"Mitochondrial Hauwa'u" da "kwayoyin Adam" - da magabatansu na 'yan adam

A karshen karni na 20th a kan aiwatar da nazarin tsarin na kayyade code , wani sabon reshe na kimiyya. Ta zama da aka sani kwayoyin binciken burbushin halittu. An gano cewa a cikin mutum genotype iya bayyana burbushi da juyin halitta na jinsin. Masana kimiyya sun koyi yadda za a dawo da data daga burbushin ragowar na zuwa Adam da suka rayu a zamanin da. A binciken muhimmanci canza mu fahimtar farkon matakai na cigaban dan Adam. Karshe qaddamar da sabon bincike. Sun gudanar da binciken shanyewa preexisting ideas game da hoto na juyin halitta da zaman lafiya a duniya.

Nazarin A. Wilson

California, Farfesa na Jami'ar Berkeley jãyayya da cewa magabatansu na 'yan adam ya sauko daga mace daya. Da zarar kan wani lokaci ta rayu a nahiyar Afirka. Ita da zũriyarta daga baya ya daidaita a kan sauran nahiyoyi. A sakamakon m watsa fito bambancin kwayoyin mutane. A rukunin jagorancin Wilson ta biyu da muhimman hakkokin Concepts a wadda ta gudanar da nazarin da aka tsara.

Babban ideas

Bisa ga sakamakon da kamanta bincike na cikin sunadaran an gano cewa, a cikin shakka daga juyin halittar kwayoyin a akai kudi ne wani jari na tsaka tsaki maye gurbi. Wannan shi ne na farko ra'ayin Wilson. A kudi a wadda canje-canje faruwa a genes saboda tsaka tsaki nufi maye gurbi, m, a lokaci. A wannan batun, shi za a iya amfani da irin juyin chronometer, da wanda ya nema da sallama na musamman reshe daga babban tushe. Wannan ne karo na biyu ra'ayin. A sakamakon haka, shi zo saukar zuwa wajen sauki da ilmin lissafi aiki inda a san gudu da kuma ƙarfin aiki sigogi zama dole domin ayyana motsi hanyar lokaci.

kamanta karatu

Su aka fara a shekarar 1987, ba makaman nukiliya, da kuma mitochondrial DNA da aka dauka domin binciken da Wilson. A karshen ne a kananan madauwari kwayoyin. Ya kunshi 16 dubu. BP. Sun samar da 37 genes. Wannan adadin, da ikon maye gurbi samu ba fiye da 2%. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiya da cewa mafi yawan kwayoyin halittu ne m. Nukiliya deoxyribonucleic acid hada 3.2 biliyan tushe nau'i-nau'i.

A halin yanzu, da kayyade factor da aka ba kawai da girman abin da yake mitochondrial DNA. Wilson ya kuma shiryar da wasu sharudda. A musamman, an gano cewa X-chromosome an gaji kawai mace line. A lokacin fe daga maniyyi da kwai a lokacin hadi maniyyi organelle halaka auku a cikin cytoplasm. A sakamakon haka, amfrayo da aka canjawa wuri zuwa X-chromosome kawai daga uwar. Wannan shã'aninku ya sa ya yiwu a waƙa da wani mutum magabata a cikin mace line.

Kawai sa, kowane mutum na'am da mitochondria daga uwa, yana - a kan nasu, kuma haka a. Haka kuma, yana yiwuwa ya gina layin, ta hanyar abin da za ka iya dubi mafi m baya. A mitochondrial DNA na tsaka tsaki maye gurbi tara a wani m kudi. Bugu da kari, shi ba ya recombine. Yana bi da cewa bambance-bambance a cikin nucleotide abun da ke ciki suna lalacewa ta hanyar maye gurbi kawai.

bishiyar iyali

Bayan kafa gaban dukan mazaunan duniya na chronometer, Wilson ya fara da bincike na mutum asalinsu. Domin nazarin 182 samfurori daban-daban na mtDNA daga 241 mutane da aka dauka. Wannan lambar hada da wakilai daga kowane tseren 42 kasashe. Hakika, matasa al'ummai ne mafi uniform a cikin kwayoyin ji, alhãli kuwa ga mazan hali na babban bakan da maye gurbi da suka tara a cikin shakka su zama. A yiwuwa cewa abin kwaikwaya yayi daidai da DNA daga alaqa mutane ne 10-15, da daidaito ganewa - 10-7. Kowane mazauni na duniya ya bambanta daga sauran nucleotide 1 a dubu.

