Mene ne fasahar binciken halittu? Babban kwatance da kuma nasarori

Kada ka san abin da yake fasahar binciken halittu? Lalle ne kai, wani abu game da shi ji. Wannan shi ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na zamani da ilmin halitta. Ta zama, kamar kimiyyar lissafi, daya daga cikin manyan al'amurra a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, da kuma kimiyya a cikin marigayi 20th karni. Rabin karni da suka wuce, ba wanda ya san abin da fasahar binciken halittu. Duk da haka, shi aza harsashin ginin da masanin kimiyyar, wanda ya rayu a cikin karni na 19th. Fasahar binciken halittu ta samu wani iko da samar da kuzari ga ci gaban ta hanyar aikin bincike daga Faransa Lui Pastera (shekaru na rayuwa - 1822-1895). Shi ne wanda ya kafa na zamani immunology da kuma ilimin.

A cikin karni na 20th, hanzari ɓullo da jinsi da kuma ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu da ci gaba a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. A wannan lokaci, mafi muhimmanci shi ne yankin da ci gaban hanyoyin da wanda noma da shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin.

fantsama bincike

A 1980 akwai wata karuwa a fasahar binciken halittu ta gudanar da bincike. By wannan lokaci da sabon methodical da methodological fuskanci cewa tabbatar da mika mulki ga yin amfani da fasahar binciken halittu a cikin kimiyya da kuma yi da aka kafa. Yanzu za ka iya koya daga wannan babban tattalin arziki sakamako. An kimanta cewa Biotech kayayyakin da yin a farkon sabon karni, a kwata na duniya samar.

Aikin da za'ayi a cikin kasar

Active fasahar binciken halittu ta ci gaba da ya faru a wannan lokaci a cikin kasar. A Rasha An kuma samu gagarumin fadada aikin a cikin wannan yankin da kuma bullo da su sakamakon a 1980s. A kasar mu a wannan lokaci da aka ɓullo da kuma aiwatar da farko shirin a kan fasahar binciken halittu a kan wani kasa sikelin. Special interdepartmental cibiyoyin, kwararru horar biotechnologists an halitta, tushen sashen da dakin gwaje-gwaje generated a jami'o'i da kuma cibiyoyin bincike.

fasahar binciken halittu ta yau

Yau muna saba wa wannan hanya, 'yan kaxan mutane tambayi kansu: "Abin da yake fasahar binciken halittu?" A halin yanzu, ya kamata ka san da shi a cikin daki-daki, ba zai zama superfluous. Modern matakai a cikin wannan filin da su ne bisa amfani da recombinant DNA dabaru da kuma gyaran enzymes, da wasu gabbansa ko Kwayoyin. Modern fasahar binciken halittu ne da kimiyya da salon salula da kuma kwayoyin injiniya hanyoyin fasaha da kuma hanyoyin da halittar kuma da aikace-aikace na genetically sāke nazarin halittu abubuwa domin ƙara samar ko cin gaban sabuwar irin kayayyakin. Akwai uku main yankunan kan wanda a yanzu mun bayyana.

masana'antu fasahar binciken halittu

Wannan shugabanci za a iya gano yadda wani iri-iri ja fasahar binciken halittu (magani). An dauke da mafi muhimmanci yanki na fasahar binciken halittu. Samun muhimmiyar rawa da suka taka a ci gaban da kwayoyi (musamman, domin lura da ciwon daji). Great muhimmancin fasahar binciken halittu ne a ganewar asali. Suna amfani da, misali, a lokacin da ka ƙirƙiri biosensors, DNA kwakwalwan kwamfuta. A Austria, da ja fasahar binciken halittu ta yau tana da kyau cancanta fitarwa. Ta ko da la'akari da engine na ci gaban sauran rassan.

Ci gaba zuwa na gaba iri-iri na masana'antu fasahar binciken halittu. Wannan kore fasahar binciken halittu. Ana amfani da lokacin da zabin da aka sanya. Fasahar binciken halittu yanzu yayi wannan musamman hanyoyin da wanda ake kayan aikin da ake ci gaba} alubalantar da herbicides, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, da kuma kwari. Duk wannan shi ne ma da muhimmanci sosai, ka gani.

Domin a filin na kore fasahar binciken halittu ne na musamman muhimmancin, kwayoyin aikin injiniya. Tare da shi ana halitta canja wurin kwayoyin halittu daya shuka iri da sauran, kuma ta haka ne masana kimiyya na iya tasiri ga cigaban resistant halaye da dukiyoyinsu.

Gray fasahar binciken halittu da ake amfani da kare muhalli. Its hanyoyin amfani da tsarkakewa daga najasa, ƙasa remediation, scrubbing shaye iska, saboda sake sana'antawa.

Amma dai ba duka. Akwai fari fasahar binciken halittu, wanda yake rufe yanki na amfani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu. Biotechnological hanyoyin a wannan yanayin da ake amfani ga mai lafiya daga wani muhalli ra'ayi da ingantaccen samar da enzymes, maganin rigakafi, amino acid, bitamin, kazalika da barasa.

