Georg Simmel: Tarihi. Falsafar Georg Simmel

Rayuwar mawallafin kiristanci da masanin kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma ya kasance cikakke a hankali. Rayuwarsa tana cike da matsalolin, amma akwai nasarori masu yawa a ciki. Hannunsa sun samu karbuwa da sanannun rayuwarsu yayin da yake rayuwa, amma bukatun mafi girma na Simmel ya zo a cikin rabin rabin karni na 20.

Yaran yara

Birthplace na Falsafa a Berlin Maris 1, 1858, a babban iyali na da wani m m. Yayinda George yake yarinya yana da kyau, iyaye sun kula da 'ya'yansu, sunyi ƙoƙarin ba su kyakkyawan makomar. Uba, Bayahude ta haihuwa, ya karbi addinin Katolika, uwar ta juya zuwa Lutherananci, inda aka yi wa yara baptismar, ciki har da Georg. Har zuwa shekaru 16 yaron ya sami nasarar shiga makarantar, ya nuna nasara a wajen kula da ilimin lissafi da tarihin. Ya zama kamar maƙasudin maƙwabcin mai ciniki yana jira shi, amma a 1874 mahaifin Simmel ya mutu, kuma rayuwar Georg ta canza. Uwar ba ta da ɗa, kuma aboki na iyalinsa ya zama mai kula da shi. Yana ba da ilmi ga saurayi kuma ya tallafawa Jami'ar Berlin a Faculty of Philosophy.

Nazarin da kuma samar da ra'ayoyi

A Jami'ar Simmel ta koyi daga masu tunani masu ban sha'awa a zamaninsa: Li'azaru, Mommsen, Steintal, Bastian. Riga a lokacin da jami'ar kwanaki, ya fili ya harshen hankali, wanda daga baya za a yi bikin masana falsafa kamar Pitirim Sorokin, Maks Veber da Emil Dyurkgeym. Amma a daidai wannan lokacin, an yi shirin ƙaddamar da ƙaluwar rayuwa, wanda zai sa rayuwar mutane da yawa a Turai a wancan lokaci. Georg Simmel, wanda tarihinsa ya raguwa saboda kasawarsa, ba wani bane. A karshen karatun a jami'a, masanin kimiyya yayi ƙoƙari ya kare kullun digirinsa, amma an ƙi shi. Dalilin ba a kira shi ba da gangan. Amma a Berlin a wancan lokacin rikici na mulkin mallaka ya yi mulki kuma, duk da cewa shi Katolika ne tawurin bangaskiya, ba zai iya ɓoye dan kasa na Yahudawa ba. Yana da bayyanar Yahudanci, kuma wannan ba zai hana shi sake faruwa ba a rayuwarsa. Bayan ɗan lokaci, godiya ga juriya da juriya, George ya ci gaba da samun digiri, amma wannan bai bude masa kofofin da ake so ba.

Rayuwa mai wuya na masanin Falsafa

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga jami'a, Simmel yana neman wurin malamin, amma ba a yarda ya aiki har abada ba, saboda bayanan sirri. Ya karbi mukamin privat-docent, wanda ba ya kawo kudin shiga, amma gaba ɗaya ya ƙunshi gudunmawar dalibai. Saboda haka Simmel yana ba da laccoci da dama kuma ya rubuta babban adadi da aka ba da jawabi ba kawai ga al'umma ba, har ma ga jama'a. Ya kasance mai magana mai kyau, laccocinsa ya kasance da girmanta, hanyar da ta dace da gabatarwa mai ban sha'awa. Rubutun Simmel na da ƙarfin gaske, ya san yadda za a jawo hankalin masu sauraro, yin tunani a kan batutuwa masu yawa. Ya samu nasarar ci gaba tare da dalibai da masu ilimi na gida, har tsawon shekaru 15 a wannan matsayi ya sami wata daraja kuma ya kawo abokantaka tare da masu tunani mai mahimmanci game da yanayinsa, misali, tare da Max Weber. Amma na dogon lokaci masanin kimiyya baiyi la'akari da al'ummar kimiyya ba, ilimin zamantakewar al'umma bai rigaya ya sami matsayi na horo ba. Masana kimiyya na Berlin sun yi dariya ga mai tunani na asalin, wanda ya cutar da shi. Kodayake ya ci gaba da aiki tare da juriya: don yin tunani, rubuta rubutu, bada laccoci.

A 1900, duk da haka, ya karbi kuma sanarwa na hukuma, an ba shi kyauta na farfesa mai daraja, amma har yanzu bai isa matsayin da ake so ba. Sai kawai a shekara ta 1914 ya zama malamin kimiyya. A wannan lokaci ya riga ya sami fiye da 200 kimiyya da wallafe-wallafe na kimiyya. Amma bai karbi matsayi a jami'arsa a Berlin ba, amma a cikin wata alama ta Strasbourg, wanda shine tushen asalinsa a duk rayuwarsa. Bai haɗu da masanin kimiyya na gida ba, kuma shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa sun ji daɗi kuma ba su da alaka.

Wakilan game da dokokin rayuwa

Georg Simmel ya bambanta daga manyan mutanen da ke cikin zamani ba tare da wata dangantaka da kowane irin falsafa ba. Hanyarsa ta cike da damuwa, yana tunanin abubuwa da yawa, yana neman waɗannan abubuwa don tunani na falsafa, wanda baya sha'awar masu tunani. Rashin matsayi mai kyau bai yi aiki da Simmel ba. Wannan wani dalili ne na damuwar haɗakar da masanin kimiyya a cikin masana kimiyya. Amma, godiya ne ga wannan jimlar cewa ya iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa manyan batutuwan falsafa. Akwai mutane da yawa a kimiyya wanda aikinsa zai fara jin dadi bayan shekaru, kuma wannan shine Georg Simmel. Tarihin mai tunani yana cike da aiki da tunani marar iyaka.

