Ilimin halayyar - da kimiyya da karatu cikin al'umma, da aiki da kuma cin

The kalmar "ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a" ya zo daga Latin "societas" (al'umma) da kuma kalmar Helenanci "hoyos" (koyarwa). Daga wannan shi ya bi cewa ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a - da kimiyya da karatu cikin al'umma. Mun bayar da ku don samun matsahi na saba da wannan ban sha'awa fannin nazari.

A takaice a kan ci gaban ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a

Al'ummar duniya a matakai na da tarihi, kokarin sa hankali na al'umma. Mutane da yawa Thinkers na tsufa yi magana game da shi (Aristotle, Plato). Duk da haka, kalmar "ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a" a cikin kimiyya da juyin juya halin da aka gabatar kawai a cikin 30s na 19th karni. An gabatar da Ogyust Kont, Faransa Falsafa. Ilimin halayyar matsayin mai zaman kanta kimiyya ne rayayye kafa a Turai a karni na 19th. Mai maida sabon ci gaba da hannu masana kimiyya, rubuta a Jamus, Faransa da kuma Turanci.

The kafa na ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da kuma ya taimaka ga kimiyya

Ogyust Kont - mutumin, saboda wanda akwai fitowan da ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a a matsayin kimiyya. Shekaru na rayuwa da shi - 1798-1857. Da shi shi ne karo na farko ya yi magana da bukatar ware shi a raba horo da kuma substantiate da bukatar. Saboda haka akwai nazarin zamantakewar al'umma. A takaice kwatanta taimako na masanin kimiyya, mun lura cewa shi ne kuma na farko da ya ayyana da hanyoyin da batun kwayoyin halitta. Ogyust Kont ne kafa positivism ka'idar. A cewar wannan ka'idar, shi wajibi ne a yi bincike da nazari daban-daban na zamantakewa mamaki tsayar da shaidar tushe, kama da daya cewa yana da kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Comte yi imani da cewa ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a - da kimiyya da karatu da jama'a ne kawai dogaro da hanyoyin kimiyya, tare da abin da za ka iya samu empirical bayanai. Wannan, misali, hanyoyin da kallo, tarihi da kuma kamanta bincike na facts na gwaji, da hanyar da ta amfani da kididdiga da sauran.

Ana zargin ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin binciken na al'umma. Auguste Comte samarwa a kimiyya kusantar fahimtar ta nuna adawa, tabbas muhawara game da shi, wanda a lokacin miƙa metaphysics. Kamar yadda falsafar shugabanci, da gaskiya a cikinsa ya na zaune, kowannenmu ne a figment na mu kwatanci. Bayan Comte samarwa a kimiyya m, ilimin halayyar zaman tushe da aka sa shi. Ta nan da nan suka fara samar matsayin empirical kimiyya.

Alamar rashin abun ciki na batu

Har zuwa karshen karni na 19th view of shi, kamar yadda m zamantakewa kimiyya, ya yi rinjaye a tsarar masana kimiyya. Duk da haka, nazarin marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th, ilimin halayyar zaman ka'idar an kara raya. Yana fara a kasaftawa, tare da doka, alƙaluma, tattalin arziki da kuma sauran al'amurran da kuma zamantakewa. A wannan batun, batun amfani a gare mu, kimiyya da aka hankali canza da abun ciki. Ya fara da za a rage zuwa nazarin zamantakewa da ci gaban, a zamantakewa gefe.

The taimako na Emilya Dyurkgeyma

A farko masanin kimiyya wadanda suke fassara wannan kimiyya a matsayin takamaiman, daban-daban daga cikin zaman takewar kimiyya, wani Faransa Falsafa Emil Dyurkgeym (shekaru na rayuwa - 1858-1917). Yana da aka yi masa godiya da cewa ilimin halayyar zaman daina a matsayin m da zamantakewa kimiyya horo. Ta zama m, tashi in da dama sauran ilimomin kimiyyar zamantakewa.

A institutionalization na ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a a Rasha

Muhimmai na ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da aka aza a cikin kasar bayan a watan Mayu 1918 soma wani ƙuduri na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Sin. An nuna cewa, bincike al'umma ne daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na Soviet kimiyya. A Rasha, don wannan dalili sociobiological Cibiyar da aka kafa. A St. Petersburg University a cikin wannan shekara da ya halitta na farko a cikin Rasha sociological sashen, karkashin jagorancin Pitirim Sorokin.

A kan aiwatar da ci gaba a wannan kimiyya, duka biyu cikin gida da kuma waje, zaɓi 2 matakan: Macro, kuma microsociological.

Macro- da microsociology

Macrosociology - shi ne nazarin zamantakewa Tsarin: makarantu, zamantakewa, siyasa, iyali, tattalin arzikin cikin sharuddan da dangantaka da kuma aiki. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na wannan dabarar mu ma yi karatu mutanen da suke da hannu a zaman Tsarin.

