Radiation: kashi na mutuwa ga mutane

A radiation aka ionizing radiation microscopic barbashi da kuma jiki filayen. Domin radiation daukan hotuna na bai hada da hasken ultraviolet da bayyane haske kewayo. A ikon ionize da abu ba shi da wani counter igiyoyin rediyo da kuma microwaves, yana da ba radiation. Kashi na mutuwa ga mutane ne, ba su halicci artificially da sunadarai matakai, radiation tana nufin jiki mataki.

Da ikon da kashi

Ikon radiation ne adadin ionization ga wani lokaci. Domin ikon naúrar akwai - micro-roentgen awa.

A sakamakon kashi da aka auna da jimlar kashi, ƙaddara da ikon da radiation yawaita da duration na microparticles haka lasafta kashi na mutuwa na radiation ga mutane, wadda take kaiwa zuwa mutuwa. Don auna kwatankwacin kashi amfani sievert (Sv), da yin lissafi da ikon aka ƙaddara awa sievert (Sv / h).

Don lissafi da m kashi daga daukan hotuna da haskoki daban-daban la'akari da tsanani da ake so radiation zuwa ga sievert. Alal misali, a kayyade da duka kashi na gamma-ray ayyuka sukan danganta zuwa 100 roentgens 1 Sv. Kananan allurai da kasa da 1 Sv lissafi game da:

• 1 mSv (mSv) daidai 1/1000 sievert.
• 1 Sv (mikrozivert) daidai 1/1000 milliziverts milyan ko sievert.

A na'ura ga aunawa radiation

Standard kowa na'urar for kayyade kashi kudi ko ikon directed uwa da na'urar da zuwa na'urar sadarwa, a dosimeter. Dosimetry aka gudanar a lokacin da daukan hotuna zuwa radiation, misali, shift, ko da kisan ceto ayyukan.

A kashi na mutuwa na radiation ga mutum X-haskoki dogara a kan radiation tsanani a wuri na ma'aikaci idan jimlar kudi ne fiye da 600 raka'a, to waɗannan sakawa a iska mai guba barazana ga rayuwa. Yayi nazari hawa dukiya, abubuwa, ƙaddara bango na gine-gine da kuma gine-gine. Kowane mutum ziyartar wuraren da hatsarin rediyoaktif samu, da dosimeter samun a akai sirri amfani.

Faruwa a cikin wanda ba a sani ƙasa, kamar duwatsu, tabkuna, za a yi yawo ko sama berries da namomin kaza, kai da na'urar to auna yankin, kafin su gano dogon. An ƙaddara da tsanani da radiation yanki kafin yi ko sayan na ƙasar. A baya radiation ba rage kuma ba a cire daga cikin ganuwar gine-gine da abubuwa, don haka da hatsarin pre-gano yin amfani da wani dosimeter.

A ra'ayi na radioactivity

Wasu m nuclei dauke da kwayoyin halitta iya tasowa ko hargitse. Wannan tsari na taimaka wa saki na free ions. Akwai rediyoaktif watsi, makamashi-m, iya aiki a kewaye abu da kuma tsokane fitowan da sabon ions na korau kuma tabbatacce cajin. A kashi na mutuwa na radiation a Rad faruwa a lokacin da mutum irradiated 600 Rad, 100 Rad cikinsa da (kashe-tsarin naúrar) = 100 roentgens.

A Sanadin rediyoaktif samu

A sakamakon daban-daban dalilai da kuma yanayi sa dagagge baya radiation:

• asarar rediyoaktif abubuwa daga yanayin da makaman nukiliya girgije a cikin fashewa.
• a lokacin da wani radiation jawo, sakamakon samar da wata rediyoaktif isotope jinsunan a wani instantaneous mataki na gamma haskoki da neutrons, da saki a lokacin nukiliya fashe.
• rinjayar waje radiation na gamma da beta haskoki.
• kashi na mutuwa na radiation aka nuna a ciki, sakawa a iska mai guba bayan daukan hotuna na rediyoaktif isotopes cikin jikin mutum daga iska ko da abinci.
• rediyoaktif gurbatawa da aka tsokane a peacetime mutum ya bala'i a nukiliya da wurin, m sufuri da kuma zubar da sharar nukiliya.

