daidaici ma'auni kida da kayan aikin. A musamman, wannan abu da aka samar daga karfe lathe kayan aikin, wanda ya dogara a kan rarrabuwa ne: shi ake bukata don Mark buga, a cikin samfurin.
• Kuma wasu daga cikinsu sa mutu ga sanyi da kuma zafi birgima.

Gami steels, manufa ta musamman

Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wa] annan kayayyakin suna da wasu takamaiman halaye. Alal misali, akwai zafi-resistant da zafi-resistant iri, da kuma duk aka sani bakin karfe. Haka kuma, da ikon yinsa, daga su aikace-aikace ya shafi samar da inji kuma kayayyakin aiki, cewa za su yi aiki a musamman wuya yanayi: wani injin turbin engine, wani gini ga smelting karfe, da dai sauransu ..

Construction karfe

Karfe da wani talakawan carbon ciki. Amfani da samar da widest kewayon daban-daban kayan gini. A musamman, shi ne domin sun yi profiles (profiled kuma sheet karfe), bututu, malã'iku, da sauransu. D. Babu shakka, zabi wani musamman karfe category biya musamman da hankali ga ƙarfi halaye na karfe.

Bugu da kari, tun kafin gina duk na fasali aka lasafta akai-akai da misali na ilmin lissafi model, don haka da cewa a mafi yawan lokuta wasu nau'i na sakamako za a iya sanya mutum zuwa mutum abokin ciniki bukatun.

reinforcing karfe

Kamar yadda ka yiwuwa gane, su ikon yinsa - reinforcing tubalan da prefabricated karfafa kankare. Saki su a cikin hanyar sandunansu, ko wayoyi tare da wani ya fi girma diamita. The abu ne ko carbon, ko wani karfe da low abun ciki na alloying Additives. Akwai iri biyu:

• Hot-birgima.
• Thermally kuma mechanically karfafa.

tukunyar jirgi karfe

Amfani da samar da boilers da cylinders, kazalika da sauran tasoshin da kuma kayan aiki, wanda suke yin aiki a high-matsa lamba yanayi a daban-daban yanayin zafi. A kauri daga cikin guda a cikin wannan harka da shi za su iya bambanta daga 4 zuwa 160 mm.

steels

Saboda haka ne kayayyakin da amsa da kyau zuwa lura da su sabon. Ma su mallaki babban processability. Duk wannan ya sa wannan karfe manufa domin sarrafa kansa samar Lines, wanda ake ƙara zama a kowace shekara.

qazanta karfe

Wadannan iri da irin alaka tsarin iri, amma abun da ke ciki da ke sa su a kayan aiki. Suna da high ƙarfi halaye da kuma babban jure sa (abrasion).

Muna da asali dũkiyarsu da kuma rarrabuwa da karafa a cikin wannan aji. A mataki na gaba - har ma fiye da kowa da kuma sanannun simintin.

Jefa baƙin ƙarfe: rarrabuwa da kaddarorin

Don haka ya kira kayan, wanda shi ne wani gami da na baƙin ƙarfe, da carbon (da wasu sauran Additives), cikinsa da C abun ciki daga jeri 2.14 zuwa 6,67%. Iron kamar karfe, bambanta da su sinadaran abun da ke ciki, hanyoyin samar da wani gwada yawa adadin carbon žunsa aciki, kazalika da yankunan na aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antu da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum. Idan da baƙin ƙarfe ba ƙari, shi ne ake kira undoped. In ba haka ba - doped.

Rarrabuwa da manufar

1. Akwai iyaka, wadda kusan ko da yaushe amfani ga m aiki a karfe.
2. Foundry iri amfani ga Fitar kayayyakin da bambancin sanyi da wuya.
3. Musamman, da misalin da steels.

Rarrabuwa da irin sinadaran Additives

Tun da carbon abun ciki na daban-daban iri kayan dabam ƙwarai, kuma bambanta da dama ta iri:

• White jefa baƙin ƙarfe. Halin da cewa carbon a cikin tsarin yana da nasaba kusan gaba daya, kasancewa akwai a cikin daban-daban carbides. Its sosai sauki rarrabe: a kan wani hutu ya ne fari da kuma m, halin da high taurin, amma shi ne musamman m, tare da tsananin wahalar zuwa na'ura.
• Rabin bleached. A babba yadudduka na zaben 'yan wasa indistinguishable daga fari Cast baƙin ƙarfe, yayin da ginshikin - launin toka dauke a cikin tsarin da babban adadin free graphite. A general, shi hadawa da siffofin duka biyu iri daban-daban. Quite m, amma a lokaci guda shi ne sauƙin to tsari, da kuma fragility na halin da ake ciki shi ne mafi alhẽri.
• Gray. Ya ƙunshi a cikin abun da ke ciki mai yawa graphite. Mai karko, m isa, da bi da.

