Lizard kwarangwal. A ciki tsarin mai lizard. Iri da kuma sunayen kadangaru

Lizard zama suborder aji na dabbobi masu rarrafe ne mafi yawa daga cikin kungiyar. Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe akwai fiye da 3,500 jinsunan da aka samu a dukkan nahiyoyi, fãce Antarctica. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a ciki tsarin, da kwarangwal, da physiological halaye na wani lizard jinsin da kuma sunayen iyalansu.

Ban sha'awa abubuwa game da kadangaru

Kadangaru - wannan ban mamaki halittu, wanda a tsakanin sauran wakilan fauna gano a yawan ban sha'awa facts. A farko gaskiya - shi ne girman wakilan daban-daban alƙarya da kadangaru. Alal misali da karami lizard brookesia Micra a tsawon 28 mm, yayin da most wakilin wannan kungiya da dabbobi masu rarrafe - Indonesian lizard, da Komodo dragon, yana da jiki tsawon mafi girma daga 3 m, tare da wani nauyi na game da daya da rabi hundredweight.

Na biyu gaskiya, yin wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe rare ba kawai daga masana kimiyyar, amma kuma talakawa mutane - wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa da kuma yadda da lizard saukad da wutsiya. Wannan ikon da aka kira autotomy kuma shi ne mai Hanyar kai-tsare. Lokacin da lizard tsere daga wani predator, ya iya ansu rubuce-rubucen shi ta wutsiya, wanda a gaskiya shi ne mai barazana ga rai na masu rarrafe. Domin ya cece rayukansu wasu jinsunan matsakaici-sized kadangaru ne iya sauke ta wutsiya, wanda bayan wasu lokaci ke tsiro a sake. Don kauce wa manyan jini asara a lokacin autotomy, lizard wutsiya sashe da aka bayar tare da wani musamman kungiyar na tsokoki, rage jini.

Bugu da kari abin da aka jera a sama, kadangaru a cikin yanayi mallaka dadi ingancin masking, adapting da launi gamut na yanayi yanayi. Wasu daga cikin su, musamman hawainiya iya daukar da ke makwabtaka da launi na magana ga 'yan lokacin. Ta yaya wannan ya faru? Gaskiyar cewa fata Kwayoyin hawainiya kunsha da dama yadudduka na kusan m, da musamman matakai da pigment, wanda a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da jijiyar za a iya matsa ko decompressed. A lokacin da rage aiwatar da pigment aka tattara a tsakiyar cell da zama kawai m, amma a lokacin da decompressed tsari, da pigment shimfidawa a ko'ina cikin cell, batawa fata a wani launi.

A kwarangwal da ciki tsarin mai lizard

lizard ta jiki da aka hada da sassa kamar kai, wuyansa, akwati, wutsiya da wata gabar jiki. A jikin externally rufe Sikeli kunshi karami Kakakin kuma taushi tsarin idan aka kwatanta da kifi Sikeli, sunadarin gumi a cikin fata ne mãsu fakowa ba. A halayyar alama ne ma wani dogon murdede jiki - harshe, musharaka a ji na batutuwa. lizard ido sabanin sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe bayar da m fatar ido. Musculature mallaki mafi girma mataki na sophistication fiye da na dabbobi masu rarrafe.

lizard kwarangwal ma yana da wasu na musamman fasali. Ya kunshi wuyansa, kafada, lumbar da pelvic sassan cewa haɗu da kashin baya. Kwarangwal lizard gina haka cewa girma tare, da karankarman ƙirji (na farko biyar) samar da rufaffiyar kasa na sternum, wanda shi ne halayyar alama na wannan kungiyar da dabbobi masu rarrafe a matsayin idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe. Thorax aikin wani m aiki, rage hadarin inji lalacewar kayan ciki, shi iya kara a juz'i a cikin numfashi tsari. Extremities lizard, kazalika da sauran terrestrial vertabrate biyar lambobi, amma sabanin halittar dabba mai kafafuwa suna located in a mafi daidaita matsayin da yake bayar da wani tadawa sama da ƙasa kuma jiki, kamar yadda sakamakon haka, mafi m motsi. Gwaji taimako a cikin motsi da kuma da dogon fika, wanda ke sanye take da dabbobi masu rarrafe paws. A wasu jinsunan, su ne musamman tenacious da kuma taimaka wa ubangidansa nimbly hawa itatuwa da kuma m ƙasa.

lizard ta kwarangwal ne daban-daban daga wasu kungiyoyin na nazarin sasannin fauna a gaban sacral kashin baya na 2 vertebrae. Har ila yau rarrabe ne na musamman tsarin da caudal vertebrae, wato neokostenevayuschey interlayer tsakanin su, saboda abin da akwai m hawaye lizard wutsiya.

