Potassium fasali. potassium tsarin. mahadi potassium

Wannan labarin, za a ba da wani bayanin potassium cikin sharuddan kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. A farko daga cikin wadannan kimiyyar nazarin inji Properties na kayan da waje. A na biyu - da hulda da juna - wannan sunadarai. Potassium - a kan asusun na goma sha tara kashi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. A nasa ne da Alkali karafa. Wannan labarin za a yi la'akari da E da dabara potassium, kuma ta hali tare da wasu abubuwa, da sauransu. D. Shi ne daya daga cikin mafi m karafa. A kimiyya da cewa hulda da nazarin wannan kuma sauran abubuwa - sunadarai. Grade 8 hada da nazarin inorganic abubuwa da dũkiyõyinsu. Saboda haka, wannan labarin zai zama da amfani ga dalibai. Don haka bari mu fara.

potassium siffofin daga ra'ayinsa na kimiyyar lissafi

Wannan shi ne mai sauki abu, wanda a karkashin al'ada yanayi ne a cikin m jihar. Narkewa batu sittin uku digiri Celsius. Tafasasshen wannan aiki karfe lokacin da zafin jiki da kai da ɗari bakwai da sittin da daya digiri Celsius. A batun kwayoyin halitta na da silvery-farin launi. Yana yana da wani ƙarfe luster. potassium yawa ne da tamanin da shida hundredths grams da cubic santimita. Wannan ne mai matukar hur karfe. potassium dabara ne mai sauqi qwarai - shi ba ya samar da kwayoyin. Wannan abu ya kunshi kwayoyin halitta wadda aka shirya kusa da juna da kuma suna da wani crystal raga. Potassium atomic taro daidai talatin da tara grams da mole. Its taurin ne sosai low - shi za a iya sauƙi yanka da wuka, kamar cuku.

Potassium da kuma sunadarai

Don fara da, da potassium - sinadari cewa yana da matukar high sinadaran aiki. Ko adana shi a waje ne ba zai yiwu ba, kamar yadda ya nan da nan ya fara amsa tare da kewaye abubuwa. Potassium - sinadari cewa nasa ne na farko da kungiyar ta huɗu kuma lokaci na lokaci-lokaci tebur. Yana da dukan da kaddarorin wadda ne halayyar karafa.

Hulda da sauki abubuwa

Wadannan sun hada da oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, halogens (aidin, sunadarin flourine, chlorine, bromine). Domin, la'akari da potassium hulda da kowane daga cikinsu. Hulda da oxygen aka kira hadawan abu da iskar shaka. A wannan sinadaran dauki jan Oxygen da kuma potassium a matauni rabo daga sassa hudu da daya, sakamakon da samuwar na karfe oxide a wani adadin na sassa biyu. Wannan dauki za a iya bayyana ta da wadannan dauki lissafi: 4K + O2 = 2K2O. Lokacin da potassium konewa iya tsayar da wani haske Violet harshen wuta. Saboda haka, wannan dauki an dauki high quality for potassium shiba. Halayen da halogens suna suna, bisa ga sunayen da sinadaran abubuwa: shi ne iodized, fluorination, chlorination, bromination. Wadannan interactions za a iya ambata Bugu da kari dauki, tun sunadaran biyu daban-daban abubuwa ake hada a cikin daya. Wani misali na irin wannan tsari ne da dauki tsakanin chlorine da potassium, wanda a sakamakon na karfe chloride kafa. Domin dauke da fitar da wannan dauki dole dauki wadannan biyu aka gyara - biyu moles na farko da daya na biyu. A sakamakon haka ne biyu moles na wani potassium fili. Wannan dauki aka bayyana ta wannan lissafi: 2k + = SІ2 2KSІ. Tun da nitrogen iya ba potassium mahadi a lokacin konewa a bude iska. A lokacin wannan dauki jan da karafa da kuma nitrogen a matauni rabo daga daya zuwa shida sassa, a sakamakon wannan hulda, a nitride potassium a cikin wani adadin kashi biyu. Wannan za a iya nuna by da wadannan lissafi: 6K + N2 = 2K3N. Wannan fili shi ne wani crystal-kore baki. Tare da la'akari da phosphorus karfe ne ya mayar da martani bisa ga wannan manufa. Idan muka dauki uku moles na potassium da mole na phosphorus da mole samu phosphide. Wannan sunadarai dauki za a iya rubuta a cikin nau'i na dauki lissafi: P = 3K + K3R. Bugu da kari, potassium iya maida martani tare da hydrogen, game da shi, kafa hydride. A irin wannan lissafi za a iya ba kamar yadda misalai: 2k + H2 = 2 kN. Duk da hada guda biyu dauki kawai ya auku a gaban high yanayin zafi.

