Danjuma Edmund: Biography, siyasa da kuma na ado ra'ayoyi

Turanci orator, dattaku da kuma siyasa zurfin tunani Burke Edmund aka haife kan Janairu 12, 1729 a Dublin. Mahaifinsa wani lauya da kuma shari'a Protestant da Katolika mahaifiyarsa. Edmund yanke shawarar danganta rayukansu tare da fikihu. A 1750 ya koma London da kuma shiga cikin makaranta barristers (lauyoyi).

A farkon da wallafe-wallafen aiki

A tsawon lokaci, Burke rasa sha'awa a cikin sana'a. Bugu da kari, ya bai kõma ba, to Dublin. Ireland ba su son saurayi wa lardin. Rage a London, ya sadaukar da kansa ga wallafe-wallafe.

A farko muqala "A tsaron na Halitta Society" ya bayyana a cikin 1756. Wannan aiki ne mai parody na aikin na kwanan nan matacce Birtaniya siyasa Falsafa Henry Bolingbroke kuma shige shi da muqala. A farko littafin cewa rubuta Berk Edmund, kusan ba a sani ba zũriyarmu, kuma ba wakiltar wani abu mai ban sha'awa. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen sun muhimmanci ga m girma da marubucin.

fitarwa

A farko da manyan aiki na Burke ya "da ilimin falsafa da bincike a cikin asalin mu ideas na wani high da kyau." Bayan da littafin da wannan aikin a 1757 a kan marubucin biya da hankali ga mafi mashawarta Thinkers na zamanin: Lessing, Kant da Diderot. Berk Edmund samu wani kafa suna tsakanin marubuta. Bugu da kari, bincike ya yarda da shi don fara nasa harkar siyasa.

"Register Annual" Wani babbar nasarar da marubuci a wadannan shekaru ya mujallar. Berk Edmund bauta masa kamar yadda shugaban edita da kuma m ya Robert Dodsli. A 1758-1765 gg. Irishman rubuta a cikin wannan edition da yawa articles wanda sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na m gado ne. Musamman mai yawa a cikin "Register Annual," Burke buga kayan a kan tarihi. Duk da haka, bai taba yarda cewa ya aiki a cikin mujallar, da kuma aka buga articles a asirce.

harkar siyasa

A 1759, Burke shiga yakin sabis. A lokacin, ya kusan watsi da wallafe-wallafen aiki, kamar yadda kusan bai kawo kudi. A cikin shekaru biyu kafin Bork Edmund aure Jane Nugent. The biyu da 'ya'ya biyu. A batun kudi ya zama m kamar yadda abada. A sakamakon haka, Burke ya zama mai zaman kansa sakataren William Hamilton jami'in diflomasiyyar. Aiki tare da shi, da marubuci ya sami gagarumin siyasa kwarewa.

A 1765, Burke ya yi faɗa da Hamilton, kuma ya kasance m. Dublin, Ireland, da shekaru ciyar a London kamar yadda wani marubuci, aikin Sakataren - duk wannan a baya. Yanzu ya zama dole don fara daga karce. The matsaloli ba tsoron bambamce publicist bar ba tare da samun kudin shiga. Riga a karshen shekara ta ya ya a cikin House of Commons, zabe ta District Wendover.

Member na majalisar

Babban majiɓinci, na Burke ta majalisar ya zama Marquis na Rockingham, a cikin 1765-1766 biennium. Ya rike mukamin firaministan kasar. Lokacin da ya yi ritaya, kuma ya kasance shugaban sabuwar gwamnatin 'yan adawa, shi ne ya protege, wanda ya yi ritaya daga Hamilton zama babban Kakaki, na wani m siyasa a cikin mafi girman gwamnatin da'irori. A majalisar nan da nan kusantar da hankali ga wani rare da kuma hazaka orator, Edmund Burke. Littafi marubuci zarar rufe da jama'a magana.

Member of House of Commons da cin hanci balaga. A majalisar ta amfani da tsohon rubuce-rubuce basira. Burke kansa ya kintsa yawa rahotanni da kalamai kafin lyãyengiji. Ya ya iya magana take da sararin yawa na bayanai da kuma aiki tare da disparate facts. A zurfin tunani ya Member na majalisar domin kusan shekaru 28, da kuma duk wadannan shekaru ya zauna a rare kuma nemi-bayan magana da suka saurari tare da bated numfashi.

pamphleteer

Burke rubuta ba kawai falsafa littattafai. Ya alkalami ne wasu 'yan takardu da aka rubuta musamman don Whig jam'iyyar. Saboda haka, "Ka yi tunani game da dalilin wannan rashin biyan bukata" da aka buga a 1770. A wannan daftarin aiki, marubucin ya ba da definition na jam'iyyar a matsayin wani kayan aiki na siyasa da kuma kawo dalilai a cikin ni'imar da kariya ta gwamnatin jihar. Ƙasida sa m. Burke tone sarki kusata, m da matsayinsu a wani iri-iri da al'amura.

A 1774, an zabe Burke ga House of Commons daga Bristol - sa'an nan na biyu birnin muhimmancin a Ingila. A majalisar fara kare bukatun da siyasa a can, 'yan kasuwa da kuma industrialists. A hutu tare da bristoltsami faru bayan da marubuci ya fara da yin umurni ga manufar sulhu tare da Dan Ailan Katolika.