irin radiation

Kawo hadari ga mutane shi ne radiation microparticles, sakamakon a cikin jikin ta cutar da kuma mutuwar. The girma na tasiri ya dogara da jinsunan haskoki, duration da kuma mita:

• nauyi alpha-barbashi, lallai cajin nuclei bayan Lalacewar (Malkisadik hada thoron, cobalt-60, uranium, Radon).
• beta barbashi ne electrons al'ada strontium-90, Potassium-40, Cesium-137;
• gamma haskoki wakilta barbashi da high iya shiga ikon (cesium-137, cobalt-60).
• tukuru X-haskoki, gamma-kamar-barbashi, amma kasa mai kuzari, samar da americium-241, ne akai tushen faru na rãnã.
• Neutrons ne sakamakon rushewar da plutonium tsakiya, da jari da aka lura a cikin yanayi na nukiliya nukiliya.

iri da allurai

M gyarawa tasiri kashi ne ƙaddarãwar radiation allurai a jiki a matsayin sakamako na wani adadin abubuwa masu cutarwa. Wannan adadi daukan la'akari da muhimmancin da kayan ciki da wurin zama lokaci na wani rediyoaktif abu a cikin jiki (wani lokacin lifelong). A wasu lokuta, a kashi na mutuwa na radiation a X-haskoki aka auna ga daya daga cikin zaba jiki.

Ambidentate m kashi ƙaddara da darajar da zai iya samun wani mutum, idan ba a cikin ƙasa inda dosimetry aka yi, da nuna alama ne auna a sievert.

A tasiri na rediyoaktif samu a jikin mutum

Duk wani radiation, manyan ga samuwar a cikin yanayi na lantarki barbashi tare da daban-daban da ãyõyinMu, ionizing dauke. A watsar da radiation bango kullum accompanies mutumin, shi halitta cosmic radiation, da sakamako daga rana, da na halitta kafofin na radionuclides da sauran gyara na biosphere.

Don aiki a kawo hadari yanayin kare ma'aikata tare da musamman kayayyaki, bi da aminci matsayin. Sakawa a iska mai guba na jiki samun a wurin aiki a jiki da kuma sinadaran gwaje-gwajen, dauke da fitar dubawa, binciken kiwon lafiya, ma'aunan kasa safiyo da sauransu.

Maye gurbi na daukan hotuna

A kashi na mutuwa na radiation ga mutum a Rad raka'a ne fiye da 600 da take kaiwa zuwa mutuwa. Sakawa a iska mai guba a kashi na 400 zuwa 600 Rad inganta faru na radiation cuta da zai iya sa maye gurbi kwayoyin halitta. Action ionized canji na jiki kadan karatu, maye gurbi bayyana kansu ta hanyar da al'ummomi. lokaci baza bada dama ga shakka, akwai wani maye gurbi na rediyoaktif tasiri ko saboda wasu dalilai.

Maye gurbi a cikin bayyanar ne zuwa kashi rinjaye, bayyana a cikin wani gajeren lokaci bayan daukan hotuna mataki da recessive. Nau'i na biyu na bayyana kanta, idan uwa da yaro da daya mutated gene. The maye gurbi ba tashi for ƙarni da dama, ko ba a duk m mutum. Degeneration da tayin da wuya za a ƙaddara a cikin hali na wanda bai kai ba haihuwa, idan maye gurbi ba da damar da tayi don isa tribal shekaru.

Radiation cuta. leukosis

A cikin halitta daga cikin ganewar asali radiation cuta ne ƙwarai shafi da radiation. A mutuwa kashi na radiation take kaiwa zuwa mutuwa, amma ba kasa hatsari daukan hotuna matakan daga 200 zuwa 600 p, sa radiation cuta. Radiation rinjayar da mutum bayan guda iko tasiri ko a akai shigar azzakari cikin farji na low ikon radiation. An misali shi ne aikin da radiologists ba tsayayya m fiddawa da rashin lafiya tare da hankula cututtuka.

