Zhan Batist Lamark: a takaice biography. Ka'idar juyin halitta na Zhana Batista Lamarck da taimako ga ci gaban ilmin halitta

Zhan Batist Lamark, a takaice biography wanda za a yi la'akari da mu - da farko masanin kimiyya wanda Ya halitta cikakken ka'idar juyin halitta daga kwayoyin. Duk da haka, ya rike da da dama sauran binciken kasa a san. Kada ka san abin da wani muhimmin ra'ayi da aka gabatar a cikin kimiyya Zhan Batist Lamark? Biology - a wani ajali wanda a 1802 da shawarar cewa shi ne wannan masanin kimiyya. Bugu da kari, ya kasance na farko da ya raba dabba mulkin kwaro da vertabrate. Mun bayar da haske game da rayuwarsu da kuma nasarorin da sanannen masanin kimiyya, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Taqaitaccen Tarihin shi zai ba ka da wani janar ra'ayin da wannan ma'aikacin kimiyya.

Origin, yara

Zh. B. Lamark (shekaru na rayuwa - 1744-1829) da aka haife a iyali castle, located in Picardy (France). Uwãyensa sun kasance tsakiyar aji-nobility. Suna so ne su ga dan wani firist, don haka m Lamarck a cikin Jesuit makaranta. Rekõdinsa bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa canza. A shekaru 16, ya bar makaranta da kuma dauke shi aikin soja Zhan Batist Lamark. Brief biography da dama daga cikin m shekaru na rayuwa da ake dangantawa da wani soja.

Soja sabis da kuma aikatawa magani

A lokacin da shekaru bakwai 'War, ya nuna babban ƙarfin zuciya a yaƙi da Prussians. Marshal kansa sanya wani tsohon almajiri daga cikin Jesuit College a sanda. Duk da haka, ya soja aiki, brilliantly fara, kazalika da ta ruhaniya, da Lamarck bai] aukaka} ara. Future masanin kimiyyar ya yanke shawarar ya ja da baya. Bayan wani lokaci, sai na fara karatu magani a babban birnin na Faransa Zhan Batist Lamark. Taqaitaccen Tarihin ya ci gaba a Paris, inda Lamarck musamman janyo hankalin da kimiyyar yanayin halitta, yafi o.

"Faransa Flora"

Talented da kuma himma matasa malamin a cikin 'yan shekaru na yi ya halitta mai yawa na aiki a 3 kundin. Muqala kira "Faransa Flora". A cikin wannan takarda ta bayyana yawan shuke-shuke, da kuma akwai shiriya a kan yadda za a gane su. Wannan aiki ya kawo daraja novice masanin kimiyya wanda ya a lokacin Zhan Batist Lamark. Biography Zhana Batista bayar da membobinsu na Paris Academy of Sciences. Yana da aka bai wa shi domin nasarori. A Academy ci gaba da samu nasarar magance o Zhan Batist Lamark. Tarihinsa, duk da haka, ba a iyakance zuwa binciken.

Zhan Batist zama dabbobi

Lokacin da Jean Baptiste ya game shekaru 50 da haihuwa, a 1793, halin ya canja ya kimiyya aiki. Lamarck yi aiki a cikin Royal Botanic gidãjen Aljanna, wadda aka canza kama zuwa wannan lokaci a cikin tarihin halittu. A gidan kayan gargajiya na cike da o sashen, don haka masana kimiyya sun samarwa yi ilmin dabbobi. 10 Bayan shekaru, Lamarck zama kamar wani gwani a cikin wannan yankin, kamar yadda ya yi bincike da nazari da Flora.

New aiki Baptiste

A cikin marigayi 18th karni, da ci gaban kimiyya ya zo mataki a lokacin da babban ci gaban cimma o, Physiology da kuma sunadarai. A cikin gaba ɗayansa, wadannan tarbiyya sun zama available kawai kwararru. Lamarck, kokarin hana game Lalacewar kimiyya a cikin raba rassan da kuma kiyaye dangane cewa wanzu tsakanin su, halitta a yawan ayyukansa. A cikinsu, sai ya ba da wani ra'ayin kowa view a kan fannin binciken kasa, ilmin halitta, sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, kuma haka a. D.