Hulda da hadaddun abubuwa

Halaye na potassium cikin sharuddan sunadarai da ya shafi shawara na topic. By kalubalantar abubuwa wanda zai iya amsa tare da potassium ne ruwa, acid, salts, oxides. Tare da dukkan su dauke da karfe reacts daban.

Potassium da ruwa

Wannan sinadari reacts violently tare da shi. Wannan Forms hydroxide da hydrogen. Idan muka dauki biyu moles na potassium da ruwa, sa'an nan muka samu wannan adadin na potassium hydroxide da daya mole na hydrogen. Wannan sunadarai dauki za a iya bayyana ta da wadannan lissafi: 2H2O = 2k + 2KOH = H2.

Halayen da acid

Tun da potassium - wani aiki karfe, shi ne sauƙin displaces sunadaran hydrogen daga mahadi. An misali zai zama da dauki wanda faruwa tsakanin abu a karkashin shawara da kuma hydrochloric acid. Domin da aiwatar dole dauki biyu moles na potassium, da kuma acid a cikin wannan adadin. A sakamakon haka ne potassium chloride - biyu moles na hydrogen da - daya mol. Wannan tsari iya rubuta a cikin irin wannan lissafi: 2k + 2NSІ 2KSІ = + H2.

Kuma potassium oxides

Daga wannan rukuni na inorganic mahadi na karafa kawai amsa tare da gwaji dumama. Idan da karfe zarra da ke cikin oxide m Bugu da kari, muna magana ne game da a wannan labarin, akwai, a gaskiya, da musayar dauki. Alal misali, idan muka dauki biyu moles na potassium da mole na Cuprum oxide a sakamakon su interactions za a iya shirya ta daya mole na dauke da sinadaran kashi oxide da tsarki cuprum. Wannan za a iya nuna a cikin irin wannan lissafi: 2k + CuO = K2O + Cu. Wannan shi ne inda nuna wani karfi rage Properties na potassium.

Hulda da kwasfansu

Potassium da yake iya maida martani tare da karfe hydroxides, wanda aka located zuwa dama na shi a cikin electrochemical jerin aiki. A wannan yanayin ma bayyana ta rage Properties. Alal misali, idan muka dauki biyu moles na potassium da mole na barium hydroxide, sakamakon canzawa dauki mun samu abubuwa kamar potassium hydroxide a wani adadin na biyu ɓeraye da tsarki barium (mole) - shi precipitates. Wakilta da sinadaran hulda za a iya tsara da wadannan lissafi: 2k + Ba (OH) = 2 2KOH + Ba.

Halayen da salts

A wannan yanayin, potassium, har yanzu bayyana da kaddarorin a matsayin karfi rage wakili. Maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ne chemically mafi m abubuwa, shi damar zuwa samu wani m karfe. Alal misali, a lokacin da kara zuwa aluminum chloride a wani adadin na biyu moles na uku moles na potassium, a sakamakon wannan dauki samu uku moles na potassium chloride da biyu moles na aluminum. Don bayyana wannan tsari da lissafi kamar haka: 3K + + 2AІSІ3 = 3KSІ2 2AІ.

Reaction da fats

Idan ƙara potassium zuwa wani Organic abu na kungiyar, shi ma kau da daya daga hydrogen atoms. Alal misali, ta hanyar hadawa da karfe tare da batu stearin potassium stearate da kuma kafa hydrogen. A sakamakon abu da aka yi amfani da samar da ruwa da sabulu. A wannan halayyar potassium da interactions da sauran abubuwa kare.

