Ductile baƙin ƙarfe: Properties, markings da ikon yinsa,

Iron - wuya, lalata-resistant, amma m baƙin ƙarfe-carbon gami da carbon abun ciki na C a cikin kewayon daga 2.14 zuwa 6,67%. Duk da kasancewar wani takamaiman matsala, shi yana da wani iri-iri iri, Properties, aikace-aikace. Yadu amfani ne ductile Cast baƙin ƙarfe.

labarin

Wannan abu da aka sani tun da IV karni BC. e. Ya Sin Tushen ne a cikin VI. BC. e. A Turai, da farko ya ambaci masana'antu samar da gami ake kwanan rana XIV, kuma a Rasha - XVI karni. Amma ductile baƙin ƙarfe samar da fasaha da aka jadadda mallaka a Rasha a cikin XIX karni. Bayan da ci gaban AD Annosovym.

Tun da m mari an iyakance a amfani saboda low inji Properties, da kuma karfe - suna da tsada da kuma samun low taurin da kuma karko, da tambaya tashi daga karfe da samar da wani abin dogara, m, m, yayin da ya karu ƙarfi da wani sassauci.

Aikata baƙin ƙarfe ne ba, duk da haka, saboda roba halaye, shi lends kanta zuwa wasu iri roba aiki (msl, bisa ƙirƙira).

samarwa

Babban hanya - smelting a fashewar Tanderu.

A lokacin da na fara kayan ga tsãwa aiki:

• Jami'in - tama dauke da karfe oxide a cikin hanyar Ferum.
• Fuel - coke da kuma iskar gas.
• Oxygen - ne allura ta musamman mashi.
• Fluxes - sinadaran samuwar kan manganese da kuma (ko) silicon.

Akayi na tsãwa makera:

1. Farfadowa da na'ura na tsarki da baƙin ƙarfe da sinadaran dauki tama da oxygen kawota ta hanyar tuyeres.
2. Konewa na coke samuwar kuma carbon oxides.
3. Carburizing a m baƙin ƙarfe halayen da CO da CO _2.
4. Jikewa na Fe ₃ C da manganese da silicon dangane da ake so Properties na da fitarwa.
5. Draining ƙãre karfe cikin molds ta cikin taphole. draining slag ta slag famfo rami.

Bayan kammala da harin makera aiki zagayowar samu baƙin ƙarfe, slag da flue gas.

Metal kayayyakin masana'antu yankin

Dangane da sanyaya kudi, microstructure na carbon jikewa da Additives iya samun dama iri iri na baƙin ƙarfe:

1. Pig (fari) carbon a mamaye form, da farko sumunti. Amfani da albarkatun kasa domin smelting na sauran baƙin ƙarfe-carbon gami aiki. Har zuwa 80% na samar gami yankin.
2. Foundry (toka-toka) carbon a cikin nau'i na gaba daya, ko jera free graphite, wato ta faranti. Malootvetstvennyh amfani da samar da sassan jiki. Up to 19% samar da tsãwa makera simintin.
3. Special: m ferroalloys. 1-2% irin dauke samar.

Ductile baƙin ƙarfe da aka shirya da zafi magani na alade.

A ka'idar da baƙin ƙarfe-Tsarin

Carbon da Ferum iya samar da dama daban-daban na gami da crystal raga irin yadda aka nuna a cikin embodiment na microstructure.

1. Shigar azzakari cikin farji, a m bayani α-baƙin ƙarfe - ferrite.
2. Shigar azzakari cikin farji, a m bayani γ-baƙin ƙarfe - austenite.
3. A sunadarai samuwar Fe ₃ C (daure jihar) - cementite. A farko an kafa ta m sanyaya na zubi ruwa. Secondary - wani jinkirin da zazzabi rage daga austenite. Mai zurfi - a hankali a hankali sanyaya na ferrite.
4. Inji cakuda ferrite da cementite hatsi - perlite.
5. Inji cakuda austenite hatsi da pearlite ko cementite - Ledebur.

Domin da Cast baƙin ƙarfe ne halin musamman microstructure. A graphite iya zama a cikin tsari da kuma mamaye nau'i na sama gini, kuma yana iya zama a cikin free jihar a cikin nau'i na daban-daban impurities. A da kaddarorin shafa duka biyu asali hatsi, da kuma wadannan tsarin. Graphite kasarun adadi ne da karfe faranti, flakes ko duniyoyin.