Ba mu da gangan ba girmamawa a kan graphite. Gaskiyar cewa a kan da abun ciki da na sarari tsarin da rarrabuwa dogara karafa da kuma gami a cikin batu. Dangane da wadannan halaye, suka kasu kashi pearlitic, ferritic-pearlitic da ferritic.

Graphite kanta a kowane daga cikin wadannan iri Cast baƙin ƙarfe iya zama ba a cikin hudu daban-daban siffofin:

• Lokacin da ya gabatar da faranti da kuma "petals" cewa tana nufin leaf iri.
• Idan abu ya ƙunshi inclusions, wanda a cikin bayyanar kama tsutsotsi, shi ne mai tambaya na compacted graphite baƙin ƙarfe.
• Haka kuma, da dama daga lebur, m hada ce cewa a gaban ku - a irin ƙwayoyi.
• Mai siffar zobe, hemispherical abubuwa faye hali mai siffar zobe siffar.

Amma a cikin wannan harka, da rarrabuwa na karafa da kuma gami shi ne har yanzu bai cika ba! Cewa wadannan impurities, ko ta yaya m shi iya ze, da tasiri kai tsaye a kan ƙarfi daga cikin kayan. Saboda haka, dangane da siffar da na sarari matsayi na inclusions, jefa mari suna classified a cikin wadannan Categories:

• Idan abu ya ƙunshi inclusions na flake graphite, shi ne yawanci m Cast baƙin ƙarfe (MF).
• By misalin da take "ƙari", gaban compacted particulate abu halin vermicular (compacted graphite baƙin ƙarfe).
• A ƙwayoyi qunshi kunsawa ductile baƙin ƙarfe (CN).
• Siffar zobe "excipient" ya bayyana ductile baƙin ƙarfe (HF).

Hankalinka ya taƙaitaccen rarrabuwa da kaddarorin da karafa, wanda ya kasance a cikin "black" category. Kamar yadda ka gani, duk da tartsatsi sanannen imani, su ne sosai bambancin, sosai daban-daban a cikin tsari da kuma jiki Properties. Sabili da baƙin ƙarfe - talakawa da kowa abu, amma ... Ko ya na da dama gaba daya jinsuna daban da kuma wasu daga cikinsu kawai ba na son juna, kamar yadda ya jefa baƙin ƙarfe da takardar karfe!

Vata - a ribar!

Kuma idan akwai wasu irin rarrabuwa na ferrous ya da? Bayan duk, a kowace shekara miliyoyin ton na ruwa ke fadi da dama na kayan. Kada su je en sun mayar da makaman ba tare da ta shiga wani culling da kasawa? Hakika ba. Total rarrabe tara Categories:

• 3A. Standard baki karfe sharar gida, ciki har da] aukacin, musamman manyan guda. The nauyi na kowane moiety - ba kasa da daya kilogram. Matsayin mai mulkin, da kauri daga cikin guda na ba fiye da shida millimeters.
• 5A. A wannan yanayin, da ya da oversized. A kauri daga cikin guda - fiye da shida millimeters.
• 12A. Wannan category hada da sama-aka bayyana a cakuda da biyu iri.
• 17A. Ya da baƙin ƙarfe, girma. The nauyi na kowane yanki - ba kasa da wata fam, amma ba fiye da 20 kg.
• 19A. Similar to baya aji, amma oversized sharar gida. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wasu halatta phosphorus abun ciki na kayan.
• 20A. Ya da baƙin ƙarfe, mafi oversized category. Yarda biyar guda ton nauyi. Yawanci, wannan ya hada da dismantled, sun soke zama masana'antu da kuma kayan aikin soji. Kamar yadda ka gani, rarrabuwa da kaddarorin da karafa a cikin wannan category ne fairly kama.
• 22A. Sake oversized ya da baƙin ƙarfe. Bambanci ta'allaka ne da cewa a cikin wannan harka tana nufin Categories sharar gida da kuma karshen rayuwa rubuta kashe aikin famfo maras motsi.
• Mix. Mixed ya da. Muhimmanci! An ba a yarda da abinda ke ciki da wadannan type: karfe igiyoyi da wayoyi na karfe, da kuma galvanized aka gyara.
• Galvanizing. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan ya hada da dukan ya da, wanda hada da, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa suna galvanized.

Irin wannan shi ne rarrabuwa na ferrous karafa. Kuma yanzu za mu tattauna su canza launin "abokan aiki" da cewa wasa a babbar rawar a duk zamani da masana'antu da kuma masana'antu.