Wilson ta kungiyar bincika D-madauki. Wannan musamman hypervariable DNA rabo, da tsawon 300 tushe nau'i-nau'i. Yana da wani tsaka tsaki zone. A wannan shafin abin da ke faruwa maye gurbi ba su kai ga pathologies kuma kada ku wani amfani ga masu wasu jerin. A sakamakon haka, Wilson gina wani bishiyar iyali. Yana nuna kasancewar mafi girma bambance-bambance na mitochondrial genes a Afirka. All samfurori karatu da aka rage zuwa guda asali nucleotide jerin.

Saboda haka, Wilson ya bayyana asalin mutane daga wata mace. Duk da haka, ya ba bayyana cewa, ta kasance a cikin wannan m lokaci, da daya kadai a duniya. Bisa ga sakamakon da ilmin lissafi tallan kayan kawa, an gano cewa tasiri yawan size ya ba kasa da dubu 10.

Binciken da sauran masana kimiyya

Bayan gano cewa mitochondrial Hauwa'u - guda guda uwar dukkan mutane rai a duniya, Wilson ya tafi a kan. Bayan da aka sani da gudun maye gurbi, ya ya iya kafa ta shekaru. Wilson samu cewa mitochondrial Hauwa'u rayu game 200-150 dubu. Lita. da suka wuce. Wannan mace ya girmi Nearnderthal.

Bayani a kan bincike na deoxyribonucleic acid da aka samu ta hanyar wasu masu bincike. Alal misali, Satoshi Horan nuna cewa zamani mutane sun kasance game da 200 da dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce a Afrika. Daga can, suka koma cikin Eurasia da kuma sauri tura daga Homo erectus. A wannan yanayin, a cakuda mitochondrial genotypes kusan bai faru ba. Bayan wani lokaci, Satoshi mawaka kokarin calibrate da "chronometer". A cewar wasu bayanai, yana da shekaru a yau ta mutum 143 da dubu. Years.

Wasu kuma sun gano cewa, mutum na farko ya bayyana a Afirka. A wannan yanayin, da masana kimiyya bincikar da makaman nukiliya da kwayoyin halittu. Sake ma su matsugunni, bisa ga bincike, akwai ba kafin dubu 100. Lita. da suka wuce. Birtaniya masana kimiyya karatu da gutsure na nukiliya gene, wanda shi ne alhakin da kira na B-globin. Wannan shafin an bincikar daga 349 mutane daga yankuna daban-daban na duniya. Bisa ga binciken ya gano cewa, asalin da mutane hade da ƙasa na Afirka. Similar karshe da aka kai da kuma wasu masana kimiyya.

Saboda haka, an gano Wilson ya ba wani impetus ga sauran karatu a daban-daban dakunan gwaje-gwaje na duniya. Dukan ayyukan, wanda aka za'ayi da m masana kimiyya ya nuna cewa da wuri inda akwai wani mitochondrial Hauwa'u, shi ne Gabashin Afrika.

Kwatanta da rabe-itãciya

An yi yunkurin don nazarin kwayoyin halittar jini da kuma yaduwa matakai harshen da aka sanya Kvalli-Sforza. A kwatanta nuna cewa itace da aka gina bisa sakamakon kayyade karatu, shi yayi dace da ilimin harsuna. Saboda haka, shi da aka saukar da hade da gene labarin kasa da kabilanci labarin kasa.

Mitochondrial Hauwa'u da Y-chromosome Adam

Lokacin da yake rayuwa, Wilson ya yi wani yunkurin gano uba line duk mutane da suka zauna duniya a yau. Kamar yadda na farko data analysis, an tabbatar da cewa, a Afrika akwai kuma mitochondrial Hauwa'u da kwayoyin Adam. A binciken da kafa wani yawan sha'awa facts.

Y-chromosome yana da girman da miliyan 60 nucleotide nau'i-nau'i. Ta ba recombine, sabili da haka da bambance-bambance a tsarin ne saboda mutagenesis. More cikakken nazarin da aka gudanar da Farfesa Underhallom. Ya tattara abu don bincike daga kusan dukkan yankuna na duniyar tamu. Y-chromosome ne kawai ga maza. Haka kuma, shi ya zama na musamman daga uba zuwa ga dansa.

Bisa ga bincike, an gano cewa, mutum na fari ya bayyana a kusan lokaci guda kamar yadda mitochondrial Hauwa'u -. About 150-160 shekara dubu da suka wuce. A shekaru bambancin da aka sanya a cikin hanyar da lissafi kurakurai. Similar karshe aka kõma daga wani m bincike kungiyar, wanda ya jagoranci M. guduma.

