Matsakaici: yawancin kwayoyin. Dimensions da kuma yawan kwayoyin

Abinda ke ciki shine abubuwa masu wuya, kodayake an kafa su ta kananan kwayoyin - halittu, kwayoyin, ions. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta yana da ruwa mai yawa da gas, har da wasu jikin jiki. Daga cikin kwayoyin halitta da cajin da aka caje sun hada da karafa, salts da yawa. Duk barbashi suna da taro, har ma da ƙaramin kwayoyin halitta. Sakamakon kwayoyin, idan aka bayyana a cikin kilogram, ƙananan. Alal misali, m (H ₂ Ya) = 30 • 10 ^-27 kg. Irin waɗannan abubuwa masu muhimmanci kamar kwayoyin halitta da kuma yawan kwayoyin halitta sunyi nazari da yawa daga masana kimiyya da masana kimiyya. Harsãshensa aka dage farawa a cikin ayyukan Mikhail Lomonosov da Dzhona Daltona. Bari muyi la'akari da yadda ra'ayoyi akan microcosm sun canza tun daga nan.

Ra'ayoyin Lomonosov akan "kambura"

A zato na mai hankali tsarin al'amarin bayyana ta hanyar malamai na zamanin tsohuwar Girka. A daidai wannan lokaci, sunan "atom" na ƙananan kwayoyin halitta wanda ba a taɓa gani ba, an ba da "tubali" na sararin samaniya. Babban mashawarcin Rasha, MV Lomonosov, ya rubuta game da wani nau'i marar iyaka na tsarin kwayoyin halitta-mai kwakwalwa, wanda ba ta da wata hanya ta hanyar jiki. Daga baya, a cikin ayyukan sauran masana kimiyya, an kira shi "kwayoyin".

Matsayin kwayoyin, da kuma girmansa, an ƙayyade shi ta wurin dukiyar da ke cikin mahaifa. Na dogon lokaci, masana kimiyya ba su iya duba zurfin kwayar halitta ba, wanda ya raunana cigaban ilmin kimiyya da ilmin lissafi. Lomonosov ya bukaci magoya bayansa suyi nazari da kuma aikin su don dogara ga cikakkun bayanai - ma'auni da nauyin. Ta wurin aikin Rasha sunadarai da kuma likita aza harsashin ginin rukunan tsarin al'amarin, wanda sun zama wani ɓangare na jiwuwa atomic-kwayoyin ka'idar.

Ayyuka da kwayoyin sune "tubalin sararin samaniya"

Koda ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin jiki suna da hadari, suna da kaya daban-daban. Irin waɗannan kwayoyin, kamar yadda ake halittu, an kafa su ne ta tsakiya da lantarki na yadudduka, bambanta a yawan adadin kyawawan kwayoyi, radius, taro. Ayyukan kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin sun kasance a cikin abun da ke tattare da abubuwa ba tare da keɓewa ba, suna da sha'awar karfi. Ƙarin ganewar tasirin dakarun da ke janyewa a daskararru, da raunana cikin taya, basu kusan ji a cikin abubuwa masu gaisuwa ba.

Ayyukan halayen kaya ba tare da haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta ba. Mafi sau da yawa, gyaransu ya faru, wata kwayar ta bayyana. Matsayin kwayoyin ya dogara da abin da aka kafa ta. Amma ga dukan canje-canje, ƙwayoyin suna kasancewa maras kyau. Amma suna iya shiga cikin abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin daban-daban. A wannan yanayin, atoms suna riƙe da kaddarorin abin da suke cikin. Ƙungiyar ta kiyaye dukan alamun kwayoyin halitta kafin ta rabu da juna.

Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na tsarin jiki shine kwayoyin. Nauyin nauyi

An yi amfani da kayan amfani don yin amfani da masallacin macrobot, wanda mafi mahimmanci shine ma'auni. Sakamakon sakamako yana dacewa a cikin kilo, saboda wannan shine ainihin sashin tsarin duniya na jiki (SI). Don sanin ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin a cikin kilo, yana da muhimmanci don ƙara yawan ƙananan kwayoyin da take la'akari da adadin ƙirar. Don saukakawa, an gabatar dashi na musamman na taro, atomic. Zaka iya rubuta shi a matsayin nau'i na wasika (amum). Wannan naúrar yayi dace da daya-goma sha biyu na da taro na nuclide na carbon ¹² C.

Idan muka bayyana darajar samu a misali raka'a, mun samu 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg. Wadannan ƙananan alamomi ga jikin jikin suna sarrafawa, a cikin mahimmancin, ta hanyar likita. Labarin ya ƙunshi tebur wanda zai yiwu a gano abin da yawancin nau'in halitta na wasu abubuwa sunadarai sun daidaita. Don gano ko wane nau'i na kwayoyin guda daya na hydrogen a cikin kilogram daidai yake da, ninka ta atomatik guda biyu na wannan nau'in sinadarai da aka jera a teburin. A sakamakon haka, zamu sami darajar ƙwayar kwayoyin dake kunshi nau'i biyu.