A farko na aikin bayyana a cikin 1794. An kishin muhawara game da yanayi da makamashi da kuma kwayoyin halitta. Wannan aiki da aka kira "Binciken na da Sanadin asali jiki mamaki, musamman ma wadanda suka shafi cikin gõbara." Wannan ya biyo ta aiki a 1796 "sukar da pneumatic ka'idar ...". A cikin wadannan ayyuka, tushen more on tunani ba maimakon empirical data, Zhan Batist bai sa a gaba sabon ideas, amma 'yan misjudgments.

A 1802, akwai wata muqala, "Hydrogeology". Lamarck a cikin wannan aiki shi ne tarihin wannan duniya tamu a jerin teku ambaliya cikin ƙasa, kuma ta kara wuraren. A ci gaba da nahiyoyi da kuma shaida na biogenic hazo ya auku, ya yi imanin, a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa. Lamarck a cikin wannan littafin tsammani hanyoyin da fuska analysis, amfani da zamani malaman. Bugu da kari, ya kumbura lokacin firam na tarihi na duniya, wanda aka gani, a cikin 18th karni quite kunkuntar da kuma iyakance zuwa 'yan shekara dubu. Duk da haka, da aikin Zhana Batista, kazalika da baya biyu, ba su samun yawa talla.

"Din ilmin halitta na kwaro"

Lamarck wallafa wani sabon littafin a 1800. Yana da aka kira "din ilmin halitta na kwaro." Scientist a shi soki samarwa Linnaean rarrabuwa tsarin na kwaro. Ya halicci kansa. Lamarck a rubuta wannan aikin jin dadin wani arziki tarin, wanda ya tattara, a cikin shekaru 30 na rayuwarsa. A wannan aikin bai dogara a kan daya kawai shawara, kamar yadda ya saba, amma kuma domin gudanar da bincike da kuma wani arziki daga gaskiyane abu. Lamarck sanya babban rarrabẽwa ga kassa homology na ciki gabobin. Wannan dabarar yarda da masana kimiyya don kauce wa da yawa kuskuren da Linnaeus, wanda nasa ne da wannan kungiya wasu kwayoyin ne kawai a kan tushen da waje kama, don haka da cewa masanin kimiyyar a general din sashe samu tsutsotsi, molluscs da sauran.

"Falsafa na ilmin dabbobi"

By lokacin da Lamarck wuce shekaru 60, ya san dukan abin da aka koya kafin shi a filin na dabba da shuka iri. Yanzu masanin kimiyyar ya kafa wani sabon burin - rubuta wani littafi, wanda zai ba kawai an bayyana kwayoyin, kamar yadda ya bayyana da dokoki na halitta. Zhan Batist a cikin sabon muqala ta yi ciki don nuna yadda wani shuke-shuke da dabbobi, da yadda suka samo asali da kuma canza da kuma yadda za a kai ta yanzu jihar. The masanin kimiyya kokarin tabbatar da cewa ba su da halitta a cikin halin yanzu yanayin, da kuma ci gaba a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da na halitta dokokin yanayi. A wasu kalmomin, Lamarck ya mahaliccin farko ka'idar juyin halitta. A wannan girmamawa, shi ne wata precursor zuwa Darwin (hoton da ke ƙasa). A 1809, da makamantansu da masanin kimiyyar da aka buga masa aiki. A wuyan Zhana Batista Lamarck a cikin littafin "Falsafa na ilmin dabbobi". Duk da sunan, shi yayi magana ba kawai game da dabbobi amma kuma game da namun daji, a general. A wannan aikin, sabili da haka, ya fita da ka'idar juyin halitta Zhana Batista Lamarck, da wanda ya aka sani a yau a cikin dukan duniya.

A rabo daga Lamarck ka'idar da mutuwar Zhana Batista

Sau da yawa a cikin tarihi na kimiyya, shi ya faru da cewa ya Sahaban ba a gane manyan mutane, da kuma bisa ga ka'idar. Kawai shekaru masu yawa daga baya suka samu amincewa shi ya cancanci. Ban wuce wannan rabo, kuma Zhana Batista. Ka'idar juyin halitta na Zhana Batista Lamarck aka ba su gane ta wurin Sahaban. Wasu masana kimiyya kawai ba su biya wani da hankali ga aikinsa, yayin da wasu kuma bai yi masa dariya. Lamarck, dogaro da tallafi, yanke shawarar nuna wannan aikin to Napoleon. Duk da haka, sarki, wanda aka dauke zama majiɓinci daga kimiyya, a bainar jama'a, izgili a Zhana Batista. Lamarck a karshen rayuwar makafi. A shekaru 85 da shekaru, a manta da duk, ya mutu Zhan Batist Lamark. Ka'idar juyin halitta, bar su a cikin al'adunmu, sanya sunansa m.

