Kuzma Minin: Tarihi, abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi, 'yan bindiga. Kuzma Minin da Prince Dmitry Pozharsky

A tsakiyar babban birnin, a kan babban masaukin kasarmu, abin tunawa ne ga kowa da kowa, wanda ya kafa IP Martos a 1818. Hakan ya nuna 'ya'yan Rasha mafi girma - Kuzma Minin da Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, a cikin lokaci mai wuyar gaske ga mahaifiyar da ta gudanar da tsarawa da kuma jagorantar dubban' yan bindigar da ke yaki da mamaye. Abubuwan da suka faru a waɗannan shekarun sun zama ɗaya daga cikin shafuffukan shahararrun tarihin mu.

Matashi da kuma masu sauraron Nizhny Novgorod

Lokacin da aka haifi Kuzma Minin, ba a san shi ba. An yi imani da cewa wannan ya faru a shekara ta 1570 a garin Balakhna na Privolzhsky. Tarihin da sunayen iyayensa - Michael da Domniki - sun kiyaye su. An kuma san cewa su masu arziki ne, kuma lokacin da dan ya kai shekara goma sha ɗaya, ya koma Nizhny Novgorod - daya daga cikin manyan garuruwan Volga. A waɗannan kwanakin an yarda da cewa 'ya'yan tun daga lokacin da suka tsufa, har ya yiwu, sun taimaki iyayensu su sami gurasa. Saboda haka Kuzma ya zama aiki na matashi a matashi.

Lokacin da ya girma, sai ya bude kasuwancinsa. Ba da nesa da ganuwar Kremlin ya bayyana kisan gillar Minin ga shanu da kuma kantin sayar da nama. Abubuwa sun tafi daidai, wanda ya ba mu damar gina gidan mu a ƙauyen Blagoveshchenskaya Sloboda, inda mutane na wadata suka zauna a wannan lokacin. Ba da da ewa akwai amarya mai kyau - Tatyana Semyonovna, wanda ya zama matarsa, ya haifa masa 'ya'ya biyu - Nefed da Leonti.

Ku tara dattawan Zemsky

Daga cikin sauran mutanen gari, Kuzma ya tsaya tare da tunaninsa, makamashi da kuma ra'ayoyinsu na jagorancin. Na gode wa wadannan halaye, mazauna mazaunin, wanda daga bisani ya sami iko, ya zaba Kuzma tsohuwarsa. Amma hakikanin ainihin kwarewar da aka saukar a 1611, a lokacin da sarki na Moscow aika shi zuwa Nizhny Novgorod, kira ga dukan farar hula na Rasha su tashi sama da masu fafutukar Poland.

Don tattaunawa game da wannan sakon a wannan rana majalisar gari ta kunshi wakilai na birni kuma malamai sun taru. Kuzma Minin ya halarci wannan. Nan da nan bayan an karanta karatun ga mazaunin Nizhny Novgorod, ya yi magana da su da maganganu mai ban tsoro, yana roƙon su su tsaya ga bangaskiya da kuma Fatherland, da kuma wannan maɗaukaki, kada su yi nadama rai ko dukiya.

Muhimman bukatun yaki

Mazaunan garin sun amsa addu'arsa, amma ga irin wannan babban kasuwancin, an buƙatar mai karfi da kuma kasuwanci, wanda zai iya samar da sojoji tare da kayan aiki, da kuma kwamandan kwamandan da ya dace ya dauki umurnin. Su ne Kuzma Minin da Yarima Dmitry Pozharsky, wanda ya fi tabbatar da cewa yana da kyau sosai. Yanzu a kan dukkan al'amurran da suka danganci albarkatun mutane da kuma kuɗin da ake bukata, sun yi magana da Minin zuwa ga Minin.

Amfani da ikon da aka ba shi kuma dogara ga goyon bayan sojojin Pozharsky, ya yanke shawarar cewa kowane mazaunin birnin dole ne ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun kuɗin da adadin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukiyarsa. A cikin lokuta masu ban mamaki, wannan adadin ya rage zuwa kashi biyar na yawan kuɗin da aka kwatanta da mazaunin birni. Ba tare da son taimakawa ba, an hana su dukkan 'yanci na gari kuma sun shiga cikin jinsunan serfs, kuma dukkanin kayansu sun kasance sun cancanci kwantar da su don goyon bayan' yan bindigar. Irin wadannan dokoki ne masu tsanani na yaki, kuma Kuzma Minin ba shi da ikon nuna wani rauni.

