Zygote - tantanin farko na sabon kwayoyin. Mataki na ci gaba da zygote

Ainihin naúrar na duk rayuwa a duniya shi ne wani cell. Shi ne da samuwar sabon Kwayoyin damar jiki don girma da kuma ci gaba. Rayuwar da tsarin wadannan raka'a ne sosai wuya da kuma dogara a kan ƙayyadaddu na makõma.

Ana zargin da Kalmar "zygote"

Ana zargin "zygote" kalma ne bashi da Jamus masanin Edward Strasburger, wanda sadaukar da rayuwarsa don nazarin cytology da chromosome ka'idar gadar hali. Shi ne ya yi a cikin marigayi XIX karni, na farko ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa cell division a cikin shuka, dabba da jikin mutum shi ne kamar daya da kuma guda makirci.

Zygote: definition

Sex sel (gametes) yi haifuwa, wato, saboda kasancewarsu a cikin jiki yiwu jima'i haifuwa. Mace gamete - kwai ne, maza - maniyyi. Kowane gamete ne haploid (guda) sa na chromosomes.

A ra'ayi na "yanayin halitta na juya" ya hada da dukan manzilõli, na ci gaba da kwayoyin daga ganewa to mutuwa. Its farkon - shi ne hadu, cewa shi ne, da fe daga maniyyi da kwai, sakamakon samuwar wani zygote. Yana da wani kayyade bayanai daga iyaye biyu. Mene ne wani zygote? Biology ba a daidai definition wannan ra'ayi. Muna da cikakken look at shi.

Saboda haka, a zygote - a diploid Kwayoyin, wanda ake kafa ta Fusion na gametes. Diploidy sa cikakken (dual) sa na chromosomes, m samu daga uba da uwa gametes. A ci gaba da zygote fara nan da nan bayan hadi tsari, wanda ake kira hadi.

Tsakiyan nonon na zygote

Bayan kammala na hadi tsari, sakamakon cell motsa a cikin mahaifa. A hanya, an riga an fara faru, da kuma ci gaban crushing zygote. Wannan shi ne wani hadadden tsari kunsha da dama, saukarwa.

Tsakanin lokacin hadi da farko mitotic division kara kimanin 30 hours. Wannan shi ne lokacin da mace jiki ne duk shiri matakai, waxanda suke da ba makawa ga ci gaban da wani sabon kwayoyin. Hana kara samuwar amfrayo iya zama wani iri-iri na abubuwan da zai shafi yanayin mace jiki. Irin abubuwan sun hada da chromosomal maye gurbi, a daidai ba hanyar rayuwa da uwa (qwayoyi, da shan taba), da amfani da wasu kwayoyi, tsanani kwayar cututtuka, da dai sauransu.

Daga zygote tayi tasowa. A mataki na farko na wannan tsari - crushing. Wannan ba wani bazuwar sunan. Bayan mataki tsakanin ƙungiyoyin offline cell girma, Ina nufin a sakamakon kowane daga cikinsu daidai a cikin rabin Kwayoyin rage a size da kuma zama karami. 'Yar Kwayoyin kafa ta, kawar da zygote, suna kira "blastomeres." A crushing tsari yana har da lokacin da shi ba a kafa daga amfrayo. Saboda haka, zamu iya cewa da jikin mutum shi ne a sakamakon Multi-biliyan dollar rabo daga cikin zygote.

Phase blastula da gastrulation

Blastomeres kunshi biyu yadudduka. External m ga m harsashi. Shi ne ake kira da trophoblast (gina jiki leaf), kuma da matsanancin - embryoblast (tayi leaf). A hankali, a lokacin da maimaita rabo tsakanin biyu yadudduka kafa wani rami a ciki wanda da ruwa jari. Wannan batu ne blastula lokaci.

Sake bugun embryoblast Kwayoyin yana tare da ci gaban da bango na kogo. A sakamakon, akwai bayyanar da biyu Layer embryoblast wanda Forms gwaiduwa vial. Lokaci guda tare da wannan tsari, da girma da embryoblast kafa fetal jam suna harhada a kan daya daga cikin sandunan. Yana da a wannan mataki na tayi ta kai cikin mahaifa. Bugu da ari, akwai ta saki daga membrane da wani m kafawa.

Trophoblast a cikin wannan tsari taka muhimmiyar rawa, saboda ta Kwayoyin, mallakan proteolytic Properties, narke epithelium a wurin amfrayo attaching ga rufi na mahaifa. A sakamakon haka, da epithelium zama lactescent taro.

zygote mataki na ci gaba da sauri ci juna. Blastula tuba zuwa gastrula wakiltar wani biyu-Layer balan-balan. A matsanancin Layer - shi ne ectoderm, m - indodem.

organogenesis

Zygote - tantanin farko na sabon kwayoyin. A gaba dayan sa na bukata domin rayuwa gawarwaki asali kafa daga wadannan. A sosai aiwatar da ilimi hukuma kira organogenesis. Its farkon da aka alama ta samuwar da na tsarin jijiya farantin da ya auku a cikin ectoderm a dorsal gefen amfrayo. Bugu da ari primordia bayyana wasu gabobin da kuma tsarin na fata da kuma juyayi tsarin (ectoderm). narkewa kamar, kuma numfashi tsarin (daga indodem). musculoskeletal tsarin, Sistem, excretory da kuma haihuwa tsarin (daga mesodam). Bugu da ari, har zuwa lokacin da ya haihuwa, wadannan tsarin da ake ci gaba da inganta.

post-tayi ci gaba

Wannan lokaci yana farawa daga haihuwa zuwa farko na mafarki. Dangane da matakin da kungiyar kwayoyin, akwai iri biyu na da amfrayo ci gaba.

1. Direct ci gaba. A wannan yanayin, da yaro na waje da kuma na ciki siffofin kama da iyayensu. Da bambance-bambance ne a cikin size da kuma underdevelopment wasu gabobin. Shi ne halayyar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, ciki har da mutane.
2. Kaikaitaccen ci gaba. A irin wannan ci gaba, da yaro (tsutsa) yana da yawa bambance-bambance da iyayensu. Characteristically kwadi da kuma kwari.

Zygote - a cell duplicating genotype iyaye. Amma a aiwatar da ci gaban da sel amfrayo fara sãɓã wa jũna a cikin tsari da kuma yi daban-daban ayyuka. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa wasu iri genes aiki a wasu Kwayoyin, yayin da wasu sauran wurare. Saboda haka, jiki ne mai hadaddun tsarin tsarin, wanda dogara ne a kan zygote.