An ba da labari na Georg Simmel ga I. Kant. A cikin wannan, masanin kimiyya ya yi ƙoƙari ya fahimci ka'idodi na farko na tsarin zamantakewa. An fara fara hanyar mabijin ta hanyar tasirin Charles Darwin da G. Spencer. Bisa ga ra'ayinsu, Simmel ya fassara ka'idar ilmantarwa, yana nuna tushen asalin halitta na ilimin. Masanin ilimin falsafa ya ga babban matsalar matsalar tunaninsa game da kasancewar mutum a cikin al'umma, saboda haka an dauke shi a matsayin jagora da sunan "falsafar rayuwa." Yana haɗin cognition tare da manufar rayuwa kuma yana ganin babban dokarsa ta wuce bayan iyakar halittu. Ba za a iya la'akari da yanayin mutum ba a cikin yanayin yanayinta, amma ba zai yiwu a rage duk abin da kawai a gare su ba, saboda wannan ya sa ma'anar zama.

A social falsafar Georga Zimmelya

A Berlin, Simmel, tare da mutanen da suke da hankali, wanda a cikinsu akwai Mr Weber da F. Tennis, sun shirya Kamfanin Sadarwa na Jamus. Ya kasance mai tunani a kan batun, batun da tsarin sabon kimiyya, ya tsara ka'idojin zamantakewa. Kwatanta kamfanin, Georg Simmel, zamantakewa hulda da aka wakilta a matsayin sakamakon da lambobi na mutane da yawa. A cikin haka, ya sami manyan siffofin tsarin zamantakewa. Daga cikin su kamar yawan mahalarta a cikin hulda (akwai iya zama babu kasa da uku), da dangantakar dake tsakanin su, wanda shine mafi girman irin cohesion da kuma zamantakewa sarari. Shi ne wanda ya gabatar da wannan lokaci a cikin ƙididdigar kimiyya, wanda ke nuna sashin sadarwa wanda mahalarta suka bayyana a matsayin nasu. Ya kira kudaden kudi da haɗin kan jama'a mafi muhimmanci a cikin zamantakewa. Simmel ya kirkirar siffofin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma, wanda ya dogara ne akan mataki na kusanci ko nisa daga "gudana rayuwa". Rayuwa tana wakilci malaman ilimin kimiyya a matsayin jinsin kwarewa, wanda aka ƙaddara a lokaci ɗaya ta hanyar ilmin halitta da al'ada.

Wasanni game da al'adun zamani

Georg Simmel yayi tunani game da tsarin zamantakewa da kuma al'adar zamani. Ya gane cewa kudi shi ne muhimmiyar motsi a cikin al'umma. Ya rubuta wani babban aiki, The Philosophy of Money, inda ya bayyana ayyukan zamantakewar al'umma, ya gano tasirin da suke amfani da su da kuma mummunar tasiri a kan al'ummar zamani. Yace cewa, ya kamata, ya kamata a kirkiro kudin guda wanda zai iya raunana rikice-rikice na al'adu. Ya kasance mai tsammanin game da hanyoyin zamantakewar addini da kuma makomar al'adun zamani.

"Ayyuka na rikici"

Jama'a, bisa ga Simmel, ya danganci ƙiyayya. Harkokin hulɗa tsakanin mutane a cikin al'umma kullum suna daukar nauyin gwagwarmaya. Ƙaddamarwa, ƙaddamarwa da rinjaye, rarraba aikin aiki duk nau'i ne na rashin amincewa, wanda babu shakka ya haifar da rikice-rikice na zamantakewa. Simmel ya yi imanin cewa sun fara samo sababbin ka'idoji da dabi'un jama'a, sun kasance wani ɓangare ne na juyin halitta na al'umma. Kamar yadda wani masanin falsafa ya gano da dama sauran ayyuka na rikici, ya gina wani typology, Ya bayyana mataki, kayyade hanyoyin da matabbatarsu.

Fashion Concept

Tunani akan siffofin zamantakewa shine tushen falsafar, marubucin Georg Simmel. Fashion, a cikin ra'ayi, wani muhimmin abu ne na al'ummar zamani. A cikin aikin "falsafancin fashion" ya bincikar abin da ya faru na wannan tsarin zamantakewa kuma ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa yana nuna kawai tare da fadar gari da gyaran zamani. A cikin tsakiyar zamanai, alal misali, bai wanzu ba, in ji Georg Simmel. Ka'idar fashion ta fito ne daga gaskiyar cewa yana gamsar da bukatun mutane don ganewa, yana taimaka wa sababbin ƙungiyoyin jama'a su ci nasara a wurin su a cikin al'umma. Fashion ne alamar alamomin dimokra] iyya.

Darajar kimiyya na ra'ayin falsafa na Georg Simmel

Babu muhimmancin aikin aikin Simmel ba. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa zamantakewar zamantakewa, ya bayyana abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban zamantakewa, ya fahimci muhimmancin kudi da kuma al'adu a al'adar 'yan adam. Georg Simmel, wanda sabili da rikice-rikice ya zama dalilin asalin zamantakewar al'umma na rabi na biyu na karni na 20, ya bar aiki mai tsanani a kan maganganu na zamantakewa. Yana da tasiri sosai a kan ci gaba da jagorancin ilimin zamantakewa na Amirka da kuma zama wani abu mai mahimmancin tunani.