Mitochondrial Hauwa'u: da sukar kafa theories

Daga cikin sama wanda zai iya zana da wadannan karshe. A Afirka, game 150-180 dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce akwai mutane na farko. Aƙalla 100 dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce, suka fara ƙaura ecumene. A lokaci guda, su maye gurbin duk hominids rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, ba interbreeding tare da su. Game da dubu 40. Years da suka wuce mutane na farko ya bayyana a Turai. Bugu da ari karatu sun ba sosai m sakamakon. Saboda haka, Farfesa Svante Paabo ya iya cire mitochondrial DNA daga wani ɓaɓɓake daga vertebra na zuwa Nearnderthal, wanda aka fara gano a 1856, kuma ya rayu game da dubu 50. Shekaru da suka wuce. Bisa ga sakamakon da kamanta bincike, an gano cewa, wannan ba wani hominid ba wani abu da m, kuma ko da a kusa zumunta na zamani mutane.

Daban-daban kwatance juyin halitta

A gano bambance-bambance sun kasance haka gagarumin cewa masu bincike ƙarasa da cewa juyin reshe na jinsin da kuma iya, a gaskiya, ya je a daban-daban kwatance 600 dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce. A data kasance iri-iri na mitochondrial DNA Homo sapiens 24 ana maye gurbinsu da kuma kwatanta - 32. Wannan al'amari na nuni da cewa karshen mika bayan jinsunan canzawa mutane. Haka kuma, kwatanta samar da raba juyin shugabanci da kuma masu layi daya da kuma a cikin wannan turke reshe.

tabbaci na karshe

Nazarin gudanar da Pääbo, halin canza ra'ayi na Anthropology. A wannan mahallin, ya zama dole don tabbatar da binciken na wani rukuni na m masana kimiyya. A ɓaɓɓake daga Nearnderthal ƙasũsuwa karatu M. Stoneking, mai bin Wilson. Bayan an yi nazarin ragowar na yaro, wanda ya rayu game da dubu 30. Shekaru da suka wuce, masana kimiyya karbi wannan data kamar yadda Pääbo. Haka kuma, da karshe na karshe da aka cikakken tabbatar. Bayan wani lokaci, wani rukuni na Jamus masu bincike gudanar da wani Nearnderthal mitochondrial DNA analysis. Results ma ya tabbatar da baya bane. Kamar yadda masanin binciken burbushin halittu K. Stringer, bil'adama shi ne kan gab da kafa wani hadade ka'idar a wadda gama da archaeological, kwayoyin, paleo-anthropological da ilimin harsuna ya shaida daga cikin Afirka model.

A ruhaniya al'amari

Kira na duk na sama yankunan iya fitar da mutãne to asirin ta asali. A halin yanzu, a cewar wasu mawallafa, anthropogenesis ba za a iya rage zuwa zalla kimiyya tambayoyi. A cewar su, da zuwa na mutane a duniya ne ba kawai abu amma kuma ruhaniya sabon abu. A mawallafa buga a goyon bayan da matsayi excerpts daga Littafi Mai Tsarki. Saboda akwai wasu jiki ragowar halittun da suke kusa da mutum a kan morphological halaye, akwai tambaya na kayyade wuri a cikin tsarin juyin halitta, a cikin abin da mutum ya zama, a gaskiya, mutum.

ƙarshe

Littafi bata ce kome ba game da inji halitta. A wannan yanayin, an ruwaito a kan kafa na mutum na Allah. Babban abu a cikin wannan tsari shi ne spiritualization na jiki, saboda abin da wani mutum ya daina zama wani dabba. Kamar yadda na lura da sadarwa. Filaret Moskovsky, bai haifar da wani daya-lokaci mataki, da kuma samar da wani ci gaba da kuma sauka a hankali. Yana da wannan alfarma lokacin - a lokacin da Allah Ya hũra a cikinsa jiki da Ruhu Mai Tsarki - shi ne farkon mai gaskiya mutum, bisa ga magoya bayan na addini ka'idar. Na tattauna wannan batu da kuma St. Grigoriy Nissky. A cikin littafinsa, ya rubuta cewa wani mutum da aka shirya bayan da na karshe na ciyayi da kuma dabbobi. Nature ko ta yaya m hanyar da aka kammala. Duk da haka, da aiwatar da kanta ba bayyana Nassosi. A wannan lokaci, na ruhaniya ka'idar ta zo da wani tsaya. An zaci cewa hanyar bi "hawan kyau" ya zama masana kimiyya.