A leaf siffar shi ne hankula ga m baƙin ƙarfe-carbon gami. Ana sa su fragility da unreliability.

Inclusions ne Fluffy ductile baƙin ƙarfe fiye da kyau sakamako a kan su inji yi.

A siffar zobe graphite tsarin kara inganta ingancin karfe, shafi na karuwa a taurin, karko, da jimiri gagarumin lodi. Irin wannan halaye yana high ƙarfi jefa baƙin ƙarfe. Ductile baƙin ƙarfe Properties ta haddasawa ferrite ko pearlite kayan yau da kullum na gaban flake graphite inclusions.

Shiri na ferritic ductile baƙin ƙarfe

An samar daga wani farin alade proeutectoid low-carbon gami ingots da annealing da carbon ciki 2.4-2.8% da kuma daidai gaban Additives (mn, Si, S, P). A bango kauri annealed sassa dole ba fiye da 5 cm. Simintin gyaran kafa babba kauri graphite ne a cikin nau'i na faranti da ake so Properties ba cimma.

Don samun Cast baƙin ƙarfe da ferritic tushe karfe da aka sanya shi a cikin na musamman kwalaye da kuma zuba yashi. Tam shãfe haske ganga aka sanya a cikin wani dumama gagarumar wuta. Gudanar da wadannan matakai a lokacin annealing:

1. Constructions an mai tsanani a Tanderu zuwa yanayin zafi 1000? C da kuma yarda ka tsaya a wani m zafi for 10 zuwa 24 hours. A sakamakon tsãgewar ƙwãyar da primary cementite Ledebur.
2. Da karfe yana sanyaya zuwa 720? C a cikin gagarumar wuta.
3. A zazzabi na 720? C tsayayya tsawo daga 15 zuwa 30 hours. Wannan zazzabi tabbatar da Lalacewar sakandare cementite.
4. A karshe mataki da aka sake sanyaya tare da aiki tanda zuwa 500? C, sa'an nan janye zuwa iska.

Wannan annealing tsari shine ake kira graphitizing.

Bayan aikin microstructure ne ferrite tare da hatsi da graphite flake. Wannan irin aka kira "chernoserdechnym" tun hutu ne baki.

Shiri na pearlitic malleable Cast baƙin ƙarfe

Wannan irin na ƙarfe-carbon gami, wanda kuma fãra daga proeutectoid fari, amma carbon abun ciki daga gare ta ƙara: 3-3.6%. Domin simintin gyaran kafa tare da pearlitic-akai, su suna sanya a cikin kwalaye da kuma zuba cikin niƙa foda tama ko niƙa sikelin. Annealing hanya kanta ne Saukake.

1. Metal zazzabi da aka tashe zuwa 1000? C, kiyaye 60-100 hours.
2. Design sanyi da gagarumar wuta.

Saboda yellowing karkashin mataki na zafi a cikin wani ƙarfe yanayi diffuses: releasable a cementite bazuwar graphite bar partially annealed surface Layer sassa, ya magance kan tama ko slag surface. Tattalin softer, m kuma ductile topsheet "beloserdechnogo" ductile baƙin ƙarfe tare da daskararrun tsakiya.

Wannan annealing aka kira bai cika ba. Yana bayar da Lalacewar cementite da pearlite ledeburite a kan farantin da ya dace graphite. Idan dole granular pearlitic ductile jefa baƙin ƙarfe da hakan tauri da kuma plasticity, yi amfani da karin kayan mai tsanani zuwa 720? C. Kamar haka ake kafa hatsi na perlite da flake graphite inclusions.

Properties, lakabtawa da kuma aikace-aikace na ferritic ductile baƙin ƙarfe

Dogon lokaci "ƙunci" ƙarfe a cikin wutar, sakamakon a wani irin tsattsãgẽwa daga ledeburite da cementite a ferrite. Saboda fasaha intricacies, gami da wani babban carbon ciki - ferritic tsarin halayyar low-carbon karfe. Amma carbon da kanta ba bĩga - shi ke daga cikin hade jihar na baƙin ƙarfe, a free. Zazzabi sakamako musanya siffar graphite inclusions zuwa flake.

Ferrite tsarin sa wani karu a taurin, kara karfin dabi'u, gaban irin wannan halaye kamar yadda tauri da kuma ductility.

