Menene ƙwayoyin cuta? Biology:-daban da kuma rarrabuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta

Ƙwayoyin cuta (ilmin halitta decrypts da ma'anar da kalmar haka) - extracellular jamiái wanda za a iya taka leda ne kawai da taimakon live Kwayoyin. Haka kuma, suna iya shafar ba kawai mutane, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, amma kuma kwayoyin. Ƙwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin cuta da ake kira bacteriophages. Ba haka ba da dadewa sun kasance samu nau'in da shafi juna. Suna da ake kira "tauraron dan adam ƙwayoyin cuta."

Janar halaye

Ƙwayoyin cuta ne sosai yawa nazarin halittu tsari, kamar yadda akwai a cikin kowane yanayin kasa a duniya duniya. Karatunsu da hannu a kimiyya a matsayin virology - ilimin sashe.

Kowane cutar barbashi yana da dama aka gyara:

- kayyade bayanai (DNA ko RNA).

- capsid (furotin gashi) - a m aiki.

Ƙwayoyin cuta da quite wani salo da dama, kama daga sauki helical da icosahedral ƙarewa. Standard masu girma dabam ne game da daya-ta ɗari da girman da kananan kwayoyin. Duk da haka, mafi yawan samfurori ne don haka kananan cewa su ba ko da bayyane a karkashin hasken hange.

By su yanayi, ƙwayoyin cuta ne parasites, kuma ba zai iya haifa a waje kwayar halitta mai rai. Amma zama a waje da Kwayoyin gushe a zaune ãyõyi.

Yada a hanyoyi da dama: ƙwayoyin cuta da suke zaune a tsire-tsire, koma da kwari da cewa ciyar a kan ciyawa ruwan 'ya'yan itace. dabba da ƙwayoyin cuta kawo jini-tsotsa kwari. A mutane, da cutar da aka ruwaito a cikin mafi hanyoyi: ta hanyar Airborne droplets ko jima'i, kazalika da ta jini.

asalin

Ƙwayoyin cuta (Biology yana da wata babbar yawan jinsunan) da dama shiriritar na asali. Wadannan parasites da aka samu a kowane millimeter na duniya, inda a can ne rayayyun tantani. Saboda haka akwai daga sosai farko na rayuwa.

Akwai uku shiriritar game da asalin na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin lokaci.

1. A cikin jarrabawa na salon salula asalin ruwaito cewa extracellular jamiái fito daga RNA da wani ɓaɓɓake da DTC, wanda za a iya saki daga jiki na ya fi girma size.
2. Regressive jarrabawa ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin cuta sun kananan Kwayoyin, abu mai parasitic hanyar rayuwa a cikin ya fi girma jinsuna, amma yana yiwuwa rasa da kwayoyin halittu da ake bukata domin parasitic zama.
3. Coevolution jarrabawa da shawara cewa ƙwayoyin cuta fito a lokaci guda cewa babu suna zaune Kwayoyin, watau biliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce. Kuma akwai a sakamakon gina rikitarwa da nucleic acid da sunadaran.

A takaice cutar (a kan ilmin halitta daga wadannan kwayoyin, mu ilmi tushe, da rashin alheri, shi ne kamiltattu) za ka iya karanta a cikin wannan labarin. Kowace daga cikin theories aka jera a sama yana amfani da kuma rashin unproven jarrabawa.

Ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin wani nau'i na rayuwa

Akwai biyu siffofin da cutar definition na rayuwa. A cewar wani na farko, extracellular jamiái - wani hadadden kwayoyin sunadaran kwayoyin. Na biyu definition ce ƙwayoyin cuta ne da wani nau'i na rayuwa.

Ƙwayoyin cuta (Biology ya shafi fitowan da yawa sabon iri da ƙwayoyin cuta) an halin kamar yadda kwayoyin da suke zaune a kan iyakar. Su kama da rai Kwayoyin cewa suna da nasu sa na musamman da kwayoyin halittu da kuma canzawar dangane da hanyar zabin yanayi. Har ila yau, suna iya sake fitarwa, da samar da nasu kofe. Tun da ƙwayoyin cuta ba da salon salula tsarin, masana kimiyya ba su la'akari da su kamar yadda rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Domin haduwa da kansa kwayoyin, extracellular jamiái bukatar wata rundunar cell. A rashi na da kansa metabolism ba da damar su ninka ba tare da taimako.

Duk da haka, da kimiyya labarin da aka buga a 2013 cewa wasu bacteriophages na da rigakafi da tsarin da yake iya karbuwa. Kuma wannan shi ne wata hujja ce cewa cutar - wani nau'i na rayuwa.

Nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta a Baltimore

Menene ƙwayoyin cuta, ilmin halitta ya bayyana a wasu daki-daki. David Baltimore (Nobel Prize lashe) ɓullo da nasu rarrabuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda shi ne har yanzu wani rabo. Wannan rarrabuwa dogara ne a kan hanyoyin da samuwar mRNA.

Ƙwayoyin cuta dole ne samar da mRNA daga nasu kwayoyin. Wannan tsari shi ne wajibi ne ga kansa kwafi na nucleic acid da kuma gina jiki samuwar.

Virus rarrabuwa (ilmin halitta damar domin su asalin), bisa Baltimore, kamar haka:

- dvutsepochnoy ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da wani DNA mataki RNA. Wadannan sun hada da Mimivirus da gerpevirusy.

- single-stranded DNA tare da m polarity (parvovirus).

- Dvuchepochnaya RNA (rotaviruses).

- single-stranded RNA tabbatacce polarity. Wakilai flaviviruses, picornaviruses.

- single-stranded RNA kwayoyin ne biyu ko korau polarity. Misalai: filoviruses, orthomyxoviruses.

- m single-stranded RNA, da kuma gaban DNA kira a kan RNA (HIV) matrix.

- Dvutsepochnaya DNA da kuma gaban DNA kira a kan wani template RNA (hepatitis B).

rayuwa tsayi

Misalan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ilmin halitta samu kusan a kowane bi da bi. Amma duk da rai sake zagayowar fitowa kusan guda. Ba da ciwon sifar tantanin halitta, kuma ya mayar da ta rarraba, ba za su iya ba. Saboda haka, amfani da kayayyakin da suke ciki ta rundunar Kwayoyin. Saboda haka, da suka nuna da yawa kofe na kansu.

virus sake zagayowar kunshi dama, saukarwa, wanda suke vzaimoperekryvayuschimisya.

A mataki na farko da cutar ne a haɗe, watau, shi ya ƙunshi wani takamaiman mahada tsakanin su sunadaran da rundunar cell rabe. Next kana bukatar ka shiga a cikin cell da kanta da kuma wuce ta kayyade abu. Wasu jinsunan jure mafi da kuma sunadarai. Sa'an nan capsid asarar, da kuma ilimin kwayoyin hali nucleic acid da aka saki.

Bayan da m da dama a cikin cell fara taron kwayar barbashi da kuma gina jiki gyara. Kuma a sakamakon cutar daga Kwayoyin. Ko da ya ci gaba da ci gaba, shi zai iya ba kashe kwayar halitta, da kuma ci gaba da rayuwa a cikinsa.

mutum cuta

Ƙwayoyin cuta ilmin halitta fassara a matsayin na baya bayyanuwar rayuwa a duniya duniya. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimman mutum kwayar cuta ne da kowa sanyi. Duk da haka, wadannan parasites zai iya sa sosai tsanani da rashin lafiya kamar AIDS ko Avian mura.

Kowane virus yana da wani takamaiman tsari na mataki a kan ta rundunar. Wannan tsari ya shafi lysis na Kwayoyin wadda take kaiwa zuwa ga mutuwa. A kwayar kwayoyin, kwayoyin fara aiki talauci a lokacin da wani babban yawan Kwayoyin mutuwa kashe. A lokuta da dama, da cutar na iya ba sa cutar da lafiyar dan adam. A magani shi ne ake kira rashin laka. Wani misali na irin wannan cutar ne herpes. Wasu latent jinsin su ne iya amfana. Wani lokaci su gaban yanã da wani rigakafi martani kan kwayan pathogens.

Wasu cututtuka na iya zama na kullum ko lifelong. Wannan ne, da cutar da aka tasowa, duk da m ayyuka na jiki.

annoba

Kwayar epidemiology - da kimiyya da nazarin yadda sarrafa watsa kwayar cututtuka a cikin mutane. m watsa iya zama a kwance, da cewa shi ne, daga mutum zuwa mutum. ko a tsaye - daga uwa zuwa jariri.

Takamaiman watsa ne ya fi kowa da irin cutar yada daga mutãne.

watsa kudi da cutar dogara da dalilai da dama: yawan yawa, da yawan mutane tare da matalauta rigakafi da tsarin, kazalika daga magani inganci da yanayin yanayi.

Skin kariya

Ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ilmin halitta da cewa na iya shafar lafiyar dan adam, incalculable. The sosai farko m martani ne m rigakafi. Ya kunshi musamman sunadaran cewa samar da ba-takamaiman kariya. Wannan irin kariyar da ba zai iya samar da abin dogara da kuma dogon kariya.

Lokacin da vertebrate Na'urar rigakafi bayyana, sa'an nan samar na musamman antibodies cewa hašawa zuwa da cutar da kuma yin shi lafiya.

