Samuwar, Sakandare da kuma makarantu
Halogens: jiki Properties, da sinadaran Properties. Da yin amfani da mahadi halogens da su
A halogens a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur zuwa hagu na daraja gas. Wadannan biyar mai guba ƙarfe abubuwa kunshe a cikin kungiyar 7 na lokaci-lokaci Table. Wadannan sun hada da sunadarin flourine, chlorine, bromine, aidin da astatine. Ko da yake astatine rediyoaktif kuma yana da kawai a takaice-rayu isotopes, behaves kamar yadda aidin da kuma sau da yawa yana dauke halogens. Kamar yadda halogen abubuwa ne guda bakwai valence electrons, shi yana bukatar daya kawai karin electron ta samar da cikakken bane. Wannan halayyar sa su more aiki fiye da sauran kungiyoyin da ba na karafa.
Janar halaye
Halogens samar da wata diatomic kwayoyin (X 2 irin inda X ne a halogen) - nau'i-barga zama halogens kamar yadda free Kwayoyin. Contact na diatomic kwayoyin ne nonpolar, da kuma guda covalent. A sunadarai Properties na halogens da damar su da sauƙi samar mahadi da mafi abubuwa, saboda haka suna taba samu a cikin Sakakken form a yanayi. Fluoro - mafi aiki halogen da astatine - kasa.
All halogens kungiyar na samar da salts da irin wannan Properties. A cikin wadannan mahadi, halides ne ba a matsayin halide anion tare da lura da -1 (msl, CL -, Br -). Ƙare -id zamu gaban halide anions. msl CL - kira "chloride".
Bugu da ƙari kuma, da sinadaran Properties na halogens da damar su yi aiki a matsayin oxidizing jamiái - oxidized karafa. Mai sinadaran halayen shafe halogens - redox a ruwa-ruwa bayani. Halogens samar da guda shaidu da carbon ko nitrogen a gudanar da mahadi, inda mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka (CO) ne daidai -1. Lokacin da sauya ta mai halogen zarra covalently daure hydrogen zarra a cikin wani kwayoyin fili, Halo prefix iya amfani da wani janar ji, ko kari kafin kalma fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- - takamaiman halogens. Halogen abubuwa iya samun crisscross bond ta samar da diatomic kwayoyin da iyakacin duniya covalent guda shaidu.
Chlorine (CL 2) ya kasance na farko halogen bude a 1774, a sa'an nan ya buɗe aidin (I 2), bromine (Br 2), sunadarin flourine (F 2) kuma astatine (At, sami karshe a 1940 YG). Sunan "halogen" da aka samu daga Girkanci tushen hal- ( «gishiri») da kuma -gen ( «form"). Tare, waɗannan kalmomi suna nufin "gishiri-kafa", yana jaddada cewa da halogen reacts tare da karafa ta samar da salts. Halite - sunan dutse gishiri, halitta ma'adinai hada da sodium chloride (NaCl). A karshe, cikin halogen amfani a cikin gida - ƙunshi fluoride a man goge baki, chloro disinfect shan ruwa, aidin da kuma inganta harkokin ci gaban thyroid ji ba gani.
sinadaran da abubuwa
Fluoro - kashi tare da atomic lambar 9, aka denoted ta F. The elemental sunadarin flourine aka fara gano a 1886 g. By isolating shi daga hydrofluoric acid. A free jihar ta wanzu a cikin nau'i na fluoro diatomic kwayoyin (F 2) kuma shi ne ya fi kowa halogen, a cikin ɓawon burodi. Fluoro - mafi electronegative kashi na lokaci-lokaci tebur. A dakin da zazzabi, a kodadde rawaya gas. Sunadarin flourine ila yau yana da gwada da kananan atomic radius. Its CO - -1 fãce elemental diatomic jihar da ta hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar ne sifili. Fluoro musamman chemically aiki da interacts kai tsaye tare da duk abubuwa fãce helium (Ya), Neon (Ne) da kuma argon (Ar). A H 2 Ya bayani, hydrofluoric acid (HF) ne mai rauni acid. Ko da yake sosai electronegative fluoro, ta electronegativity ba ƙayyade acidity. HF ne mai rauni acid saboda gaskiyar cewa fluoride ion ne na asali (PH> 7). Bugu da ƙari kuma, fluoro samar iko sosai oxidants. Alal misali, sunadarin flourine iya amsa tare da inert gas xenon da kuma siffofin da karfi oxidant xenon difluoride (XeF 2). A da yawa aikace-aikace na fluoride.
