Cutar da "Mu'jizan Rasha". Tarihin jirgin sama "saƙa" (T-4)

A cikin tarihin jirgin sama na Soviet, T-4 yana da wuri na musamman. Aikin jirgin sama ne mai ban sha'awa kuma mai tsada, wanda zai zama abokin hamayyarsa na masu sufuri na Amurka. An kirkirar T-4 ta hanyar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya tsakanin tsaka-tsakin gida. Zama milestone a cikin makamai tseren tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka, da jirgin saman taba sanya shi a cikin taro samar, ya zauna da wani gwaji model. Daga T-4 ya ki saboda girman kima da fasaha.

Wajibi don bayyanar

Jirgin "saƙa" (T-4) ya zama wata hujja ta Soviet a cikin yaki da makaman nukiliya na Amurka. A ƙarshen shekarun 1950 sai ya zama a fili cewa Amurka ba ta da wani abu da za ta yi adawa da Amurka a fagen jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama. Babban mawuyacin hali na Navy ya kasance tashar jiragen ruwa na nukiliya, wanda masu dauke da jirgin sama suka rufe. Haɗuwa da waɗannan jirgi yana da babbar tsaro.

Abin da kawai zai iya samo wani jirgin saman jirgin sama na Amurka shi ne babban makamai masu linzami da ke dauke da makaman nukiliya. Amma ba zai yiwu a shiga cikin jirgi ba saboda gaskiyar cewa ya yi gyare-gyare. A cikin wadannan dalilai, jagoran Soviet Army sun yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ne da za a gudanar da aiwatar da aikin don sabon jirgin sama mai girma. Sun zama "saƙa" (T-4). Jirgin yana dauke da suna "samfurin 100", saboda wanda ya karbi sunan sunansa.

Gasar

Tsarin gaggawa na masu sufurin jiragen sama ya karu 100 ton na nauyin nauyin kai da kilomita 3,000 a kowace awa na gudu. Tare da irin wadannan halaye (da kuma rufi na kilomita 24), jirgin ya zama marar amfani ga tashar radar na Amurka, sabili da haka, makamai masu linzami. Kwamitin Kwamitin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci ya buƙaci zane-zanen (T-4) ya kasance masu rinjaye ga mayakan interceptors.

Yawancin bureaus da dama sun shiga cikin gasar domin aikin jirgin sama mai yiwuwa. Dukan kwararru sun sa ran T-4s za a dauka zuwa Wurin Tupolev Design, kuma sauran bureaus na zane zasu shiga kawai don bayyanar gasar. Duk da haka, a cikin ofishin zane-zane na Sukhoi don aikin ya yi da sha'awar da ba'a so ba. Aikin farko na tawagar kwararru na farko sun jagoranci Oleg Samoilovich.

Shirin Zane na Sukhoi

A lokacin rani na 1961, an gudanar da majalisa. Makasudin shine a bayyana wani ɗayan zane wanda zai dauki magungunan T-4. Sotka ya kasance a hannun hannun Sukhoi Design Bureau. An katse aikin Tupolev saboda gaskiyar cewa jirgin saman da aka tsara yana da nauyi ga ayyukan da aka ba shi.

Har ila yau ya sanya Alexander Yakovlev tare da brainchild "Yak-35". A lokacin jawabinsa, ya yi magana da Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev, yana maida martani game da shawararsa na yin jirgin sama daga aluminum. A sakamakon haka babu wannan ko kuma sauran gasar ta lashe. Kayan na'ura na Pavel Sukhoi ya fi dacewa da kwamitin jihar.

Injin

Jirgin "saƙa" (T-4) ya kasance na musamman a hanyoyi da dama. Da farko, an rarraba ma'anarsa ta hanyar halaye. Idan aka ba da takamaiman na'ura, dole ne su yi aiki yadda ya dace a cikin yanayi marar kyau na iska maras kyau, yanayin zafi da kuma amfani da man fetur marar amfani. Da farko an shirya cewa T-4 ("sotka") makami mai linzami zai karbi nau'ikan injuna guda uku, amma a karshe lokacin da masu zanen kaya suka tsaya a daya - RD36-41. A kan ci gabanta ya yi aiki a cikin RBbinsk OKB.

