Mongol ci. Zolotaya Orda. Mongolian mamayewa zuwa Rasha

A karni na XIII, Mongols sun gina daular da ta fi kusa da yankin a tarihin 'yan adam. Ya fito ne daga Rasha zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asia da Korea daga gabas ta tsakiya. Hordes of nomads hallaka daruruwan birane, halakar da dama jihohin. A sosai sunan kafa na Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan ya zama wata alama ce da dukan da tsakiyar zamanai.

Jin

Mongolin farko na Mongol ya shafi kasar Sin. Gwamnatin Celestial ba ta sauke kai tsaye ba. A cikin yaƙe-yaren Mongol-kasar Sin, al'ada ne don rarrabe abubuwa uku. Na farko shi ne mamaye jihar Jin (1211-1234). Wannan kullin ne Genghis Khan kansa ya jagoranci. Sojojinsa sun ƙidaya mutum dubu ɗari. Kasashen da ke kusa da Uighurs da Karluks sun shiga cikin Mongols.

Na farko da za a kama birnin Fuzhou a arewacin Jin. Ba da nisa ba a cikin bazara na 1211 akwai babban yakin a kudancin Ekhulin. A wannan yakin, an hallaka manyan masu sana'a na Jin. Bayan da ya lashe nasara ta farko, sojojin Mongol sun ci nasara da Ginin Ganuwa - tsohuwar kariya, ta gina wa 'yan Hun. Wani lokaci a Sin, ya fara cinye garuruwan Sin. A lokacin hunturu, magoya bayan sun dawo zuwa ga takaddamar su, amma tun lokacin da aka dawo a kowace bazara don sababbin hare-haren.

A karkashin fashewar mutanen da suka fara shan wahala, Jihar Jin ta fara fada. A kan Jurchen, wanda ya mallaki wannan ƙasa, 'yan kabilar Sin da Khitan sun fara tawaye. Yawancin su sun goyi bayan Mongols, suna fatan za su taimaka wajen samun 'yancin kai. Wadannan lissafi sun kasance frivolous. Rushe jihar wasu ƙasashe, mai girma Genghis Khan ba zai yiwu ya kirkiro jihohin wasu ba. Alal misali, hanyar tsage daga Jino-Liao na tsawon shekaru ashirin. Mongols sunyi amfani da fasaha na dangi na wucin gadi. Yin hulɗa da su tare da abokan adawar su, sun kawar da wadannan "abokan."

A 1215, Mongols suka kama da kone wuta (sa'an nan kuma dauke da sunan Zhundu). Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, mutanen da suka fara aiki sunyi aiki da yadda aka yi amfani da hare-hare. Bayan mutuwar Genghis Khan, Khagan (babban khan) ya zama dansa Ogadei. Ya ci gaba da dabarun nasara. A karkashin Ugadei, Mongols sun hade da Jin zuwa daular su. A shekara ta 1234, mai mulkin Jihar Ai-zuong ya kashe kansa. Rashin mamaye Mongols ya rushe arewacin kasar Sin, amma hallaka Jin kawai shine farkon farkon watan Maris da ke cikin Eurasia.

Xi Xia

Yankin Xiang Xiang na Xiang Xiang ya zama kasar da ta biyo baya. Genghis Khan ya lashe wannan mulki a 1227. Xi Xia ya shahara a yankin yammacin Jin. Yana sarrafa wani ɓangare na hanyar siliki mai girma, wadda ta yi alkawarin wa'adin kaya ga dukiya. An yi matukar damuwa da tashin hankali, kuma ta rushe babban birnin Tanguts Zhongxing. Genghis Khan ya mutu, ya dawo gidansa daga wannan yakin. Yanzu magadansa sun gama aikin wanda ya kafa mulkin.

South Soong

Mongol na farko ya damu da damuwa game da jihohin da mutanen da ba na kasar Sin suka kafa a kasar Sin ba. Dukansu Jin da Xia Xia ba su da Dauda a cikin ma'anar kalmar. Jama'ar kasar Sin a karni na XIII sun mallaki kudancin kasar Sin kawai, inda Daular Kudu ta Kudu ta kasance. Yaƙin ya fara ne a 1235.