Jigon da ka'idar Lamarck

Mene ne jigon Lamarck ka'idar? The masanin kimiyya da'awar cewa rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu ta samo asali a cikin wata halitta hanya. Da farko akwai sauki kwayoyin. A hankali, a kan millennia, suka inganta, canza kamar dogon har su kai na yanzu status. Zhan Batist jãyayya da cewa daga kakanninmu, sabanin su, da kuma shirya mafi m asalin dukkan abubuwa masu rai. Wannan, ba shakka, yana da hakkin Zhan Batist Lamark. Ka'idar juyin halitta, ya samarwa, ko a wasu madaidaci, ba ya rike ruwa.

Dalilai biyu domin ci gaba da kwayoyin duniya

Me ya sa shuke-shuke da dabbobi sun canza, sun samo asali kafin da kuma ci gaba da inganta da kuma yanzu? The masanin kimiyya kokarin amsa wannan tambaya. Duk da haka, duk da qasashen baiwa na Lamarck iya ba yadda ya kamata bayyana wannan sabon abu materialistically. Masana kimiyya jayayya da cewa ci gaban da kwayoyin duniya ya dogara da biyu main dalilai. Na farko shi ne cewa dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke da kansu su ne m don inganta da kuma canji. Saboda haka, so don ci gaba ne da wani muhimmi muhimmi dukiya. Dalili na biyu - da tasiri a kan su na halin da ake ciki a wanda kwayoyin rayuwa. Wannan halin da ake ciki ne, in ba haka ba kira mai rai yanayi ne generated daga tasirin iska a kan tsire-tsire da dabbobi, kasar gona, danshi, zafi, haske, da abinci, da sauransu. D.

A sakamakon rayuwa yanayi

Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa shuke-shuke da kuma ƙananan dabbobi kai tsaye da kuma canji a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayi. Sun saya da wasu kadarori da kuma siffar. Alal misali, girma a kan ƙasa mai kyau shuka yakan mallaki wani mabanbanta bayyanar fiye da guda irin shuka da cewa tafi bad ƙasar. A girma a cikin inuwa, ba ze girma a cikin haske. Bi da bi, da dabbobi kuma ya bambanta, amma wannan shi ne kadan daban-daban. Suna kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar canza yanayi sabon halaye. Kullum maimaita, da suka ci gaba daban-daban da jikin motsa jiki su. Alal misali, kullum rayuwa a cikin gandun daji dabba, wanda aka tilasta hawa bishiya, ya bayyana prehensile wata gabar jiki. A wakilin fauna, tilasta duk lokacin da ya motsa a tsawon nisa, akwai karfi kafafu, hooves da kuma girma. A wannan yanayin da muke ba su tafiyad da wani kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ba rinjayar da yanayi, wanda ya zo ta hanyar halaye. Zhan Batist kuma sun gaskata cewa wasu alamun cewa kwayoyin saya a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da yanayi, za a iya gaji.

Gane da shari'ã, ideas na Lamarck

Kimiyya nasarori na yau bayar da shawarar cewa ba duk kuwa da gaskiya ka'idar Zhana Batista Lamarck. Masana kimiyya ba su gane gaskiyar cewa a cikin kwayoyin duniya akwai wani inexplicable kuma m so inganta. Rabin karni daga baya, Darwin bayyana dace tsarin shuke-shuke da dabbobi, kazalika da hanyar da a da suka daidaita da su muhalli, kadan daban. Ya dauke babban hanyar juyin halitta daga zabin yanayi. Duk da haka, da zamani ilmin halitta gane da tasiri a kan kwayoyin na muhalli da yanayi, occupies wani gagarumin matsayi a ka'idar Lamarck. Duk da haka, gādonsa na dabiu samu lokacin kwayoyin da rai da aka hana. Kimiyya yi imanin cewa sabon ãyõyi bayyana a ƙarƙashin rinjayar maye gurbi - canje-canje da faruwa a cikin jam sel na kwayoyin.

Duk da wannan, gudunmawar Zhana Batista Lamarck ta girma. Shi ne na farko, wanda Ya halitta ka'idar da na halitta ci gaban da dukkan kwayoyin duniya. Zhan Batist Lamark, da taimako ga ci gaban ilmin halitta, wanda yake shi ne quite ban sha'awa, a yau tana da wani da suka cancanta fitarwa na ƙarshe.