Non-ferrous karafa

Saboda haka muna kira duka da sauran abubuwa da cewa suna da wani atomic tsarin wani karfe, amma ba su da alaka da baƙin ƙarfe, da Kalam. A cikin kimiyya wallafe-wallafe da Kalmar "nonferrous karfe", wanda yake shi ne synonymous ra'ayi. Abin yana da rarrabuwa na ba-ferrous karafa?

Akwai da wadannan kungiyoyin, wanda aka raba a kan da dama sharudda: da kãyã da mãsu nauyi, daraja, warwatse da kuma tsaurin, rediyoaktif da kuma rare jinsuna. Mutane da yawa daga cikin wadanda ba ferrous karafa a general an classified a matsayin rare, kamar yadda su duka a duniya shi ne gwada da kananan.

su aka yi amfani da sarrafa daga sassa da kuma na'urorin da cewa dole ne aiki a wani m yanayi, gogayya, ko idan ya cancanta (na'urori masu auna sigina, misali) suna da wani babban mataki na zafi na madugu ko a aiwatar da wutar lantarki. Bugu da kari, su sunã a cikin bukatar a soja, Aerospace da kuma jirgin sama masana'antu inda karko a gwada low nauyi.

Lura cewa, baya ne rarrabuwa da nauyi karafa. Duk da haka, shi ba ya wanzu kamar yadda irin wannan, amma a cikin wannan kungiyar sun hada da jan karfe, nickel, cobalt, kuma tutiya, cadmium, Mercury da gubar. Daga cikin wadannan, kawai Cu da Zn aka yi amfani a kan wani m sikelin, wanda za a ambata daga baya.

Aluminum, kuma ta gami

Aluminum, "winged karfe". Akwai iri uku shi (dangane da mataki na sinadaran tsarki)

• A mafi ingancin (high tsarki) (99.999%).
• High tsarki.
• Fasaha samfurin.

A karshen irin ne yanzu a kasuwa a cikin nau'i na zanen gado, daban-daban profiles da wayoyi da daban-daban giciye-sashe. Kaddamarda a cikin harkokin ciniki a matsayin AD0 da AD1. Ka lura da cewa ko da a babban aluminum samfurin sau da yawa ya ƙunshi inclusions Fe, Si, Gu, mn, Zn.

gami

Mene ne rarrabuwa na ba-ferrous karafa a cikin wannan hali? A ka'ida, kome wuya. akwai:

• Duralumin.
• Aviano.

Kira duralumin gami, wanda ake kara zuwa tagulla, da magnesium. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kayan, inda wani ƙari da aka yi amfani da tagulla da kuma magnesium. Avial ma kira gami, amma sun dauke mai yawa fiye da Additives. Babban wadanda su ne magnesium da silicon kazalika da baƙin ƙarfe, da jan karfe, da kuma ko da titanium.

A ka'ida, da batun wanda ya yi nazarin a daki-daki, da kayan kimiyya. Nau'in na karfe a kan aluminum da kuma siffofin ba ya kawo karshen akwai.

jan karfe

Yau rarrabe anoxic jan (m abu ciki 97,97%) da kuma sosai m, injin (99.99%). Ba kamar sauran wadanda ba ferrous karafa, inji da kuma sinadaran Properties na jan karfe ne musamman karfi da tasiri har ma da karami impurities wasu Additives.

gami

Sun kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyin. Wadannan kayan, ta hanyar da aka fi sani ga mutãne ga dubban shekaru:

• Brass. Don haka ya kira jan fili da kuma tutiya.
• Bronze. Copper gami, wanda ya hada da daina tutiya, da kuma tin. Duk da haka, akwai kuma tagulla, a cikin abin da akwai har zuwa goma Additives.

Titan

Metal wannan rare da tsada sosai. Yana yana da wani low nauyi, m ƙarfi, low danko. Lura cewa ne zuwa kashi da dama iri: VT1-00 (a wannan abu impurities ≤ 0,10%), BT1-0 (ƙari adadin ≤ 0,30%). Idan jimlar adadin impurities ≤ 0.093%, sa'an nan irin wannan abu a samar da titanium kira iodide.

titanium gami

Gami da wannan abu ya kasu kashi biyu iri: mikakke kuma deformable. Bugu da kari, da musamman da bambanci subtypes: tsaurin, ta ƙara ductility. Akwai karin hardening da hardening jinsunan (dangane da zafi magani).

A gaskiya, mun an cikakken dauke da rarrabuwa na ba-ferrous karafa da kuma gami. Muna fatan cewa labarin da aka amfani a gare ku.