Sa alama aikata baƙin ƙarfe ferrite aji: KCH30-6, KCH33-8, KCH35-10, KCH37-12 inda:

CN - jinsin ganewa - malleable.

30, 33, 35, 37: σ _a, 300, 330, 350, 370 N / mm ² - iyakar load cewa shi zai iya tsayayya ba tare da keta.

6, 8, 10, 12 - elongation, δ,% - plasticity fihirisar (mafi girma da daraja, da mafi saukin kamuwa da karfe matsa lamba magani).

Taurin - game da 100-160 HB.

Wannan abu wanda yi ne tsaka-tsaki tsakanin kamar karfe, da baƙin ƙarfe-carbon gami shi ne m. Ductile baƙin ƙarfe da ferritic pearlitic-akai na baya cikin sharuddan lalacewa juriya, lalata da juriya da kuma gajiya ƙarfi, amma mafi girma inji jimiri, ductility, Fitar halaye. Tare da low farashin ne yadu amfani a masana'antu don sarrafa daga sassa aiki a low kuma matsakaici lodi: giya, housings, raya axles, aikin famfo.

Properties, lakabtawa da kuma aikace-aikace na pearlitic malleable Cast baƙin ƙarfe

Saboda bai cika annealing primary, secondary da cementite Ledebur lokaci zuwa cikakken narke a cikin austenite, wanda a zazzabi na 720? C an canza kama zuwa perlite. A karshen ne a inji cakuda ferrite da cementite hatsi manyan. A gaskiya, na carbon ya zauna a cikin mamaye form, Yanã da wani tsari, wani ɓangare - "saki" a cikin flake graphite. Lokacin da wannan perlite iya zama wani farantin ko grainy. Kamar wancan kafa pearlitic malleable Cast baƙin ƙarfe. Da kaddarorin ne saboda cikakken wuya da kuma kasa tausasa tsarin.

Wadannan, a lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da ferritic samun mafi girma lalata, sa-resistant Properties, su karko ne da yawa mafi girma, amma ƙananan ductility da castability halaye. Laulayi inji danniya ƙãra surface yayin da rikewa taurin da tauri na core samfurin.

Sa alama aikata baƙin ƙarfe pearlitic: KCH45-7, KCH50-5, KCH56-4, KCH60-3, KCH65-3, KCH70-2, KCH80-1,5.

Da farko lambar - nadi ƙarfi: 450, 500, 560, 600, 650, 700 da kuma 800 N / mm ^2, bi da bi.

Na biyu - ductility tsarin rubutu elongation δ,% - 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2 da kuma 1.5.

Pearlite ductile baƙin ƙarfe aikace-aikace samu a inji aikin injiniya da kuma kayan aiki ga kayayyaki da cewa aiki a high lodi - biyu a tsaye da kuma tsauri: camshafts, crankshafts, kama sassa, pistons, a haɗa da sandunansu.

zafi magani

A kayan samu saboda da zafi magani, wato, da annealing iya hõre maimaita zazzabi tsoma hanyoyin. Su babban manufar - ma fi girma ƙarfi, karko, da juriya ga lalata da kuma tsufa.

1. Tempering da ake amfani da Tsarin bukata high taurin da tauri. samar da dumama zuwa 900? C, sassa aka sanyaya a wani talakawan kudi na game da 100? C / sec amfani da engine man fetur. Bayan shi ya zama wani babban hutu tare da dumama zuwa 650˚S da iska sanyaya.
2. Daidaita da ake amfani da matsakaici-sized sauki sassa a cikin wani gini da dumama zuwa 900? C, bar ta tsaye a wannan zafin jiki na tsawon 1 to 1.5 hours kuma m sanyaya a cikin iska. Troostite samar granular perlite, ta ƙarfi kuma AMINCI na gogayya da kuma sa. Ana amfani da anti-gogayya malleable Cast baƙin ƙarfe da pearlitic akai.
3. Annealing aka yi akai-akai a yi na antifriction: dumama - to 900? C, rike da a wannan dogon lokaci zafi, sanyaya tare da gagarumar wuta. Bayar ferritic ko ferritic-pearlitic tsarin antifriction ductile baƙin ƙarfe.