Amma ba da dukan data kasance ƙwayoyin cuta samu rigakafi. Alal misali, HIV ne kullum canja da amino acid jerin, ta haka ne motsi daga tsarin na rigakafi.

Magani da kuma rigakafin

Ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ilmin halitta - shi ne mai matukar kowa sabon abu, masana kimiyya sun deduced haka musamman alluran dauke da "damning kaya" wa kansu ƙwayoyin cuta. Mafi na kowa da kuma inganci Hanyar gwagwarmaya ne alurar riga kafi, wanda halitta rigakafi ga kamuwa da cutar, kazalika da antiviral da kwayoyi, wanda suke iya selectively hana kwafi na ƙwayoyin cuta.

Ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin halitta suke bayyana mafi yawa a matsayin qeta mazaunan jikin mutum. A halin yanzu, maganin za a iya shawo kan talatin cutar kwana a cikin jikin mutum, har ma fiye da - a cikin jikin dabbobi.

M matakan da kwayar cututtuka kamata a da za'ayi a kan lokaci da kuma sosai. Don yin wannan, Adam yana bukatar rayuwa mai lafiya salon da kuma kokarin duk yiwu hanyoyin da za a bunkasa rigakafi. A jihar kamata kafa quarantines lokaci da kuma samar da mai kyau kiwon lafiya.

shuka ƙwayoyin cuta

ƙwayoyin cuta samar da ilmin halitta bi mafi yawa zagaye da sanda-dimbin yawa. Irin wannan parasites quite babban lambar. A farm suka yafi shafar amfanin ƙasa, amma rabu da su uneconomical. Daga shuka shuka ƙwayoyin cuta suna yada ta kwari vectors. Irin wannan nau'in ba zai shafi mutane ko dabbobi, kamar yadda suka iya kawai radiyo a shuka Kwayoyin.

Green Friends na duniya, ya yi yawa, za a iya kare daga gare su tare da taimakon gene inji ne na zaman lafiya. Sau da yawa sosai shuke-shuke ya shafa ta hanyar cutar, za a fara samar da antiviral jamiái kamar salicylic acid ko nitrogen oxide. Ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu na ƙwayoyin cuta da aka magance matsalolin da shan kashi m shuka parasites, kazalika da canza su chemically ko genetically, wanda na taimaka wa kara raya fasahar binciken halittu.

wucin gadi ƙwayoyin cuta

Ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ilmin halitta suna da yawa. Shi ne musamman zama dole la'akari da cewa masana kimiyya sun koyi yadda za su haifar da wucin gadi parasites. A farko wucin gadi jinsunan da aka samu a 2002. Mai extracellular jamiái wucin gadi gene gabatar a cikin cell fara nuna dauke da kwayar cutar quality. Wancan ne, su dauke da dukkan bayanai da cewa wajibi ne ga samuwar sabon nau'in. Wannan fasaha da aka yi amfani da ko'ina, don samar da anti-infective alurar.

Da ikon haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin vitro iya samun dama sakamakon. A cutar ba zai iya gaba daya ya mutu daga muddin akwai masu kula da jikinsa.

Ƙwayoyin cuta - da makami

Abin baƙin ciki, dauke da kwayar cutar parasites iya ƙirƙirar wani yankunan da annoba, don haka za su iya a yi amfani a matsayin nazarin halittu makami. Wannan ya tabbatar da da Spanish mura, wanda aka halitta a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wani misali shi ne smallpox. A maganin domin shi an riga an samu, amma kamar yadda mai mulkin, alurar riga kafi ne kawai likita ma'aikata da kuma soja ma'aikata, wanda ke nufin cewa sauran na yawan ne a wani hadarin m idan irin wannan nazarin halittu makamai Za a yi amfani a yi.

Ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma Muciya

A lokacin, da extracellular jamiái iya "fariya" da mafi yawan mutane da kuma nau'in rayuwa a duniya duniya. Sun yi wani muhimmin aiki da gudãnar alƙarya da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Sau da yawa sosai sai suka samar da wani symbiosis tare da dabbobi. Alal misali, wasu wasps dafin ƙunshi aka gyara na da kwayar asalin. Duk da haka, su main rawa a cikin wanzuwar biosphere ne rayuwa a cikin teku, da tekuna.

A daya teaspoon na teku gishiri ƙunshi game da miliyan ƙwayoyin cuta. Su main manufa shi ne ya tsara rayuwar a cikin ruwa al'amarin. Mafi yawansu ba su kasance kaucewa m zuwa Flora da fauna

Amma ba haka ba duk tabbatacce halaye. Ƙwayoyin cuta tsara photosynthesis tsari, don haka kara oxygen abun ciki a cikin yanayi.