Mene ne kama tsakanin wani lizard da Kadangare?

Wasu mutane dame newts da kadangaru - wakilan infraorder tailed halittar dabba mai kafafuwa. Mene ne kama tsakanin wani lizard da Kadangare? Wakilai daga wadannan biyu superclasses kama da juna kawai sama-sama ne, da ciki tsarin yayi dace Tritons haltta halittar dabba mai kafafuwa. Duk da haka, daga cikin ra'ayi na Physiology da kadangaru, newts kuma gani duba wannan: serpentine kai, m eyelids a kan idanunsu, wani dogon jiki da biyar-fingered wata gabar jiki da kuma wani lokacin a kan bangarorin da dagi a baya, da wutsiya, da ikon regenerate.

ikon lizard

Lizard yana nufin banda kisan gillar da dabbobi, wato, ta yanayin jiki dabam dangane da yanayi zazzabi, don haka wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe ne mafi aiki a lokacin da rana, a lokacin da iska warms up mafi. Mafi yawan su - shi ke carnivorous lizard jinsunan da sunayen da suka hada da fiye da dubu mutane. Hakar na lizard da yara dogara a kan girman da masu rarrafe. Saboda haka, kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized tsuntsaye ciyar a kan dukan kwaro, kamar kwari, gizo-gizo, tsutsotsi, mollusks. Wadanda ke fama da manyan kadangaru - a matsakaici-sized vertabrate (frogs, macizai, kananan tsuntsaye da kadangaru). A togiya ne Komodo dragon, wanda shi ne saboda su manyan size iya iya farautar wani babban wasan (barewa, aladu, kuma ko da matsakaici-sized bauna).

Wani sashi na lizard nasa ne da herbivorous, cin ganye, twigs da sauran ciyayi. Duk da haka, akwai omnivorous jinsunan kamar Madagascar geckos, tare da cin kwari da shuka abinci ( 'ya'yan itatuwa, Nectar).

rarrabuwa na kadangaru

A iri-iri na kadangaru ne quite ban sha'awa da ya hada da 6 superfamily, subdivided cikin wani total of 37 iyalai:

• Iguanas.
• Geckos.
• Skinks.
• Veretenitseobraznye.
• Kadangaru.
• Tsutsa-kamar.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan initialization infraorders yana da siffofin sa mazauninsu yanayi da kuma envisaged rawa a cikin abinci sarkar.

iguania

Iguanas - wannan infraorder da yawa irin rayuwa siffofin, wanda shi ne ba kawai waje, amma sau da yawa ciki tsarin mai lizard. By iguania hada da irin sanannun iyali na kadangaru kamar yadda iguanidae, agamidae da iyali na hawainiya. Iguanas fi son mai dumi da kuma gumi sauyin yanayi, don haka da mazauninsu ne kudancin North America, ta Kudu Amurka, kazalika da wasu wurare masu zafi tsibirin (Madagascar, Kyuba, Hawaii, British Virgin Islands , da sauransu.).

Wakilai infraorder iguanas za a iya gano ta hanyar wata halayyar sosai elongated saboda plevrodontnyh hakora na ƙananan muƙamuƙi. Har ila yau rarrabe ne gaban iguanas a kan mayar da wutsiya spiny kunya, da darajar wanda yawanci ya fi girma a cikin maza. Kafar iguana lizard sanye take da 5 yatsunsu, wanda ake shugaba ta fika (talons a woody jinsunan ne sosai fiye da a terrestrial wakilan). Bugu da kari, iguania ne growths a kan shugaban kama wani kwalkwali, da kuma makogwaro pouches, kayan aiki da hidima sigina barazana, kazalika da wasa muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ma'abota.

A jikin siffar da iguana ne yafi na iri biyu:

1. High matsa jiki bangarorin wanda smoothly wuce a cikin wani thickened wutsiya. Wannan jiki siffar iya yafi a iya samu a daidaikun mutane da suke zaune a cikin itatuwan, misali HALITTAR Polychrus a cikin ta Kudu American mazauninsu.
2. Mĩƙe faifai-dimbin yawa jiki - ya gana da wakilan iguania rai a duniya.

gekkota

A infraorder gekkota hada da iyali Tsepkopalye, pygopodidae da eublepharinae. Kuma a na kowa alama na duk wakilan da infraorder wani musamman chromosome sa da kuma musamman hannu da kunne. Mai gekkota da zygomatic baka, da kuma harshen da suka yi farin ciki da forked.