Shekaru da yawa Mongols sun kai hari kan kasar Sin, suna shawo kan kasar tare da ci gaba da raguwa. A shekara ta 1238, Song ya yi alkawarin ba da kyauta, bayan haka kuma ya kawo karshen hare hare. An kafa tayar da hankali ga shekaru 13. Tarihin Mongol Conquests ya san fiye da ɗaya irin wannan hali. Ma'aikata sun "sulhuntawa" tare da wata ƙasa domin su mayar da hankalin su kan cinye wasu makwabta.

A cikin 1251, sabon khan ya zama Munke. Ya fara yaki na biyu tare da Sun. A jagorancin yaƙin ya kasance dan uwan Khan Khubilai. Yaƙin yana da shekaru da yawa. Kotu na Sun ya sallama a 1276, kodayake gwagwarmaya na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban don 'yancin kai na kasar Sin ya ci gaba har zuwa 1279. Sai dai bayan haka, an kafa Mongol yoke a kan dukan mulkin daular Celestial. Back a 1271, Kublai Khan kafa daular Yuan. Ya mallaki China har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha huɗu, lokacin da aka rushe shi sakamakon sakamakon tashin hankali.

Korea da Burma

A kan iyakokinta na gabas, jihar da aka kirkiro a lokacin Mongol ta samu nasara, ya fara zama tare da Korea. Yaƙin yakin basasa ya fara a 1231. A cikin jimlar, mahaukaci shida sun biyo baya. A sakamakon sakamakon hare hare, Koriya ta fara ba da haraji ga jihar Yuan. Harshen Mongol a bakin teku ya ƙare a shekara ta 1350.

A wani gefen ƙarshen Asiya, magoya bayan sun kai iyakar mulkin mallaka a Burma. Harshen Mongoliya na farko a kasar nan ya koma cikin 1270s. Khubilai ya dakatar da yakin neman zabe a kan Pagan da yawa saboda rashin nasarorinsa a Vietnam. A kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Mongols sunyi gwagwarmaya ba kawai tare da mutanen gari ba, har ma da yanayin yanayi mai ban mamaki. Sojoji sun sha wahala daga cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, saboda abin da suke koma baya zuwa ƙasarsu. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1287 an ci nasara da Burma.

Kaddamar da Japan da Indiya

Ba duk yakin basasa ba, wanda 'ya'yan Genghis Khan suka fara, ya ƙare nasara. Sau biyu (ƙoƙarin farko shine a 1274, na biyu - a 1281), Khabilai yayi kokari don fara mamaye Japan. A saboda wannan dalili, kasar Sin ta gina manyan flotillas, waɗanda ba su da wata ma'ana a tsakiyar zamanai. Mongols ba su da kwarewar tafiya. Rundunar jakadancin ta sha wahala daga jirgi na Japan. A karo na biyu, mutane 100,000 suka shiga cikin tsibirin Kyushu, amma sun kasa nasara.

Wani ƙasar da Mongols ba ta cin nasara ba ya zama Indiya. 'Ya'yan Genghis Khan sun ji game da dukiyar wannan ƙasa mai ban mamaki kuma sun yi mafarki na cin nasara. A arewacin Indiya a wannan lokacin ya kasance na Delhi Sultanate. A karo na farko da Mongols suka mamaye ƙasar ta 1221. Ma'aikata sun lalata wasu larduna (Lahore, Multan, Peshawar), amma kafin cin nasara bai zo ba. A cikin 1235, sun hada da ikon Kashmir. A karshen karni na 13, Mongols sun kai hari kan Punjab har ma sun isa Delhi. Duk da ragowar gwagwarmaya, baza su iya samun kafa a Indiya ba.

The Caracathian Khanate

A 1218, 'yan kabilar Mongols, wadanda suka yi yaki kawai a kasar Sin, sun fara dawakansu zuwa yamma. A kan hanyar su ita ce Asiya ta Tsakiya. A nan, a yankin Kazakhstan ta zamani, akwai Karakitaian Khanate, wanda aka kafa ta Karakitais (kusa da Mongols da Khitan).