A mafi hatsari ne sakamakon radiation a kan m jiki na har zuwa shekaru 15. Game da girman da wani kashi na babu yarjejeniya, da masu bincike daban-daban ba haƙuri kashi na 50, 100 da kuma 200 p. A pathogenesis an yi karatu a cibiyoyin bincike, radiation cutar sankarar bargo mafi m ga magani.

Oncological cututtuka

A nazarin sakamakon radiation a kan mutum wuya da cewa ga zargin jimlace data karatu manyan kungiyoyin na mutane, wanda ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da na musamman gwaji. Abin da wani kashi na mutuwa na radiation ne na mutuwa, da kuma abin da matakan da ciwon daji haddasa mutum marurai ba za a iya hukunci da dabba gwaje-gwajen.

A cikin sharuddan kasafi na m kashi haddasa cancerous marurai, babu wani takamaiman bayanai. Duk wani kashi na radiation samu ta jiki bada Yunƙurin zuwa fara m cell division. A mita manifestations da cutar suna classified kamar haka:

• ne ya fi kowa bayyanuwar cutar sankarar bargo.
• 1000 mata na zuwa wani hadarin kungiyar, nono 10 rashin lafiya marasa lafiya.
• guda statistics na thyroid ciwon daji.

Radiation cuta mai tsanani digiri

A bayyanar cututtuka na radiation cuta ne akai ciwon kai, illa motsi, gestures na daidaituwa, tashin zuciya da amai, juwa ko jiri, ciki da hanji cuta. Mene ne kashi na radiation ne na mutuwa to mutane:

• farko digiri bayyananne bayan wani latent tsawon makonni biyu, cutar ne ya sa ta sakawa a iska mai guba na 100 zuwa 200 roentgens.
• ga bayyanuwar na biyu digiri bayan da sakawa a iska mai guba kashi na 200 zuwa 400 X-haskoki, mutuwa auku a cikin rubu'in fallasa.
• radiation amai uku mataki - shi ne mace-mace a 50% na lokuta, ga abin da ya faru na isa radiation kashi na 400 zuwa 600 roentgens.
• huɗu, mai hatsari lokaci, kuma Yanã radiation. Kashi na mutuwa na 600 roentgens, mutuwa ta auku a cikin 100% na lokuta.

Hanyar for sirri kariya a taron na rediyoaktif samu yankunan

A misali ayyuka ga jama'a a cikin ƙasa idan radiation. A kashi na mutuwa na radiation ne m zuwa rayuwa, don haka ya rage mutuwar shirya fitarwa na mutane a cikin gine-gine, wanda aka raba a kan mataki na kariya ga babban birnin kasar bam mafaka, basements, katako, da gine-gine da kuma motoci. Shi ne mafi kyau ga kare tsarin da farko type, da wasu suna bi da matsayin gaggawa wucin gadi tsari.

Tasiri matakan sun hada da na numfashi kariya, ruwa da abinci kayayyaki. Tsari masarufi sanya a gaba idan akwai hadari na fashewa ko saki. Yi amfani da anti-radiation magani ba a amfani da su samar da madara sabo.

Samar na yau da kullum sanitization da kuma disinfection na yankunan, a kowane damar mutane kwashe waje da kamuwa da yankin. Akan rage ciki daukan hotuna ta kawar ƙura kama bayar respirators, tasiri a 80% na lokuta. The karami adadi ba gauze bandeji na hudu yadudduka, amma ta amfani da duk yana nufin a hannunka kariya. Kamar yadda amfani capes m rainwear, a cikin matsanancin, da polyethylene fim.

A ƙarshe ya kamata a ambata cewa radiation yanki ba rage samu, hadarin kamuwa da cuta ne mutum da aka rage girmanta ta amfani da mutum wajen kariya da kuma sarrafa radiation kashi samu ta hanyar dosimeters.