Kuma a karshe, na karshe jinsunan. Blue fasahar binciken halittu ta dogara ne a kan fasaha aikace-aikace na daban-daban kuma matakai na marine ilmin halitta. A wannan yanayin, a cibiyar gudanar da bincike - nazarin halittu kwayoyin cewa zauna duniya tekuna.

Je zuwa gaba shugabanci - Cell Engineering.

salula Engineering

An tsunduma a samar da hybridomas, cloning, nazarin salon salula sunadaran, "matasan" Kwayoyin, Tattara bayanan kwayoyin maps. Fara shi nasa 1960 shekaru a lokacin da akwai wani Hanyar hybridization na somatic Kwayoyin. An inganta da lokacin namo hanyoyin, da kuma wani da hanyoyin da girma kyallen takarda. Somatic hybridization, a cikin abin da hybrids an halitta ba tare da sa hannu na jima'i tsari, a yau za'ayi da raya daban-daban cell Lines da irin, ko ta yin amfani da daban-daban na Kwayoyin.

Hybridomas da su ma'anar

Hybridomas, watau hybrids tsakanin lymphocytes (al'ada Kwayoyin na rigakafi da tsarin) da ƙari, da kaddarorin cell Lines iyayentaka. Su ne m, kamar ciwon daji, raba illa ma sha Allahu a kan gina jiki wucin gadi kafofin watsa labarai (ie, su ne "m"), da kuma na iya ma, kamar lymphocytes don samar da kama (monoclonal) antibodies da ciwon ayyana bayani dalla-dalla. Wadannan antibodies ana amfani da bincike da kuma warkewa dalilai, kamar yadda reagents a m Organic abu da sauransu.

Wani fannin na cell injiniya ne magudi da Kwayoyin rasa nuclei tare da free nuclei kazalika da sauran niƙaƙƙun. Wadannan jan an rage wa hada sassa na cell. Similar gwaje-gwajen da dyes ko microinjection a cikin cell chromosome ne da za'ayi domin sanin yadda za a cytoplasm da kuma tsakiya shafi juna, abin da dalilai tsara da aiki na daban-daban kwayoyin halitta, da sauransu.

Amfani da fili a farkon matakai na raya kasa na daban-daban cell jinjirin suna girma don haka ya kira mosaic dabbobi. In ba haka ba, an kira su chimeras. Sun kunshi 2 iri na sel tare da daban-daban genotypes. By gano daga wadannan gwaje-gwajen, duka biyu lokacin da ci gaban da kwayoyin faruwa bambantawa daga kyallen takarda da Kwayoyin.

cloning

Modern fasahar binciken halittu ne mai wuya ba tare da cloning. Gwaje-gwaje da alaka da canja wurin da daban-daban somatic cell nuclei cikin enucleated (Ina nufin bã tãre tsakiya) kwai dabbobi da kara namo a fara tasawa kwayoyin sakamakon tayi an gudanar da shekaru da dama. Duk da haka, da suka samu sosai da aka sani tun lokacin da marigayi 20th karni. Yau muna kira wadannan gwaje-gwajen dabba cloning.

'Yan mutane a yau ba su saba da dolly da tumaki. A shekarar 1996, kusa Edinburgh (Scotland) a cikin Roslin Cibiyar cloned farko dabba mai shayarwa, wanda aka gane daga cikin sel na fara tasawa kwayoyin da aka za'ayi. Yana da aka dolly da tumaki na farko da irin wannan clone.

kwayoyin aikin injiniya

Gabatar a farkon 1970s, kwayoyin aikin injiniya a yau ya sanya gagarumin ci gaba. Ta hanyoyin da hanyar mayar da dabbobi masu shayarwa Kwayoyin, yisti, kwayoyin cuta a cikin wadannan "masana'antu" domin samar da wani sunadari. Irin wannan nasara na kimiyya samar da wata dama ga karatu a daki-daki, ga ayyuka da kuma tsarin sunadarai don amfani da kwayoyi.

Muhimmai na fasahar binciken halittu yanzu yadu amfani. E. coli, misali, ya zama a zamaninmu maroki muhimmanci hormones girma hormone da insulin. Aiyuka kayyade aikin injiniya da nufin yi recombinant DNA din. Tare da gabatarwar da wani takamaiman kayyade na'ura, za su iya bayar da jiki da amfani ga ɗan adam Properties. Alal misali, za ka iya samun wani "bioreactor", watau dabbobi, tsirrai da kwayoyin da suka samar da wani abu pharmacologically muhimmanci ga mutane. Fasahar binciken halittu ta ci gaba, sun ɓatar da yiwuwar waddan dabba breeds da kuma irin shuka, da halaye muhimmanci ga mutane. Amfani da kwayoyin injiniya hanyoyin yana yiwuwa a gudanar da kwayoyin takardar shaida ƙirƙirar DNA maganin gane asali daban-daban kwayoyin cututtuka da sauransu.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka, mun amsa tambaya: "Abin da yake fasahar binciken halittu?" Hakika, wannan labarin ya ƙunshi kawai na asali bayanai game da shi, a takaice da aka jera kwatance. Wannan bayani ne ga shiriya kawai ya ba da wani janar ra'ayin abin da suke zamani fasahar binciken halittu da kuma yadda ake amfani.