Dokar wannan mulkin ta mulki ne ta tsohon dan takara na Genghis Khan Kuchluk. Da yake shirya don gwagwarmaya da ita, Mongols ya janyo hankalin wasu mutanen Turkiyya na Semirechie a gefe. Wadanda suka samo asali sun sami goyon baya daga Karluk khan Arslan da mai mulkin Almalyk Buzar. Bugu da ƙari, Musulmai masu zaman kansu sun taimaka musu, wanda Mongols suka yarda su gudanar da ayyukan ibada (wanda Kuchluk bai yarda ba).

Yaƙin da ya yi kan Karakitean Khanate ya jagoranci daya daga cikin mummunar fushin Genghis Khan Jaba. Ya ci nasara duk gabashin Turkestan da Semirechye. An kashe, Kuchluk ya gudu zuwa tsaunukan Pamir. A nan aka kama shi kuma aka kashe shi.

Khorezm

Wani Mongol ci, a takaice, shi ne kawai mataki na farko a cikin ci daga dukan na Asiya ta tsakiya. Wani babban gari, ban da Karakitay Khanate, shi ne mulkin Musulunci na Khorezmshah, wanda al'ummar Iran da Turks suke zaune. A wannan yanayin, ku san cewa Polovtsian ne (Kypchak). A wasu kalmomin, Khorezm ya kasance mai rikitarwa a cikin kabilanci. Da yake cin nasara, Mongols sun yi amfani da fasaha na wannan babban iko.

Ko da Genghis Khan ya kafa dangantakar abokantaka mai kyau da Khorezm. A 1215 sai ya aika da 'yan kasuwa zuwa wannan kasa. Kasashen duniya da Khorezm sun bukaci Mongols don sauƙaƙe cin nasarar Karakite Khanate makwabta. Lokacin da aka rushe wannan jiha, shi ne lokacin da maƙwabcinsa yake.

An san sanannun nasara a Mongol a ko'ina cikin duniya, kuma a cikin Khorezm sun ji tsoro game da abokantakar da suke da ita tare da wadanda ake kira. An samo asali game da rushewar zumuncin da ke tsakanin mutanen da aka samu a cikin kwatsam. Gwamnan garin Otrar ya yi zargin cewa, 'yan kasuwa na Mongoliya ne na' yan leƙen asiri da kuma kashe su. Bayan wannan kisan kiyashi, yakin ya zama babu makawa.

Genghis Khan ya yi yaƙi da Khorezm a 1219. Da ƙarfafa muhimmancin tafiya, ya ɗauki dukan 'ya'yansa tare da shi. Ogadei da Chagatai sun tafi su kewaye Otrar. Juchi ya jagoranci rukuni na biyu, yana motsawa zuwa Jend da Sygnak. Ƙungiya ta uku da aka yi amfani da Khojent. Genghis Khan da kansa tare da dansa Toluy sun bi mafi girma megalopolis na tsakiyar zamanai zuwa Samarkand. Duk waɗannan birane aka kama da kuma ganima.

A Samarkand, inda mutane 400,000 ke zaune, daya daga cikin takwas ya kasance da rai. Otrar, Jend, Sygnak da sauran birane da dama na Asiya ta Tsakiya sun hallaka gaba daya (a yau kawai ana kiyaye tasoshin archa a wurin su). By 1223 Khorezm aka ci nasara. Harkokin Mongol sun rufe babban filin daga Sea Caspian zuwa Indus.

Bayan da ya ci nasara da Khorezm, mutanen sun gano hanyar da ta wuce zuwa yamma - a daya hannun zuwa Rasha, da kuma a daya - zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Lokacin da mulkin mallaka na Mongolian ya rabu da shi, wata ƙungiyar Hulaguids ta fito ne a tsakiyar Asiya, inda 'ya'yan jikokin Genghis Khan Khulagu ke mulki. Wannan mulki ya kasance har sai 1335.

Anatolia

Bayan cin nasarar Khorezm, 'yan makwabta na yammacin Mongols sun zama Seljuk Turks. Hãlãyensu, Sultanate na Rum, located a kan ƙasa na zamani Turkey a kan sashin na Malaya Aziya. Wannan yankin yana da wani sunan tarihi - Anatoliya. Bugu da ƙari, jihar Seljuk, akwai gwamnatocin Girka a can - raguwa da suka tashi bayan da 'Yan Salibiyyar suka kama Constantinople da fadar mulkin Byzantine a 1204.