• Family Gekkonovyh (tsepkopalyh) kadangaru da rayuwa a duniya domin kan miliyan 50 da shekaru. Kwarangwal na wani lizard da kuma physiological siffofin aka saba da rayuwa a kan dukkan duniya. Suna da mafi m mazauninsu biyu a zafi canjin yanayin da a temperate latitudes. Yawan jinsunan da iyali fiye da dubu.
• Pygopodidae iyali shi ne daya daga cikin legless kadangaru, dubi sosai kama macizai. Bambanta su daga macijin iya zama da halayyar danna sauti, wanda suka kada sarrafa don sadarwa tare da juna. Jikin kamar macizai, tsawo, smoothly wucewa cikin wutsiya, wanda aka saba da autotomy. lizard shugaban da aka rufe tsakaitã bude yatsun. Population kirga pygopodidae 7 danginsu da 41 jinsin. Mazauninsu - Australia, Guinea da kuma nan kusa ƙasar yankunan.
• Eublepharinae iyali - a kananan lizard a tsawon game da 25 cm tare da bambance-bambance da saka launi, nocturnal. Carnivorous, ciyar a kan kwari. Suna zaune a kan American, Asian da Afirka nahiyoyi.

scincomorpha

Wakilai scincomorpha kadangaru yada a kan dukkan nahiyoyi da wani m, na wurare masu zafi da kuma subtropical canjin yanayin. M shi ne mazaunan ƙasar, ko da yake akwai Semi-na cikin ruwa tsuntsaye, wadanda suke ciyar more lokaci a rayuwarsu a cikin bishiyoyi. Wannan infraorder hada da wadannan iyalai:

• Farantin-tailed iyali - daya daga cikin mafi yawa daga cikin rarrabuwa tsarin, wanda ya hada da game da 130 danginsu da kuma fiye da dubu jinsunan. Yada kusan a duk faɗin duniya, fãce Antarctica. Suna zaune mafi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi zone, ko akwai ma nisa daga ekweita. A mafi densely sanaki wannan iyali na Pacific Islands, kudu maso gabashin Asiya da kuma nahiyar Afrika. Farantin-tailed kadangaru zo a cikin daban-daban masu girma dabam, daban-daban bambanta a cikin kewayon 8-70 cm.
• Family latsertidy ko lacertidae yana da 42 danginsu da 307 jinsunan. Saba da rayuwa a cikin daban-daban na halitta zones: matakan, gandun daji, Hamada, duwãtsu, kuma ko da a cikin marshlands. Bazu ko'ina Eurasia da kuma Afirka (tare da banda. Madagascar). Latsertidy - kadangaru ne yafi kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized, amma akwai manyan nau'in, kamar lu'u-lu'u lizard. Abinci - zai fi dacewa carnivore (kwari, kananan kwaro).
• Teiidae iyali (11 danginsu, 129 jinsunan) na zaune a cikin ta Kudu Amurka nahiyar da kuma kudancin Arewacin Amirka. Girma kadangaru Range daga 8 cm zuwa 1.5 m A halayyar alama ne forked harshe kamar kadangaru, da abin da suka samu a karo na biyu sunan -. American kadangaru. Neman sanin gaskiya cewa alƙarya wasu nau'in hada kawai mãtã, da suka sa unfertilized qwai, wanda ake generated kawai mace.
• Cordylidae iyali (game da 70 jinsin) zauna da m yankuna na Afirka. Su za a iya samu a kan wani musamman manyan Sikeli, a karkashin abin da akwai kashi faranti. Major Sikeli Ribbed maida hankali ne akan dukan mayar da sauya zuwa wutsiya yankin na m zobba, clasps wutsiya. Lizard-Cordylidae dogon isa har zuwa 40 cm.
• Gerrhosauridae iyali zauna cikin m da kuma Semi-m yankuna na Afirka. Su ne duka terrestrial da kuma Semi-na cikin ruwa salon. Tenacious paws damar gerrhosauridae deftly hawa a kan kankara. Bã su da wani irin tsari da sikelin farantin-tailed kadangaru na iyali, kuma da na kowa halaye na ciki tsarin da saba kadangaru.
• Gimnoftalmidy iyali zauna duk Kudancin Amirka da kuma kudancin Amurka ta tsakiya. Suna daga cikin kananan kadangaru, manya wanda girma har zuwa 6 cm. Gimnoftalmidy rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka, har ma a tuddai, da kama don teiidae da ma'aikata game da hamsin da haihuwar tare da mutum ɗari biyu da jinsunan.
• Dare lizard iyali samu da sunan saboda hanyar rayuwa a lokacin da rana kadangaru boye, ta fito da dare farautar kwari da gizo-gizo. A 'yan iyali (18 jinsunan) zauna da yankunan m, a cikin m ƙasa, adult tsawon wuya ya wuce 15 cm.