A matakin na hulda da microsociology mutane. Babban rubutaccen lamari shi ne, cewa mamaki a cikin al'umma za a iya gane da nazarin da mutum da muradinsa, ayyuka, wasu halayya, dabi'u da cewa sanin da hulda da sauransu. Wannan tsarin ba ka damar saka batun kimiyya a matsayin nazari na al'umma kuma ta zamantakewa cibiyoyin.

Lenin m Marxist-

A akidar Karl Marx-Leninist ra'ayi tashi a daban-daban kusantar fahimtar da horo cewa bukatun mu. Ilimin halayyar Model akwai uku-tiered: empirical karatu, musamman ka'idar da tarihi jari-hujja. Wannan dabarar ne halin da sha'awar shiga cikin kimiyya da Markisanci ganewarsu tsarin, don ƙirƙirar wani connection tsakanin tarihi jari-hujja (social falsafa) da kuma takamaiman sociological mamaki. A batu na horo a wannan yanayin zama na falsafa ka'idar zamantakewa da ci gaban. Wannan shi ne, ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da kuma falsafa ne abu daya. A fili yake cewa wannan shi ne daidai ba ne matsayi. Wannan dabarar ya ware da ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a na Markisanci daga duniya aiwatar da ci gaban ilimi game da jama'a.

Mu ne sha'awar kimiyya ba za a iya rage zuwa zamantakewa falsafa, a matsayin alama da m bayyana kanta a cikin wasu matsalolin da Categories, dangantaka tare da verifiable empirical facts. Da farko, a fasalin da shi a matsayin kimiyya ne da ikon mu bi data kasance a cikin al'umma zamantakewa kungiyoyin, dangantaka da kuma cibiyoyin matsayin da za a yi karatu da taimakon empirical data.

Yanki daga sauran sciences a ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a

Lura cewa Comte nuna 2 fasali na wannan kimiyya:

1) da bukatar amfani da nazari na jama'a da hanyoyin kimiyya.

2) da yin amfani da data samu a yi.

Ilimin halayyar a cikin bincike na al'umma amfani fuskanci da wasu sauran kimiyyar. Saboda haka, yin amfani da alƙaluma da m damar nazarin yawan jama'a da kuma mutum aiki hade da shi. M kuma bayyana cikin hali na mutane da yin amfani da social halaye da muradi. Group, ko obschnostny m ne don nazarin da gama hali na kungiyoyin, al'umma da kuma kungiyoyi. Al'adu nazarin mutum hali ta zamantakewa, dokoki, norms.

Ilimin halayyar tsarin yanzu kayyade cewa shi ya ƙunshi wani jam'i na theories da Concepts alaka da nazari na musamman batun filayen: addini, iyali interactions, mutane, da al'adunsu, da sauransu.

Halarci macrosociology matakin

A fahimtar jama'a a matsayin wani tsarin, watau macrosociological matakin, za mu iya bambanta biyu main hanyoyin. Shi ne game da gyara matsala, aikin.

functionalism

Da farko aikin ka'idar fito a cikin karni na 19th. A ra'ayin na m mallakar zuwa Herbert Spencer (hoton sama), to kwatanta al'ummar dan Adam zuwa ga wani rai gabar. Kama da shi, shi kunshi sassa da dama -. Siyasa, tattalin arziki, soja, likitanci, da dai sauransu. Bugu da kari, kowane daga cikinsu yana da wani takamaiman aiki. Ilimin halayyar na da musamman matsalar dangantaka da nazarin wadannan ayyuka. Af, sunan da ka'idar (functionalism) daga nan.

Emil Dyurkgeym samarwa a cikakken ra'ayi a cikin wannan m. Yana ci gaba wajen samar da R. Merton, T. Parsons. Ainihin ideas na functionalism wadannan: jama'a an fahimci matsayin tsarin na hadedde sassa, a cikin abin da akwai sunadaran da wanda retains ta tabbata. Bugu da kari, da wajibcin juyin canje a cikin al'umma. Its zaman lafiya da kuma mutunci kafa a kan tushen duk wadannan halaye.

ka'idar rikice-rikice

Kamar yadda aikin ka'idar (tare da wasu reservations) za a iya daukarsa Markisanci. Duk da haka, shi ne bincikar a Yammacin ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a daga wani daban-daban hangen zaman gaba. Tun Marx (ya photo da aka gabatar a sama) da babban tushen ci gaban da jama'a dauke da rikici tsakanin azuzuwan da kuma gudanar a kan wannan akai, da ra'ayin da aiki da kuma ci gaban irin wannan fuskanta shi ne a yammacin ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a musamman sunan - rikici ka'idar. Daga cikin ra'ayi na Marx, aji rikici da bayani - da tuki da karfi na tarihi. Daga wannan shi bi da bukatar reorganization na jama'a ta hanyar juyin juya hali.