Dumama Cast baƙin ƙarfe kayayyakin za a iya za'ayi a gida ko hadaddun. Domin Topical aiyuka high-mita igiyoyin ko acetylene harshen wuta (rike quenching). Domin hadaddun - dumama gagarumar wuta. Lokacin da na gida dumama kawai babba Layer aka taurare, ta ƙãra ta taurin da ƙarfi, amma ya bar ductility da kuma danko fihirisa na core.

Yana da muhimmanci a nuna cewa, baƙin ƙarfe Forging ba zai yiwu ba, ba kawai saboda kasa inji halaye, amma kuma saboda ta high ji na ƙwarai to kwatsam zazzabi canje-canje, wanda shi ne makawa a lokacin quenching da ruwa sanyaya.

Anti-gogayya malleable Cast baƙin ƙarfe

Wannan iri-iri kuma ya shafi malleable, kuma doped, su ne m (ASF), bisa ƙirƙira (APC) da kuma high ƙarfi (ACHV). APC da ake amfani da samarwa ductile Cast baƙin ƙarfe, wanda aka hõre annealing ko daidaita. The matakai suna da za'ayi domin inganta ta inji Properties da kuma samuwar sabuwar halaye - sa juriya a gogayya da sauran sassa.

Labeled: 1-APC, APC-2. Amfani da samar da crankshafts, giya, bearings.

Effect na Additives a kan kaddarorin

Baya daga cikin baƙin ƙarfe-graphite tushe da kuma suna da, a da abun da ke ciki, da kuma sauran gyara, wanda kuma haifar da da kaddarorin Cast baƙin ƙarfe: manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, wasu alloying abubuwa.

Mangan inganta flowability na narkakkar azurfa, lalata juriya da kuma ci juriya. Yana taimaka wa taurin da kuma ƙarfin dauri na carbon da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin sinadaran dabara Fe ₃ C, da samuwar granular perlite.

Silicon ma yana da kyau sakamako a kan fluidity na zubi gami, shi na taimaka wa Lalacewar cementite da graphite inclusions kasafi.

Sulfur - korau, amma wani makawa bangaren. Ya rage inji da kuma sinadaran Properties, stimulates da samuwar fasa. Duk da haka, da m dangantaka da abun ciki na wasu abubuwa (msl, manganese) corrects microstructural tafiyar matakai. Saboda haka, a lokacin da rabo mn-S 0,8-1,2 perlite aka adana a wani zazzabi tsoma lokaci. By kara da rabo to 3 yana yiwuwa a samu wani so tsarin dangane da saiti sigogi.

Phosphorus da aka canza ga mafi alhẽri fluidity rinjayar da ƙarfi, lowers da tauri da kuma ductility, tasiri a kan duration na graphitization.

Chromium da molybdenum impede samuwar graphite flakes, a wasu ke ciki inganta samuwar granular perlite.

Tungsten qara juriya ga ci a lokacin da aiki a yankunan da high yanayin zafi.

Aluminum, nickel da kuma jan taimakawa wajen graphitization.

By daidaitawa da adadin da sinadaran abubuwa da cewa yin up da baƙin ƙarfe-carbon gami, kazalika da rabo, shi zai iya shafar karshe Properties na Cast baƙin ƙarfe.

Amfani ko rashin amfani

Ductile chugun- abu da ciwon tartsatsi amfani a cikin art. Its main abũbuwan amfãni su ne:

• high matakan da taurin, sa juriya, ƙarfi, tare da fluidity.
• al'ada halaye na tauri da kuma ductility.
• processability ta matsa lamba magani, da bambanci ga launin toka Cast baƙin ƙarfe.
• Properties na daban-daban embodiments gyara abu a karkashin wasu hanyoyin da thermal da kuma sinadaran-thermal jiyya.
• low cost.

A disadvantages ne mutum halaye:

• fragility.
• gaban inclusions na graphite.
• rashin tabuka a sabon;
• gagarumin nauyi simintin gyaran kafa.

Duk da yanzu shortcomings, ductile baƙin ƙarfe daukan cajin a metallurgy kuma inji aikin injiniya. Daga shi samar da irin wannan muhimmanci bayani kamar yadda crankshafts, birki gammaye sassa, giya, pistons, a haɗa da sandunansu. Samun kananan iri-iri na brands, mutum alkuki a cikin masana'antu bautar wani ductile baƙin ƙarfe. Its aikace-aikace ne na hali na aza a karkashin abin da yin amfani da wasu kayan da kamar wuya.