Wannan samfurin ya fi kama da wani motar Soviet - VD-7, wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarun 1950. RD36-41 sanye take da wani bayanburner, wani turbine guda biyu tare da chillers da kuma compressor 11. Duk wannan ya ba mu damar amfani da jirgin sama a mafi yawan yanayin zafi. An yi injin din kusan shekaru goma. Wannan na'ura ta musamman ya zama tushen sauran samfurori da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jirgin sama na Soviet. An sanye su da jiragen sama na Tu-144, jiragen sama na M-17, da kuma jiragen sama.

Armament

Babu wata mahimmanci fiye da injuna, domin jirgin ya kasance makamansa. Mai hadarin ya karbi makamai masu linzami na X-33. Da farko an ci gaba da su a Cibiyar Tarihin Sukhoi. Duk da haka, a lokacin zane, an tura makamai masu linzami zuwa Dubba OKB. Armament ya sami mafi zamani a wannan lokaci halaye. Makiyoyin makamai na kai tsaye zasu iya motsawa zuwa manufa sau bakwai saurin sauti. Da zarar a cikin shan kashi, aikin da kansa ya lissafa jirgin saman jirgin sama ya kai hari.

Ma'anar ƙididdiga sun kasance ba a taɓa gani ba. Don aiwatar da shi, missiles sun karbi tashar kansu na radar, da kuma hanyoyin da ke kewayawa, wanda ke kunshe da kwakwalwa na dijital. Gudanar da aikin shi ne, a cikin rikice-rikice, kwatankwacin mahimmanci na sarrafa jirgin sama kanta.

Sauran Hannun

Menene sabon abu kuma na musamman ga T-4? "Sotka" wani jirgi ne, kullin da aka tanadar da mafi kyawun zamani na alamomi da kewayawa. A yayinda ma'aikatan su ke daukar hotunan telebijin, wanda kamfanonin radars sun watsa bayanai. Hoton hotunan ya rufe kusan dukkanin duniya.

Masu sufurin motar sun ƙunshi mai kulawa da kuma mai tafiyar da jirgi. An saka mutane a cikin gidan, wanda aka raba shi zuwa kashi biyu ta hanyar rabuwa. Tsarin gidan T-4 ya bambanta da hanyoyi da yawa. Babu wata lantarki. A cikin jirgin saman jirgin sama na sama, an gudanar da binciken ne ta amfani da kayyadadden kwayoyin halitta, da gefe da kuma saman windows. Ma'aikata sun yi aiki a cikin sararin samaniya a cikin wani matsala na depressionurization.

Tushen mafita

Babban lamari mafi girma na "Miracle" na Rasha (T-4, "saƙa") shine cewa wannan aikin ya keta, duk da cewa ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi mafi ban sha'awa da masu ban sha'awa na masu tsara jirgin sama. Alal misali, irin wannan maganin shine amfani da hanci wanda aka kare ta fuselage. Masana sun yarda da wannan zaɓi saboda fitilar da ke cikin gidan jirgin saman a wani babban gudun mita 3,000 a kowace awa ya zama tushen juriya mai ban mamaki.

Ma'aikata na zane-zanen ma'aikata sunyi fama da karfi domin ra'ayin kansu. Rundunar sojin ta haramta wa baka. Don shawo kan su ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai ga babbar babbar sha'awa na gwajin gwajin Vladimir Ilyushin.

Ginin masana'antu gwaji

Gwaji da kuma shasi taron jama'a, kazalika da ci gaba da zane takardun izini ofishin karkashin jagorancin Igor kula. Halittar jirgin sama ya faru a cikin lokaci mai mahimmanci, don haka manyan abubuwan da suka faru sunyi kai tsaye a cikin Office Design Bureau. A lokacin tsara na'ura, masu sana'a sunyi magance matsalolin da ke haɗuwa da lahani na tsarin juya-juya-baya. Kafin gwaje-gwaje ya fara, an sake duba ƙarin ƙididdigar takaddama na zamani.

An kira motar farko ta gwajin "101". Hakan ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1969 wanda aka haɗu da shi. Masu tsarawa sunyi gwajin gwagwarmaya da kuma duba mahimmancin ɗakunan da kayan aiki. Ya ɗauki wasu shekaru biyu don haɗu da tsarin daban-daban, da kuma tsaftace motar jiragen sama.