Antoliya ta yi nasara da Mongolian ambaliyar Baigiu, wanda shi ne gwamnan a Iran. Ya yi kira ga Seljuk Sultan Kay-Khosrov II don ya gane kansa a matsayin wakilci. An ƙyale tayarwar tasa. A cikin 1241, saboda mayar da martani ga Bayzhu wanda ya mamaye Anatolia da sojojin tare da kusantar Erzurum. Bayan wani watanni biyu na siege, birnin ya fadi. An rushe ganuwar ta hanyar harbe-harbe daga wani rukuni, kuma an kashe mutane da dama ko kuma fashi.

Kay-Khosrov II, duk da haka, ba zai mika wuya ba. Ya karbi goyon baya daga jihohi na Helenanci (Trebizond da daular Nicaean), har ma da Georgian da Armenian shugabanni. A cikin 1243, rundunar sojojin kungiyar Mongoliya ta hadu da masu shiga tsakani a kudancin Kese-dag. Masu amfani da sunayen sunyi amfani da su. Mongols, suna yin watsi da tserewa, sun yi fasikanci kuma suka yi hambarar da abokan hamayyar. Sojojin Seljuks da abokansu sun ci nasara. Bayan wannan nasarar, Mongols sun ci Anatoliya. Bisa ga yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, rabin rabin Koni Sultanate an saka su a mulkin su, kuma ɗayan ya fara biyan haraji.

Gabas ta Tsakiya

A cikin 1256, jikan Genghis Khan Khulagu ya jagoranci Maris zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yaƙin yaƙin ya ci shekaru 4. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin gwagwarmaya masu yawa na sojojin Mongol. Na farko a karkashin jagorancin mataki na farko shi ne jihar Nizarites a Iran. Hulagu ta wuce Amu Darya kuma ta kama garuruwan musulmi a Kukhistan.

Bayan da ya ci nasara da Khizarites, Mongolian khan ya juya ya ga Baghdad, inda Khalifa Al Mustatim ya yi mulki. Masarautar karshe na daular Abbasid ba ta da isasshen ƙarfi don tsayayya da wannan lamarin, amma ya amince da kansa ya ƙi mika wuya ga baƙi a zaman lafiya. A cikin 1258, Mongols sun kewaye Baghdad. Masu fafutuka sun yi amfani da makamai masu makamai, sannan suka fara farmaki. Birnin yana kewaye da shi kuma an hana shi tallafin waje. Makonni biyu bayan haka, Baghdad ya fadi.

Babban birnin Khalidanci na Abbasid, lu'u-lu'u na duniyar musulunci, an rushe shi a kasa. Mongols ba su tsayar da wuraren tsabta na gine-gine ba, suka rushe makarantar, suka jefa littattafai masu mahimmanci a cikin Tigris. Baghdad ya kama shi a cikin taskar shan taba. Harinsa ya nuna ƙarshen zamanin Golden Age of Islam.

Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Bagadaza, yakin basasar Mongoliya ya fara a Palestine. A 1260, an gudanar da yakin Ain Jalut. Masar Mamluks ta cinye baki. Dalilin dalili na Mongols shi ne cewa, a cikin maraice na Hulagu, bayan da ya ji labarin mutuwar Mongke, ya koma Caucasus. A Palestine, ya bar kwamandan kwamandan Kitbugu tare da karamin sojoji, wanda Larabawa suka ci gaba da ita. Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddamar da Gabas ta Tsakiya Musulmi, jama'ar Mongols ba su iya ci gaba ba. Yankin ƙasarsu ya kafa a kan Mesofotamiya ta Tigris da Kogin Yufiretis.

Yaƙin Kalka

Marigayi na farko na Mongols zuwa Turai ya fara ne lokacin da masu kira, mai neman shugaban Kwalazm na gudu, ya kai ga 'yan wasan Polovtsian. A lokaci guda Genghis Khan kansa ya yi magana game da bukatar bugun Kipchaks. A shekara ta 1220 sojojin dakarun suka zo Transcaucasia, daga inda suka koma Old World. Sun lalata ƙasashen Lezghian a yankin Dagestan na zamani. Sa'an nan kuma Mongols sun hadu da Polovtsi da Alans.