Veretenitseobraznye lizard

Infraorder veretenitseobraznyh kadangaru halin da kananan Sikeli tare da unjoint tsakanin kasa kashi faranti. Daga cikin veretenitseobraznyh kadangaru faruwa a matsayin legless jinsunan da lizard tare da na al'ada tsarin da jiki da biyar-fingered wata gabar jiki. Infraorder hada da uku iyalan:

• Ksenozavry iyali daban-daban daga wasu iyalai na reshe ci gaba, da kuma wadanda ba uniform ma'auni. Yana Highlights gaban m eyelids da kuma ji takware. The iyali hada iri biyu kawai mazauninsu a Amurka ta tsakiya da kuma kasar Sin.
• Veretenitsievye iyali mallaka karfi muƙamuƙanka, Fitted tare da m hakora. Wannan shi ne yafi carnivorous kadangaru, mushrooming live haihuwar. The iyali ya hada game da 10 danginsu da kuma 80 jinsunan samu, yafi a cikin nahiyar Amirka. A size of manya ne a kusa da 50-60 cm.
• Legless iyali yana da kawai biyu jinsin tare da wuraren a Mexico da kuma California. Halin da rashin wata gabar jiki, ji ramukan da kuma fitar kasusuwan jikinsu faranti.

varanoidea lizard

Varanoidea infraorder hada da daya HALITTAR - Monitor kadangaru - da kuma game da 70 jinsin. Kadangaru rayuwa a Afirka, tare da banda o.Madagaskar, Australia da kuma New Guinea. The most jinsuna kadangaru, Komodo duba ne a real rikodin tsakanin iri daban-daban kadangaru a size, ta tsawon shi ne 3 mita, da kuma nauyi 120 kg. Ya abincin dare iya zama na dukan alade. The karami jinsunan duba lizard (Varan short-tailed) bai wuce 28 cm a tsawon.

Varan lizard Description: elongated jiki, elongated wuyansa, reshe poluvypravlennom matsayi, wani forked harshe. Kadangaru - kadai HALITTAR na kadangaru, wanda kwanyar ne Mafi ossified, a tarnaƙi da ake gittar da kunne ramukan. Idanu suna da raya, bayar da wani zagaye almajiri da kuma m fatar ido. Sikeli a baya kunshi wani kananan m ko zagaye faranti a kan farantin ciki dauki wani rectangular siffar a kan wani polygonal kai. Iko jiki karshen ba kasa iko wutsiyoyi cewa kadangaru ne iya kare kansu, tafiyad nauyi naushe a maƙiyi. A kadangaru, abu na cikin ruwa hanyarsa ta rayuwa, da wutsiya da ake amfani da su daidaita yayin da iyo a woody jinsunan, shi ne quite m da tenacious, taimaka wajen hawa da rassan. Kadangaru bambanta daga mafi sauran kadangaru zuciya tsarin (Hudu jam'iyya), kama da dabbobi masu shayarwa, yayin da zuciya na kadangaru daga sauran infraorders yana da uku kyamarori.

By hanyar rayuwa tsakanin kadangaru aka mamaye terrestrial jinsunan, amma akwai waɗanda suke ciyar da yawa lokaci a cikin ruwa da kuma itatuwa. Kwayoyin kadangaru saba da rayuwa a cikin daban-daban habitats, su za a iya samu a hamada, da kuma a cikin dazuzzukan kurmi, da kuma a bakin tekun. Yawancin wadannan yara suna aiki a cikin rãna, kawai biyu jinsin su ne herbivorous kadangaru. Ganima carnivorous kadangaru da dama mollusks, kwari, kifi, da macizai (ko da guba!), Birds, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, qwai, sauran kadangaru, da kuma manyan kadangaru ne sau da yawa cannibalistic, cin su matasa da kuma m makwabta. Duk irin duba kadangaru tana nufin kwai-kwanciya kadangaru.

Monitor kadangaru suna da muhimmanci ba kawai a matsayin wata mahada da abinci sarkar ga kewayon da mazauninsu, amma kuma ga anthropological ayyukan. Saboda haka, wa'yannan lizard fata amfani a cikin yadi masana'antu a matsayin wani abu na daban-daban takalma da kuma ko da haberdashery. A wasu jihohi, da na gida yawan amfani da naman wadannan dabbobi don abinci. A magani, lizard jini da ake amfani da samar da magunguna iri iri. Kuma, ba shakka, wadannan kadangaru ne sau da yawa mazaunan terrariums.

dibamidae

Infraorder dibamidae kunshi iyali daya, mambobin daga waxanda suke da kananan, legless mutane cewa yayi kama da tsutsotsi. Suna zaune a ƙasar da aka bĩga salon. Rarraba a cikin gandun daji a yankin Indonesia, da Philippines, India, China, New Guinea.