Gwaji

T-4 na farko ("saƙa") ya bayyana a spring of 1972. A cikin gwaje-gwajen jiragen sama a cikin gidansa ya zauna a cikin matashin jirgin saman Vladimir Ilyushin da kuma mai suna Nikolai Alferov. An sake dakatar da dubawar sabon jirgin sama saboda hasken rana. Gudun daji da kuma peat bogs sun haifar da samuwa a cikin sama a sama da filin jirgin sama. Saboda haka, gwaje-gwaje sun fara ne kawai a ƙarshen 1972. Jirgin farko na tara ya nuna cewa jirgin yana da iko mai kyau, kuma matukin jirgi bai buƙatar da hankali sosai ga cikakkun bayanai ba. An yi sauƙin ɗaukar kusurwoyi, kuma rabuwa daga ƙasa ya ci gaba da sauƙi. Hakan da aka yi da overclocking ya dace sosai.

Domin designers, ya muhimmanci don gwada irin yadda za a wuce kada a gane shi sauti shãmaki. Motar ta ci nasara da shi a kwantar da hankula, cewa an kayyade katunan. Bugu da ƙari, wani sabon na'ura mai nisa ya nuna aiki marar matsala. Ƙananan kuskuren ma sun bayyana: tsarin kayan lantarki na kasawa, ƙaddamar da kaya, ƙananan ƙarfe a cikin tankuna na man fetur da man fetur, da dai sauransu. Duk da haka, a gaba ɗaya, na'ura ta sadu da duk bukatun da aka saita a gabansa.

T-4 na tayar da kai tsaye ("saƙa") ya nuna sha'awar soja. Sojojin sun umarci motoci 250, wanda aka shirya don shirya shekaru biyar na 1975-1980. Ya kasance babban littafi mai yawa don na'ura mai tsada da na zamani.

Hasashen nan gaba

Kwanan gwaji, wanda ake nufi don gwaji, an gina shi a Tushino Machine Building Building. Duk da haka, ƙarfinsa bai isa ya samar da jirgin sama ba. Kasuwanci guda ɗaya na kasar za su iya jimre wa irin wannan tsari. Wannan shi ne Kazan Aviation Plant, wanda a lokaci guda shine babban tushe na tushen tashar Tupolev. Bayyanar T-4 yana nufin cewa OKB yana rasa aikin. Tupolev da abokinsa Pyotr Dementyev (Ministan Harkokin Kasuwanci) sunyi mafi kyau don hana wannan.

A sakamakon haka, an cire Dry daga Kazan. Dalilin wannan shi ne sakin sabon gyare-gyaren Tu-22. Sa'an nan kuma, zanen yanke shawarar saki akalla ɓangare na jirgin sama a duk guda Tushino. A manyan ofisoshin dogon lokaci sunyi jayayya kan makomar samfurin T-4 ("saƙa"). Daga takarda da Ministan tsaro Andrei Grechko ya sanya hannu a shekara ta 1974, ya kamata a dakatar da dukkan gwaje-gwajen gwajin gwaji. Wannan shawarar da aka yi wa Peter Dementiev ne. Ya rinjayi Ministan Tsaro don rufe shirin kuma fara samar da fuka-fuki ga na'ura MiG-23 a Tushino.

Ƙarshen aikin

Ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, 1975, Pavel Sukhoi, mai tsara jirgin sama ya mutu. T-4 ("saƙa") shi ne ƙarfinsa a kowace ma'anar kalmar. Har zuwa ranar ƙarshe ta rayuwarsa, ba a sami shugaban Kashi ba daga cikakkun amsa daga jami'an game da makomar aikin. Tuni bayan mutuwarsa, a watan Janairu 1976, Ma'aikatar Aviation Industry ta ba da umurni bisa ga abin da aka kammala shirin "kayayyakin 100". A cikin wannan takardun, Pyotr Dementyev ya jaddada cewa an gama aiki a kan T-4 domin a mayar da hankalin hanyoyi da kuma karfi a kan tsarin tsarin Tu-160.

A gwaji samfurin, wanda aka yi amfani da lokacin jirgin gwaji, da aka aika zuwa ga Monino gidan kayan gargajiya a madawwami filin ajiye motoci. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewa daya daga cikin ayyukan mafi girma na jirgin sama na Soviet, lokaci ya nuna cewa T-4 yana da tsada (kimanin dala biliyan 1.3).