Kipchaki, lokacin da yake ganin hatsarin baƙi wanda ba a taɓa shi ba, ya tura jakadan zuwa ƙasashen Rasha, yana neman shugabannin kasashen gabashin Slavonic don taimakon. Mstislav Tsohon (Grand Duke Kiev), Mstislav Udatny (Prince Galich), Daniil Romanovich (Prince of Volynsky), Mstislav Svyatoslavich (shugaban Chernigov) da wasu shugabannin iyayengiji sun amsa kiran.

Shekaru 1223 ne. Shugabannin sun yarda su dakatar da Mongols a cikin shirin Polovtsian har ma kafin su iya kaiwa Rasha hari. A lokacin tarurruka na tawagar 'yan tawaye zuwa Rurikovich, ofishin jakadancin Mongoliya ya isa. Hakan ya sa mutanen Russia ba su yin ceto ba saboda Polovtsians. Shugabannin sun umarce su su kashe jakadun kuma su koma filin.

Ba da daɗewa ba a yankin yankin zamani na yankin Donetsk akwai mummunan gwagwarmaya a kan Kalka. 1223 ne shekara ta baƙin ciki ga dukan ƙasar Rasha. Hadin gwiwa tsakanin shugabannin da Polovtsians sun sha wahala. Sojoji masu rinjaye na Mongols sun rinjaye tawagar. Polovtsy, suna rawar jiki a karkashin harin, ya gudu, ya bar sojojin Rasha ba tare da goyon baya ba.

A cikin yakin, an kashe akalla 8 sarakuna, ciki har da Mstislav na Kiev da Mstislav na Chernigov. Tare da su masu daraja da yawa sun rasa rayukansu. Baƙin yaƙin ya yi yaƙi da Kalka. 1223 na iya zama mamaye mamaye na Mongols, amma bayan da aka samu nasara mai tsanani, sun yanke shawarar cewa ya fi kyau zuwa komawa matasan su. Shekaru da yawa a cikin rukunin Rasha na sabon mummunar horde bai ji wani abu ba.

Volga Bulgaria

Nan da nan kafin mutuwarsa, Genghis Khan ya raba mulkinsa a yankunan alhakin, kowannensu ya jagoranci ɗayan 'ya'yan ɗakin nasara. Ulus a cikin 'yan wasan Polovtsian ya tafi Juchi. Ya mutu ba tare da dadewa ba, kuma a cikin 1235, a kan yanke shawara na kurultai, ɗansa Baty ya fara shirya wani ƙaura zuwa Turai. Dan jinsin Genghis Khan ya tattara babbar runduna kuma ya tafi ya ci ƙasashen da ke da nisa ga Mongols.

Mutumin farko wanda aka kama shi ne sabon mamayewa ne na Volga Bulgaria. Wannan jiha a yankin Tatarstan na zamani na shekaru da dama ya shiga yakin basasa tare da Mongols. Duk da haka, har ya zuwa yanzu, an riga an tsare steppe zuwa ƙananan fitarwa. Yanzu Batu yana da sojoji kusan mutane 120,000. Wannan rukuni na duniyar sun iya kama manyan birane Bulgaria: Bulgar, Bilyar, Dzhuketau da Suvar.

Kaddamar da Rasha

Bayan da ya ci nasara a Volga Bulgaria kuma ya yi nasara da abokansa Polovtsy, masu zanga-zanga sun ci gaba da hawan yamma. Ta haka ne ya fara tseren Mongol na Rasha. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1237, 'yan sandan sun samo asali ne a cikin yankin mulkin Ryazan. An kama babban birninsa kuma an hallaka shi da gangan. An gina Ryazan na zamani sau da yawa kilomita kilomita daga Tsohon Ryazan, inda kawai sulhu na zamani yana tsaye.