A amfani da potassium mahadi da kuma

Kamar dukan karafa dauke a cikin wannan takarda ake bukata domin da yawa tafiyar matakai a cikin masana'antu. Babban amfani da potassium yakan faru a cikin sinadaran masana'antu. Saboda ta high reactivity, da Alkali karfe da kuma furta reductive Properties, shi ne amfani da wata reagent for yawa interactions da kuma samar da daban-daban abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, da abun ciki na potassium gami ana amfani da coolants a nukiliya nukiliya. Kuma dauke a cikin wannan labarin, da karfe sami aikace a lantarki da aikin injiniya. Bugu da kari to duk na sama, shi ne daya daga cikin babban aka gyara daga takin ga shuke-shuke. Bugu da kari, ta mahadi aka yi amfani da fadi da dama na masana'antu. Saboda haka, a cikin hakar zinariya potassium cyanide da ake amfani, abin da hidima a matsayin reagent domin dawo da muhimmanci da karafa daga ores. A yi na gilashi amfani da potassium carbonate. Phosphates dauke da sinadaran abubuwa ne aka gyara daga dukan nau'i na tsaftacewa jamiái da powders. A ashana a ba da karfe chlorate ne ba. A yi fina-finan amfani ga tsohon kyamara bromide na kashi. Kamar yadda ka riga sani, shi ne zai yiwu a samu ta hanyar bromination na potassium a high zafin jiki yanayin. A magani amfani da chloride na sinadari. A sabulu yin - stearate da sauran Kalam daga fats.

Shiri na karfe

Yau potassium mined a dakunan gwaje-gwaje a cikin manyan hanyoyi biyu. Origin - tanadi da shi daga sodium hydroxide, wanda shi ne mafi chemically aiki fiye da potassium. A na biyu - da samun da shi daga chloride, kuma via da sodium. Idan kara zuwa daya mole na potassium hydroxide kamar yadda sodium da aka kafa a daya mole na sodium hydroxide kuma tsarki potassium. A lissafi na dauki ne kamar haka: Koh + Na = NaOH + C. Domin dauki na na biyu da irin da za a gauraye na karfe chloride da sodium a daidai matauni rabbai. A sakamakon haka, irin kayan da ake kafa kamar yadda kitchen gishiri da potassium a cikin wannan rabo. Don bayyana wannan sinadaran hulda ne yiwu via wannan dauki lissafi: KSІ + Na = NaCl + K.

A tsarin da potassium

Atom na sinadari, kazalika da dukan sauran mutane, ta ƙunshi wani core wanda ya ƙunshi protons da neutrons da electrons, wanda juya a kusa da shi. Yawan electrons ne ko da yaushe daidai da adadin protons da suke ciki da tsakiya. Idan wani electron sako-sako da ko shiga zuwa zarra, to, shi ceases ya zama tsaka tsaki da kuma aka tuba a cikin wani ion. Su na iri biyu: da cations da anions. Farko da wani m cajin, da kuma na biyu - ba. Idan shiga zuwa zarra da electron, shi ne tuba zuwa cikin wani anion, kuma idan wani daga cikin electrons bar ta sarari guda a tsaka tsaki zarra zama cation. Tun da potassium ordinal yawan tebur bisa ga Mendeleev, mutum goma sha tara, da protons a cikin nucleus din da sinadari ne guda. Saboda haka, muna iya cewa electrons a kusa da tsakiya zubar goma sha tara. Yawan protons, gwargwadon dauke a cikin tsarin za a iya ƙaddara da subtracting daga atomic taro ordinal yawan sinadaran kashi. Saboda haka za mu iya cewa akwai ashirin da protons a cikin nucleus din potassium. Kamar yadda gani a wannan labarin, da karfe nasa ne na huɗu lokaci, shi yana da hudu falakinsu, a cikin abin da electrons, wanda suke ko da yaushe a tashin ana shirya gaba ɗaya. potassium makirci ne kamar haka: na farko madawwama biyu yana da biyu electron, na biyu - takwas. kazalika da uku, a karshe, na huɗu, da kewayewa rotates daya kawai electron. Wannan bayyana babban matakin da sunadarai aiki daga karfe - ta karshe kewayewa ne ba gaba daya cika, don haka ya yi jihãdi, to connect da wani sauran kwayoyin halitta, haddasa su electrons da da falakinsu zama na kowa.