Harkokin 'yan bindigar da kuma fashewar tashin hankali

Takaddun shaida kamar waɗanda aka karɓa a Nizhny Novgorod an aika zuwa wasu birane na Rasha. Ba da daɗewa ba, da yawa daga cikin wasu yankuna sun hada da 'yan Nizhny Novgorod, inda mazauna suka amsa da irin wannan sha'awar da ake kira sarki. A sakamakon karshen Maris 1612 da shekara da Volga aka tattara dubban mutane na mayakan sa kai, wanda yake jagorancin da Kuzma Minin da Dmitry Pozharsky.

Babban tushe na karshe na sojojin sune birnin Yaroslavl ne da yawa. Saboda haka, a cikin Yuli 1612, 'yan bindigar, a cikin yawan mutane fiye da talatin, suka shiga cikin sakonnin Hetman Jan Hodkiewicz, wanda ya gaggauta taimakawa garuruwan Poland da aka katange a Moscow. Wannan yakin basasa ya biyo bayan Agusta 24 a karkashin ganuwar babban birnin kasar. Hakan ya kasance a hannun masu sa ido, amma halayyar 'yan bindiga sun hana su samun wannan dama. Prince Pozharsky da Kuzma Minin sun jagoranci jagorancin yakin da kuma samar da ƙarfin hali a cikin mayakan su ta hanyar misalai na kansu.

Siege na Kremlin

Wannan nasarar ta cika. Maƙiyi sun gudu, suna barin manyan kaya a hannunsu: dakuna, banners, timpani da karusai ɗari huɗu tare da abinci. Bugu da kari, an kama 'yan fursunoni da yawa. An sake dawo da hetman daga Moscow, amma a bayan katangar Kremlin sun kasance yankunan Poland mazauna Struce da Budila, waɗanda ba a taɓa gurgunta su ba. Bugu da} ari, wa] anda suka kashe su, sun wakilci wani ~ angare - 'yan matan, wanda suka gudu zuwa ga wa] anda suka mamaye. Kowannensu yana da 'yan wasa, tare da wanda suka yi yaƙi.

Kwangogin da ke kewaye da Kremlin sun dade daga cikin abinci, kuma suna fama da mummunan yunwa. Sanin wannan, Kuzma Minin da Pozharsky, don kaucewa hadayu marasa dacewa, ya ba su damar mika wuya, tabbatar da rai, amma an ƙi su. Ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba (1 ga watan Nuwamba) 'yan bindiga sun kai farmaki da kuma kama birnin China, amma har yanzu sun ci gaba da gwagwarmaya. Daga cannibalism, cannibalism ya fara a cikin matsayi.

Da mika wuya ga 'yan kwalliya da kuma shigar da' yan tawayen cikin Kremlin

Prince Pozharsky ya sauya buƙatun da ya gayyaci 'yan gudun hijirar su bar Kremlin tare da makamai da banners, ya bar kawai dukiyar kuɗi, amma Poles ba su yarda ba. Sai kawai masu cin hanci da rashawa sun bar - 'yan jarraba tare da iyalansu, wanda Kuzma Minin, ke tsaye a kan gado a dutse, ya kare daga Cossacks, wadanda suke bakin ciki tare da sha'awar magance masu cin zarafin nan da nan.

Da yake fahimtar azabar su, ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba (5 ga watan Nuwamba), an kaddamar da wannan hari kuma ya janye daga Kremlin. Sakamakon makomar su ta samo asali ne a hanyoyi daban-daban. Dokar da Budil ta umarce shi ta kasance mai farin ciki: yana cikin matsayi na sojojin Pozharsky, kuma shi, ya kiyaye maganarsa, ya kiyaye su da rai, ya aika zuwa Nizhny Novgorod. Amma tsarin mulkin Strusya ya zo ga gwamnan Trubetskoi kuma Cossacks ya hallaka shi gaba daya.

Babban rana a tarihin Rasha shine ranar 27 ga Oktoba (6 ga watan Nuwamba) a 1612. Bayan da moleben ya yi ta Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Dionysius, 'yan kungiyar Kuzma Minin da Pozharsky, a karkashin ƙawanin karrarawa, sun shiga Kremlin. Abin baƙin ciki, har zuwa wannan rana ce bai zauna sarki Harmajanas, wanda ya tashe kira Rasha mutane don su yi yaƙi da invaders. Don ƙin yarda da su ga son zuciyarsu, Poles sun buge shi a ginshiki na Chudov Monastery.

