Munich Yarjejeniyar a 1938 - mai cin amana, ko da wani kuskure? labarin

Kaka rana a gidan Adolf Hitler, Jamus Chancellor Führerbau taru rarrabe baƙi. A sakamakon haka ne ba sosai tsawon tattaunawar da aka da ake kira Munich Yarjejeniyar (1938). Cin Amanar ko kuskure - menene shi? Har yanzu, masana tarihi daga kasashe daban-daban suna jayayya a kan wannan batu, kazalika da siyasa wakilan da bukatun na jihar kimiyya ne daban-daban, kowane daga cikinsu nace. Yammacin malamai riba to mika shi zuwa wasu irin dubawa Daladier da Chamberlain. To, da dogara da suka kasance bayan duk gwargwado, kuma mayaudara Hitler cheated su. Amma abin da ya jawo hakan? Mene ne mafi kyau Munich Yarjejeniyar a 1938? Cin Amanar ko kuskure? Ko wani laifi?

A yammacin version na yakin duniya na biyu

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet, amma dai tuni a karshe shekaru ta zama ba, a cikin duniya na soja-tarihi adabi bayyana farko ambaci m events cewa gabãta Hitler ta kai hari. Haka kuma, a kan bango na bukatun don declassify cikakken rubutu na ba-ta'adi yarjejeniya hannu da Molotov da Ribbentrop a watan Agusta 1939, a fili da isasshen delineated manufar wadannan wallafe shi ne cewa su raba laifi tsakanin Nazi Jamus da Stalin ta Tarayyar Soviet ga barkewar yakin duniya na biyu. Ba da da ewa, da mayar da hankali da aka yi mutane dariya har ma da kara. Babban instigator kusan bayyane ayyana Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Hitler ta rawar da ya, wajen, wani barrantacce aka azabtar. Amma ga sauran kasashe mambobin kungiyar na yaki, tare da su shi ne kamar a sarari a wannan batun. Faransa na fama, ga mamaki na shiga cikin sallama Keitel, buga masu cin nasara. Birtaniya, kamar yadda da ya haɗa shi a shekarar 1944 America, suka aikata ayyukan yaki domin 'yanci da dimokuradiyya. Poland innocently fadi a karkashin mãsu alãma daga cikin Red Army da Wehrmacht, buga daga bangarorin biyu.

Wannan fassarar lũbũru, dating ga kwanan watan Agusta 23, 1939. Me ya sa yake da ita? Domin idan cikin hikima ƙetare kafin yarjejeniyar, version dubi proportionate, ma'ana da kuma bayyana a fili. Yana da aka Stalin ta Laifi. To, har yanzu, ba shakka, Hitler. Saboda haka, kawai dan kadan. A dukan jarrabawa fara dakushewa, idan muka tuna da abubuwan da suka faru na baya shekara, wato Munich Yarjejeniyar a 1938 Cin Amanar ko kuskure da shi shi ne, a cikin wannan yanayin ba kome. Muhimmanci ne kawai da facts.

bango da sabuwar dabara

The facts sun kamar haka: a cikin Sudetenland, kashi na Czechoslovakia, da Jamusawa da - uku da rabi mutane miliyan. Bayan su, akwai fiye da miliyan goma Czechs da wani iko da garu line na tsaro, juya zuwa Jamus. Kamar yadda na Czechoslovakia, kasar ya ci gaba da wannan masana'antu, musamman na ma'ajiyar makamai, da kuma aka dauke ta hanyoyi da yawa, ba kalla a Turai, ciki har da ikon da sojoji. Kuma a irin wannan yanayi ba sosai m Hitler ya yanke shawarar sanya da Sudetenland tare da dukan abin da yake cikinta. Kuma a sa'an nan ya shirya ya kama da kuma duk sauran na Czechoslovakia, duk da haka, shi ne game da shi bai gaya wa kowa, lokacin da ya sanya hannu a kan Yarjejeniyar Munich na 1938. Shi, a gaskiya, shi bai tambaye wani. Saboda haka shi duka juya fitar.

balance mulki

Jamus Chancellor amfani da dabara kira a cikin katin 'yan wasa Bluff. Ya kawai ya ce yana shirin yin amfani da soja da karfi, idan ya ba zai daina da Sudetenland lumana da kuma aikin. A gaskiya, da yiwuwar wannan a Nazi Jamus ba. A wannan lokacin, da Jamus janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a yuwuwar ya 37 rarrabu da 36 Czech, amma yammacin iyakar kasar da Reich a wannan yanayin, ya kasance mara kariya. Ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa wani cin nasara m a kan dukkan soja canons, da attacker bukatar a kalla a uku-Musulunci magabaci. A Sudeten kufaifan sun kawo cikas. Na yi wannan Neville Chamberlain? Ko Birtaniya m (wanda Birtaniya da kansu su ne sosai m girmama) da kyautar cin abinci?