American batun

A 1770 Burke ya rubuta mai yawa game da Amirka. M mulkin mallaka sai ya keɓe ma jama'a da jawabai a majalisar. Duk da yake wannan tambaya damu duk Britons. A 1774 an tsĩrar da shi da aka buga "A haraji a Amirka", a 1775 - "Sulhu tare da mazauna."

Burke ya dube matsalar daga ra'ayi na conservatism da pragmatism. Ya za a kowace hanya yiwu wajen adana wani mallaka a Burtaniya Empire. Saboda haka, ya kasance mai taimako ga manufar jayayya. A MP yi imani da cewa domin ya sami wani yare gama-gari tare da Amirkawa, dole ne mu binciki ta ciki rayuwa, da kuma kawai a kan tushen wannan ilmi ga gina da wuri. Burke kawo shawara don rage haraji a kan cinikayya da Amirka, tun kawai da wannan shiri zai adana akalla wasu samun kudin shiga, alhãli kuwa in ba haka ba da UK za kawai rasa su mazauna. A majalisar yana da matukar kananan kungiyar Iyayengiji, protruding daga matsayin su daya da na Burke. A tarihin dangantakar dake tsakanin hedkwatarsu da mazauna nuna cewa shi ne daidai.

Burke da Faransa juyin juya halin

A 1789 fara Faransa juyin juya halin. A ta mataki na farko, mafi yawan mutane a Birtaniya goyi bayan discontented Bourbons. Abubuwan da suka faru a Paris bi a hankali da Edmund Burke. "Tunani a kan juyin juya halin a kasar Faransa" - littafinsa, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1790 da kuma nuna ra'ayi na mai zurfin tunani a kan halin da ake ciki a kasar. The 400-page ƙasida, marubucin aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki cikin ka'idojin da dokokin na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin kasashen kasar. Burke ya rubuta littafin farko don takwarorin. Tare da shi, ya fatan ya gargaɗi Britons Solidarity tare da juyin juya halin Musulunci talakawa a Faransa. A "Tunani" ne mafi fili nuna a cikin aikin na Burke ta conservatism, ya akida.

A marubuci yi imani da cewa juyin juya halin shi ne m saboda ta kan-daure da ka'idar. M a Faransa magana game da m yancin, fifita su gargajiya da-kafa hukumomin gwamnati. Burke ya ba kadai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Ya yi imani a cikin gargajiya ideas na Aristotle da Kirista masana tauhidi, imani da cewa su gina wani manufa al'umma. A "Tunani" siyasa soki ka'idar da haske da cewa yin amfani da dalilin wani mutum zai iya shiga duk asirai na zama. A ideologists na Faransa juyin juya halin kasance a gare shi bai gogu da duniya statesmen da suke iya kawai yayata a kan jama'a sha'awa.

Darajar "Tunani"

"Tunani a kan juyin juya halin a kasar Faransa" ya zama mafi muhimmanci samfurin na Burke matsayin siyasa zurfin tunani. Nan da nan bayan buga littafin ne batun m jama'a tattaunawa. Ta yaba, ya soki, amma ba wanda zai iya zama sha'aninsu dabam to abin da aka rubuta. Previous falsafa littattafai Burke ya kuma kasance m, amma shi ya kasance wani karamin littafi game da juyin juya halin da aka a cikin mafi m jijiya na Turai. Dukan mazaunan Tsohon World fahimci cewa wani sabon zamanin a cikin abin da} ungiyoyin jama'a, tare da taimakon da juyin juya halin iya canza m iko. By wannan sabon abu hali diametrically tsayayya, wanda aka nuna a cikin ayyukan marubuta.

A littafin ɗauke da wani hango bala'i. A juyin juya halin ya yi da gubar da bashi rikicin da yawa Napoleonic wars a Turai. A ƙasida ya kuma zama mai model na rinjãye na harshen Turanci wallafe-wallafe. Writers kamar Metyu Arnold, Lesli Stiven da Uilyam Hezlit, baki daya dauke Burke yarda da juna, master of litattafan, da kuma "Tunani" - mafi muhimmanci nuni da ya talanti.

'yan shekarun nan

Bayan da littafin da "Tunani" Burke ta rayuwa derailed. Saboda bambancin manufofi tare da abokan aikinsa, sai aka ware a cikin Whig jam'iyyar. A 1794, da siyasa ya yi murabus, kuma a 'yan watanni da mutuwar dansa Richard. Burke dami events a Ireland, inda tushen kasa motsi girma.

A halin yanzu, kasar Britaniya ya tafi yaki tare da juyin juya halin Musulunci Faransa. Bayan yakin neman zabe da aka jinkirta a London mulki m yanayi. The gwamnatin son yin jayayya da darektan. Burke ko da yake ya kasance ba siyasa da kuma ba shi da ikon, ya ci gaba da magana a fili ko a rubuta. Ya kasance mai taimako ga yaki da m karshen, kuma suka saɓa wa wani zaman lafiya sun yunkuri. A 1795, marubucin ya fara aiki a kan jerin "Haruffa a kan wani Regicide duniya." biyu daga cikinsu an rubuta. Uku Burke basu da lokaci zuwa gama. Ya mutu a kan Yuli 9, 1797.