Royal jinƙai

A cikin Yuli 1613, wani muhimmin abu ya faru wanda ya nuna alama ga mulkin mulkin Romanovs na shekaru uku: wakilin farko na su, Emperor Mikhail Fedorovich, ya hau gadon mulkin Rasha. Wannan ya faru a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, kuma a ranar da rana ta farko ne wanda ya kafa daular daular - a matsayin abin godiyar godiya ga ayyukansa na kasa - ya ba Kuzma Minin matsayi mai daraja a Duma. Wannan kyauta ne mai kyau, tun a wancan lokaci wannan darajar ita ce ta uku a "girmamawa", na biyu kawai ga boyar da okolnichhemu. Yanzu mahaliccin mayakan da dama su zauna a cikin Boyar Duma, karkashin jagorancin umarni ko zama gwamna.

Tun daga wannan lokaci, Minin ya ji dadin amincewa da sarki. A lokacin da a 1615 Mikhail Fedorovich da muƙarrabai tafi a kan aikin hajji a cikin Triniti-Sergius Lavra, da kariya na babban birnin kasar wakkala a gare shi, domin ya san cewa, 'yantacce Moscow daga tsohon makiya, mutumin da zai iya kare ta daga gaba. Kuma daga bisani sarki ya amince da Minin tare da alhakin ayyukan.

Mutuwa da asiri sun hade da ragowar gwarzo

Kuzma Mikhailovich Minin ya mutu ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1616, aka binne shi a coci na Pokhvalin Church. A shekara ta 1672, Nizhny Novgorod Metropolitan Filaret ya umarce shi da ya canja wurin toka zuwa ga Cathedral na Transfiguration na Kremlin a Nizhny Novgorod. A cikin shekaru talatin na karni na XIX, an rushe coci da aka rushe a wannan lokacin, kuma a 1838 an gina wani sabon gini daga bisani.

A cikin kurkuku, toka na Minin da wasu shugabannin sun canja shi. Shekaru dari bayan haka, da bin ka'idojin rashin ikon addini, Bolsheviks sun rushe haikalin a ƙasa, kuma ragowar sojojin Nizhny Novgorod sun isa gidan kayan gargajiyar gida, sa'an nan kuma aka tura su zuwa St. Michael, babban ɗakin majalisa na Nizhny Novgorod. An yarda da ita a matsayin kabarin Kuzma Minin.

Duk da haka, masu bincike suna da shakka akan wannan. Akwai shawara cewa ragowar mutum mai banbanci ne a cikin Cathedral na St. Michael da Mala'ikan, kuma ragowar gwarzo mai daraja ya kasance a ƙasa a wurin da Ikklisiya ta rushe. A yanzu an gina gine-ginen Nizhny Novgorod da birnin Duma, don haka ba zai iya yiwuwa a gudanar da wani wasan kwaikwayon ba, kuma ya tabbatar ko musun wannan magana.

Godiya

Bayan rasuwar Minin, dansa Nefyod ya kasance, wanda ya yi aiki a Moscow a matsayin mai lauya-wani jami'i mai kulawa a cikin daya daga cikin umarnin tsar. Ambatar mahaifinsa isa yabo, Mikhail Fedorovich musamman diploma cemented damansa ikon mallakar daga cikin patrimonial kauyen Bogorodsk a Nizhny Novgorod gundumar. Ya kuma mallaki wani shafin a Kremlin a Nizhny Novgorod.

Kuzma Minin da Dmitry Pozharsky sun kare Rasha, kuma masu farin ciki a shekara ta 1818 sun kafa wani abin tunawa ga wadannan 'yan uwan kirki na kasar su. Marubucinta shine masanin scorptor IP Martos, kuma an halicce shi ne don kyauta na kyauta na 'yan ƙasa. Asali an shirya kafa wani abin tunawa a Nizhny Novgorod - shimfiɗar jariri, da na jama'ar kasar mayakan, amma daga baya yanke shawarar komawa da shi zuwa babban birnin kasar, kamar yadda feat na waɗannan mutanen a cikin ikon yinsa, ke zuwa yanzu fiye da wata guda birni.