Advanced sojojin Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta da zarar mangolawa a yakin Kolomna. A yaƙin kashe daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Genghis Khan - Kyulhan. Ba da da ewa, a taro da aka kai hari da wani detachment na Ryazan gwarzo Evpatii Kolovrat, wanda ya zama wani real kasa gwarzo. Duk da m juriya, mangolawa fasa kowane sojojin da kuma kwashe dukan sabon birane.

A farkon 1238 fadi Moscow, Vladimir, Tver, Pereslavl-Zaleski, Torzhok. A karamin gari na Kozelsk kare haka dogon cewa Baty, raze da shi zuwa ga ƙasa, da sansanin soja lakabi da "mugun birnin". The Battle of Kogin City a raba kungiyar soja, ya umarce temnik Burunday halakar da united Rasha tawagar jagorancin Vladimir Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, wanda datse kansa.

Fiye da duk wani sauran Rasha birane Novgorod sa'a. Shan Torzhok taro bai yi kuskure ya tafi da nisan a cikin sanyi arewa da kuma gangarawa kudu. Saboda haka, Mongol mamayewa na Rasha da farin ciki kare key kasuwanci da kuma cibiyar al'adu na kasar. Gudun hijira zuwa kudancin steppes, Batu sanya wani kananan hutu. Ya ba ƙiba, da dawakai, da regrouped sojojin. The sojojin ya kasu kashi da yawa raka'a, don warware riqo na wuccin matsala a yaki da Polovtsy da Alans.

Tuni a 1239 mangolawa farmaki kudancin Rasha. A watan Oktoba fadi Chernigov. Bone ya yi mashi Glukhov, Putivl, Rylsk. A 1240, da makiyaya kewaye da dauki Kiev. Ba da da ewa, wannan rabo jiran Galich. Sallamar key Rasha birni, Baty yi Rurik ta aikin gandu. Haka abin ya fara a lokaci na Golden taro, wanda dade har zuwa XV karni. Babban makoma aka gane Vladimir sarauta. Its shugabanni samu mangolawa bayar da izni da gajerun hanyoyi. Wannan wulãkantãwa hanya aka katse kawai ta Yunƙurin na Moscow.

Turai yaƙin neman zaɓe

Yankunan da Mongolian mamayewa zuwa Rasha ya ba zama na karshe daya ga Turai yaƙin neman zaɓe. Ci gaba wajen yamma, da makiyaya suka zo kan iyakar Hungary da kuma Poland. Wasu Rasha sarakuna (as Mihail Chernigovsky) suka gudu zuwa cikin mulkin, tambaya ga taimako daga Katolika kowace jiha.

A 1241 mangolawa dauki da wawushe Yaren mutanen Poland birane Zawichost, Lublin, Sandomierz. Krakow karshe fall. Yaren mutanen Poland iyayengiji sun iya enlist taimakon da Jamus da kuma Katolika soja umarni. Hadin gwiwa da sojojin na wadannan sojojin suka ci a yakin Legnica. A yaƙin kashe Krakow Prince Henry II.

A karshe kasar sun sha wahala daga mangolawa, ya zama Hungary. Da ciwon da Carpathians da kuma Transylvania, da makiyaya lalatar Oradea Temeşvar Eyalet da Bistrita. Wani Mongolian sojojin paced da wuta da takobi na Wallachia. The uku sojojin kai Danube River da kuma kama da sansanin soja na Arad.

Duk wannan lokaci da Hungarian King Bela IV ya a kwaro, inda ya tattara dakaru. Na hadu da shi to ka aika sojojin karkashin jagorancin Batu. A watan Afrilu 1241 da runduna biyu suka gamu a yakin da River Schein. Bela IV aka ci. Sarki suka gudu zuwa kasar Austria da kuma mangolawa ci gaba da washe da Hungarian asashe. Batu ko da yunkurin haye Danube, kuma kai farmaki Mai Tsarki Roman Empire, amma yana yiwuwa watsi da wannan shiri.

Motsi yamma Mongolian mamaye Croatia (kuma na Hungary) da kuma halaka Zagreb. Su gaba raka'a kai gaba da Adriatic Sea. Wannan shi ne iyaka daga cikin Mongol bazuwa. Makiyaya bai gama Tsakiya Turai zuwa ikonsa, bayyana ta dogon fashi. Iyakoki na Golden taro ya fara wuce da Dniester.