Ina zan iya samun wannan kashi a cikin yanayi?

Tun yana da wani musamman high sinadaran aiki a duniya da ya taba samu a cikin m jihar. Yana iya kawai a gani a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani iri-iri na mahadi. Mass sulusi da murabba'i na potassium a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi ne 2.4 bisa dari. Mafi na kowa ma'adanai, wanda sun hada da potassium, - shi Salvini da carnallite. A farko yana da wadannan sinadaran dabara: NaCl • KCl. Yana yana da bambance-bambance da launuka da aka hada da wani jam'i na lu'ulu'u ne na dabam dabam. Dangane da rabo daga potassium chloride, da sodium, kazalika gaban impurities, shi iya ƙunsar ja, blue, ruwan hoda, orange aka gyara. Na biyu ma'adinai - carnallite - kama wani m, kodadde blue, kodadde ruwan hoda ko kodadde-yellow lu'ulu'u. Its sinadaran dabara ne kamar haka: KCl • MgCl2 • 6H2O. Yana da wani crystalline hydrate.

Aikin na potassium a cikin jiki, rashin bayyanar cututtuka da kuma wuce haddi da

Ya, tare da sodium goyon bayan ruwa-gishiri ma'auni na Kwayoyin. Har ila yau, da hannu a cikin riwayar jijiya turu tsakanin membranes. Bugu da kari, shi shirya acid-alkaline balance a cikin cell da dukan kwayoyin a matsayin dukan. Yana taka rawa a cikin metabolism, ya hana abin da ya faru na edema, wani ɓangare na cytoplasm - kamar hamsin bisa dari na ta - gishiri da karfe. Babban alamomi da cewa jiki rasa potassium da aka busa, abin da ya faru na cuta kamar hydrocephalus, irritability da disturbances a cikin juyayi tsarin, hanawa dauki da kuma memory hanawa. Bugu da kari, an kasa adadin da alama kashi adversely rinjayar da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da kuma murdede tsarin. Potassium kasawa ga wani sosai tsawon lokaci zai iya sa a zuciya ko bugun jini. Amma saboda wani wuce haddi na potassium a cikin jiki na iya ci gaba hanji ulcers. Don daidaita da iko don samun wata al'ada adadin potassium, shi wajibi ne su san a abin da kayayyakin da shi ya ƙunshi.

Abinci da wani babban abun ciki na alama kashi karkashin shawara

Da farko, yana da kwayoyi, kamar cashews, walnuts, hazelnuts, gujiya, almonds. Har ila yau, babban adadin ne a cikin dankali. Bugu da ari, potassium kunshe ne a cikin bushe da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar zabibi, bushe apricots, prunes. Rich a cikin wannan kashi, da kuma Pine kwayoyi. Har ila yau, high yawa lura a legumes: wake, Peas, lentils. Laminaria kuma arziki sinadaran data kashi. Har yanzu da sauran kayayyakin dauke da aiki kashi a babban adadin, suna kore shayi da koko. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a wani babban taro da shi ne da yawa a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar avocados, ayaba, lemo, lemu, grapefruits, apples. Mutane da yawa hatsi ne mai arziki a cikin alama kashi karkashin shawara. Wannan shi ne da farko sha'ir da alkama da buckwheat. A faski da kuma Brussels sprouts kuma da yawa potassium. Bugu da kari, shi da aka samu a karas da kankana. Albasa da tafarnuwa da wani babba yawan da dauke da sinadaran kashi. Qwai, madara da kuma cuku ma halin da babban abun ciki na potassium. Daily kullum na sinadari ga talakawan mutum ne daga uku zuwa biyar grams.

ƙarshe

Bayan karanta wannan labarin, shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa potassium ne musamman muhimmanci sinadari. Wajibi ne haduwa da yawa mahadi a cikin sinadaran masana'antu. Har ila yau, a yi amfani da wasu masana'antu. Har ila yau yana da muhimmanci sosai ga jikin mutum, don haka dole ne a kai a kai, kuma a cikin bukata adadin da ya yi da abinci.