Bugu da kari ga m lamba parity a Czechoslovakia a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1938 shi da wata fa'ida a cikin makamai. A kasar da aka gudanar ta manyan matsayi a kan fitarwa na tsaro articles, da kuma tankuna (daga baya kama da Jamusawa) lissafta ga wani gagarumin kashi na Jamus tank sojojin a watan Yuni 1941.

tsaida shawara

Amurka wadda ta rattaba hannu a cikin Munich Yarjejeniyar, kasa isa wani jayayya. Daga Jamus - Adolf Hitler, daga Italiya - Benito Mussolini. Wannan shi ne daya gefen. Yau mun san cewa a cikin marigayi thirties, sun kasance a wadannan kasashe farkisanci gwamnatocin. Sa'an nan, a cikin shekara ta 1938, shi ma ya ba da asiri. Kuma a kan sauran, wakiltar Democratic Forces? Daga London ya zo Neville Chamberlain, da kuma daga Paris - Edouard Daladier. Duk abin! Soviet wakilan ba a tambayi, amma wannan ba abin mamaki bane. M wani - aka ba gayyace, kuma ma Czechoslovak shugaba Edvard Benes. Lalle ne, alhãli kuwa bai kasance a nan tare da ni?

Poland ta wuri

Lalle, yakin duniya na biyu - mafi ban tausayi page a cikin tarihi na Poland. Duk da haka, a shekara kafin ya fall karkashin mãsu alãma daga cikin Wehrmacht wannan kasa zauna shi ba damu game da karfafa ta kan iyakokinsu - ta ko da gudanar da fadada su! Nan da nan bayan zama na Sudetenland Jamus, Dogayen sanda sa a gaba wani ultimatum zuwa Prague, da ma'anar wanda a general maimaita Munich Yarjejeniyar. A takaice za a iya tsara a matsayin da ake bukata don saki Cieszyn yankin. Jira wani amsar da aka ba a koma da sojoji zuwa yankin, a cikin abin da mutum ɗari biyu da tamanin da dubu mazaunan sun kabilanci Dogayen sanda. Daga baya, Churchill zai kira wadannan ayyuka "zari hyenas."

Wa "appeasing" Hitler

Jigon da Munich Yarjejeniyar ne mai sauki: Burtaniya da Faransa da aka zamar masa dole ya Czechoslovakia yin yankin asasshe ya kwantad da hankali Hitler. Chamberlain, ya yada zango a London, ta girgiza da hannu daftarin aiki kuma ya yi alkawarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya. Kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda ya kasance m, abin dogara bil'adama ba zai zama da aka sani, amma hasashe game da wannan zai yiwu. Gaskiyar cewa duniya motsi vector militarist proclivities Jamus da aka aiko zuwa Gabas, kuma shi ne kullum gamsu da yammacin yan siyasa. Fatan cewa ƙanshi na riba, da Nazi shugaban to kwantar da hankali, zai zama ma butulci, har ma ga Chamberlain da kuma Daladier. Yaren mutanen Poland pranks bai bani kunya da shugaban kasar Faransa da firayin ministan kasar Birtaniya, da kuma Hitler bai dora muhimmanci kan su, da sanin cewa a cikin wani hali zai samu ba kawai Těšín yankin. Amma Benito Mussolini, ya zo a Munich kawai "da sauran goyon baya".

sakamakon

Jamus ta cimma manufarta. Jamus samu cikin high-tech masana'antu da kayan aiki da kuma kwararru, albarkatun kasa tushe, an bude iyakar, bã tãre da tsada fortifications, da kuma babban yawan shirye-sanya tsaro kayayyakin - daga bindigogi (miliyoyin) da tankuna, ba mafi zamani, ba shakka, amma kuma a cikin Wehrmacht lokacin da suke da ba kyau.

mamaye m jin zuciya a Poland. A masana'antu yuwuwar na kasar (yafi metallurgical) lokaci guda ya karu da kusan rabin, kuma wannan ya samu ba tare da wani hasãra.

Czechoslovakia rasa mai yawa. Kuma a yanzu, shi ne ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa Benes yi girman nuna alheri kuma bai ba da domin kare kansu. Amma akwai wani, kuma shi bai kasance kõme ba. Hitler da kaina yaba da Sudeten karfafa, su gane cewa da kai hari zai zama wani caca. Field Marshal Keitel a kan fitina a Nuremberg, da'awar cewa Wehrmacht wuya lashe Czechoslovak sojojin a shekara ta 1938 a halin yanzu halin da ake ciki sa'an nan. Kuma idan ta shãmakace a cikin al'amarin zuwa uku kasashen (France, Birtaniya, Tarayyar Soviet), da yaki zai kawo karshen sauri kayar Jamus. Amma duk wannan bai faru ba ...

Ma'anar yau jan

Saboda haka abin da ya Munich Yarjejeniyar a 1938? "Cin Amanar, ko kuskure?" - wannan tambaya ba haka ba ne mai muhimmanci a yanzu, bayan kusan bakwai da suka gabata, idan ba don wasu daga cikin doka al'amurran. Bayan da yaki, kasa da kasa yarjejeniyarsu da aka kammala Hukumar ka'idodinta Turai da kuma duniya na'urorin. Duk da yake Tarayyar Soviet ya wanzu, ba wanda ya zo a cikin kansa da za a duba sakamakon na taro a Yalta da kuma Potsdam, amma bayan shekara ta 1991 akwai wani bakon doka rikici. Daya daga cikin yarjejeniyar, mahalarta kika aika fita, ya sa aka dauka ta hanyar mai zaman kanta Rasha, da kuma guji nuna ta wasu da'awar, watakila, mu "yammacin abokai" kasa. Ga sa'an nan na tuna game da sirrin Annexes 1939 shekara da kuma sauran insidiousness Iosifa Stalina. Amma game da 1938 Munich manta. Zai yiwu absentmindedly ...