Daga cikin magoya bayan na tsarin kula da jama'a cikin sharuddan da rikici iya lura Jamusawa masana kimiyya su kamar R. Dahrendorf da Georg Simmel. A karshen dauke da cewa rikice-rikice tashi daga zama na ilhami na rashin jituwa, wanda aka dada tabarbare a lokacin da akwai wani karo na amfane shi. Dahrendorf jãyayya da cewa su main tushen - ikon wasu a kan wasu. Tsakanin ikon da ciwon da shi da kuma ba da ciwon wani rikici.

Halarci microsociology matakin

Na biyu matakin, microsociological, a abin da ake kira ci gaba theories interaktsionalizma (da kalmar "hulda" na nufin "da martani"). An muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban taka leda Charles H. Cooley, William Yakubu, da Yahaya. G. Meade, Yahaya. Dewey, H. Garfinkel. Wadanda suka ci gaba da interactionist ka'idar, imani da cewa hulda tsakanin mutane za a iya gane ta amfani da category sãka - bayan duk wannan shi ne abin da kayyade mutum hali.

Aikin ka'idar yana da wani wuri na musamman a microsociology. Abin da halin da wannan yanki? Ilimin halayyar - da kimiyya, a cikin abin da matsayin ka'idar raya by malamai kamar R. K. Merton, Ya. L. Moreno, R. Linton. Daga cikin ra'ayi na wannan Trend, da zamantakewa duniya - a cibiyar sadarwa na zamantakewa statuses (matsayi) hade da juna. Sun bayyana adam hali.

Base rarrabuwa, da Gwamuwar theories da kuma makarantu

Kimiyya ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, nazarin matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin al'umma, classifies shi domin dalilai daban-daban. Alal misali, ta hanyar nazarin matakai na ta ci gaba a matsayin tushen ba za mu iya yi da ci gaban fasaha da kuma m sojojin (J. Galbraith). A al'adar Markisanci a kan tushen da rarrabuwa - da ra'ayin da samuwar. Society za a iya classified a kan tushen da mahimmin harshe, ko na addini, da sauransu. Ma'anar irin wannan rabo wajibi ne a fahimci cewa shi ne a zamaninmu.

Modern ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da aka gina don haka cewa akwai a kan wani daidai daban-daban theories da kuma makarantu. A wasu kalmomin, da ra'ayin a duniya ka'idar hana. Masana kimiyya sun fara zo ga ƙarshe cewa matsananci hanyoyin cikin wannan kimiyya a can. Duk da haka, su quality ya dogara da adequacy na gani na matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin al'umma. Ma'anar wadannan hanyoyin ta'allaka ne da cewa sabon abu da kanta, da kuma ba da wani irin na ta dalilai, ba da babban muhimmanci.

tattalin arziki da ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a

Wannan layi na bincike da al'umma, wanda ya shafi wani bincike ta fuskar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ka'idar aiki. Its wakilan ne Weber, Marx, Sombart, Schumpeter da sauransu tattalin arziki ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a -. Yana da wani kimiyya da cewa na nazari akan sa jama'a zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tafiyar matakai. Sun iya dangantaka da jihar ko kasuwanni, da kuma mutane ko gidaje. Saboda haka, hanyoyi daban-daban na data tarin da kuma bincike, ciki har da sociological. Tattalin arziki da ilimin halayyar a cikin tsarin na positivist m, gane a matsayin kimiyya da karatu da hali na wani babban zamantakewa kungiyoyin. A wannan yanayin, shi ne ba su da sha'awar a wani irin hali, da kuma dangantaka da yin amfani da rasit na kudi da kuma sauran dukiya.

Ilimin halayyar Institute (Rasha Academy of Sciences)

Yau a Rasha akwai wani muhimmin ma'aikata, Magana game da Rasha Academy of Sciences. Wannan Cibiyar ilimin halayyar. Ya main burin - aiwatar da harkokin binciken a fagen ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, kazalika da amfani da bincike a wannan yanki. Cibiyar da aka kafa a shekarar 1968. Daga wannan lokaci shi ne babban ma'aikata na kasar mu a cikin wannan filin na ilimi kamar ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a. Bincike shi ne na bayar da muhimmanci. Tun 2010, ya wallafa "Bulletin na Cibiyar ilimin halayyar" - da kimiyya e-mujallar. Jumillar adadin ma'aikata ne game da 400 mutane, wanda kusan 300 bincike ma'aikatan. Gudanar da daban-daban taro, taro, karanta.

Bugu da kari, na Sashen ilimin halayyar GAUGN aiki a kan tushen da wannan ma'aikata. Ko da yake wannan baiwa sa suna ne kawai game da 20 dalibai a kowace shekara, shi wajibi ne don yin tunãni a kan waɗanda suka yi zaba cikin shugabanci na "ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a".