Nauyin ƙwayoyin kwayoyin

Zai yi wuya a yi aiki a cikin ƙididdiga ƙananan ƙananan dabi'u, yana da muni, yana haifar da halin kaka, ga kurakurai. Kamar yadda na da nauyin da microparticles, sa'an nan a saki da wuya halin da ake ciki shi ne yin amfani da zumunta dabi'u. Kalmar da aka saba da chemists ta ƙunshi kalmomi guda biyu - "atomic mass", sunansa Ar. An gabatar da wani ra'ayi mai mahimmanci don kwayoyin kwayoyin (daidai da launi na kwayoyin). Da dabara da suka shafi biyu yawa: Mr = m (a manufa) / 1/12 m ⁽¹² C).

Yawancin lokaci ana iya sauraron abin da "nauyin kwayoyin" ke faɗi. An yi amfani da wannan ajalin da aka yi amfani da ita dangane da yawan kwayoyin, amma sau da yawa. Gaskiyar cewa nauyi - yana da wani daban-daban jiki yawa - da ikon wanda ya dogara a kan Gwargwadon tsarawa na jiki. A akasin wannan, taro yana aiki a matsayin halayen kwakwalwa wanda ke shiga cikin matakan sinadaran kuma ya motsa a cikin sauri.

Yadda za a ƙayyade taro na kwayoyin

Ana aiwatar da ainihin ƙaddarar nauyin kwayoyin ta yin amfani da na'urar sauti-mas'ala. Don warware matsalolin, zaka iya amfani da bayani daga tsarin lokaci. Alal misali, da taro na wani oxygen kwayoyin ne 2 • 16 = 32. Mun yi sauki lissafin da kuma samun darajar Mr (H ₂ Ya) - zumunta kwayoyin nauyi na ruwa. By lokaci-lokaci Table aka bayyana da cewa taro na oxygen - 16, da hydrogen - 1. Gaggauta sauki lissafin: M _r (H ₂ Ya) = 1 + 2 • 16 = 18, inda M _r - kwayoyin nauyi, H ₂ O - ruwa kwayoyin, H shine alamar haɗin hydrogen, kuma O shine alamar sinadarin oxygen.

Nauyin isotopes

Abubuwan da ke cikin sinadaran yanayi da fasaha sun kasance a cikin nau'o'in nau'in halitta - isotopes. Kowannensu yana da nau'i na mutum, girmansa ba zai iya samun darajar ƙimar ba. Amma ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta ta atomatik shine sau da yawa tare da alamu da dama bayan da aka ƙaddara shi. Ƙidaya yana la'akari da yawan nau'in jinsuna a cikin ɓaren duniya. Saboda haka, yawancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin zamani ba koyaushe bane. Yin amfani da waɗannan dabi'un don lissafi, muna samun yawan kwayoyin da ba maɗaure ba. A wasu lokuta ana karɓar lambobi.

Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na abubuwa na tsarin kwayoyin halitta

Mai inorganic mahadi ba kwayoyin tsarin. Kwayoyi sun kunshi nau'in halitta, ions da electrons kyauta, salts daga cations da mahaukaci. Ga abubuwa na tsarin kwayoyin halitta, yawancin kwayoyin sunadarai kuma an ƙidaya bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙirar, wadda ta nuna abin da ya fi sauƙi. Bari mu sami darajar Mista don abu na tsarin ionic, sodium chloride, wanda aka kwatanta shi NaCl. M _r = 23 + 35.5 = 55.5. Don wasu nau'i na lissafi, ana buƙatar kwayoyin kwayoyin iska - cakuda gas. Idan akai la'akari da yawan da daban-daban abubuwa a cikin yanayi, da kwayoyin taro na iska ne 29.

Dimensions da kuma yawan kwayoyin

A kan injin na'ura na manyan kwayoyin, ana iya la'akari da kwayoyin kowannensu, amma suna da ƙananan cewa ba a bayyane su a cikin wani ƙananan microscope. Girman layin linzamin wani nau'i na kowane abu, kamar taro, wani halayyar hali ne. Yawan adadin kwayoyin ya dogara ne da radii daga cikin halittu da ke haifar da shi, haɗin kai da juna. Girman ƙananan ƙwayar yana canza tare da ƙara yawan protons da matakan makamashi. Hydrogen zarra - da karami a cikin size, ta radius ne kawai 0,5 • 10 ^-8 cm uranium zarra ne sau uku mafi hydrogen atoms .. Gaskiya na "Kattai" na microworld sune kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, daya daga cikin mikakke girma na gina jiki barbashi ne 44 • 10 ^-8 cm.

Bari mu taƙaita: yawan kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta shine jimlar yawan kwayoyin halittar da suka hada da abun da suke ciki. A cikakkar darajar a kilo za a iya samu ta hanyar halitta da kwayoyin nauyi samu a cikin lokaci-lokaci Table, da adadin 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg.

Ƙananan ƙwayoyi ba su da kyau a kwatanta da macrobodies. Alal misali, a cikin girman na ruwa kwayoyin H ₂ Ya bada apple kamar yadda sau da dama, sau nawa wannan 'ya'yan itace ne karami fiye duniya tamu.