Chlorine - kashi tare da atomic lambar 17 da kuma sinadaran da alama CL. Gano a 1774 by g. Rarrabe shi daga hydrochloric acid. A ta elemental jihar shi Forms diatomic kwayoyin CL 2. Chlorine yana da dama SB -1, 1, 3, 5 da kuma 7. A dakin da zazzabi shi ne hasken kore gas. Tun da bond cewa an kafa tsakanin biyu chlorine kwayoyin halitta, shi ne mai rauni, CL 2 kwayoyin yana da matukar high ikon shiga cikin connection. Chlorine reacts tare da karafa ta samar da salts, wanda ake kira chlorides. Chloride ions ne mafi m ions kunshe ne a cikin seawater. Chlorine kuma yana da biyu isotopes: 35 CL da kuma 37 CL. Sodium chloride ne ya fi kowa dangane da duk chlorides.
Bromine - wani sinadari da atomic lambar 35 da kuma alama ce Br. Yana da aka fara gano a 1826 a cikin nau'i na na farko bromine ne diatomic DNA, Br 2. A dakin da zazzabi, shi ne m-kasa-kasa ruwa. Its CO - -1, + 1, 3, 4, kuma 5. Bromo more aiki fiye da aidin, amma suna kasa aiki fiye da chlorine. Bugu da ƙari kuma, bromo isotope yana da biyu 79 Br da kuma 81 Br. Bromine auku a cikin nau'i na salts bromide, narkar da a seawater. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da samar da bromide a duniya ya ƙara muhimmanci saboda ta samuwa, da kuma tsawon rai. Kamar yadda da wasu halogens bromine da oxidant shi ne sosai guba.
Aidin - sinadari da atomic lambar 53 da kuma alama ce I. A aidin hadawan abu da iskar shaka yana da: -1, +1, +5 da +7. Akwai a cikin wani nau'i na diatomic kwayoyin, na 2. A dakin da zazzabi da m abu ne m. Aidin yana daya barga isotope - 127 I. farko gano a 1811, tare da taimakon algae da sulfuric acid. A halin yanzu, aidin ions za a iya ware a cikin tẽku ruwa. Duk da cewa aidin ba sosai narkewa a cikin ruwa, ta solubility iya ƙara a lokacin da yin amfani da raba iodides. Aidin taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jiki, nishadantarwa a samar da thyroid ji ba gani.
Astatine - a rediyoaktif kashi tare da atomic lambar 85 da kuma alama ce At. Its yiwu hadawan abu da iskar shaka furta -1, 1, 3, 5 da kuma 7. The kawai halogen cewa ba a diatomic kwayoyin. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, wani ƙarfe wuya abu baki. Astatine ne mai matukar rare kashi, don haka kadan da aka sani game da shi. Bugu da ƙari, astatine yana da matukar gajeren rabin-rai, ba fiye da 'yan sa'o'i. Samu a 1940 a sakamakon kira. An yi imani da cewa astatine kama da aidin. Halin ƙarfe Properties.
Tebur a kasa ya nuna tsarin da halogen kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin da matsanancin Layer na electrons.
halogen | The sanyi na electron |
sunadarin flourine | 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 |
chlorine | 2 3s 3p 5 |
bromine | 3d 10 4s 2 4p 5 |
aidin | 4d 2 10 5s 5p 5 |
astatine | 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 5 |
Irin wannan tsarin sa da matsanancin Layer na electrons da cewa jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties kama da halogens. Duk da haka, a lokacin da gwada wadannan abubuwa da kuma bambance-bambance a lura.
Lokaci-lokaci da kaddarorin halogen kungiyar
Jiki Properties na sauki abubuwa na halogen canza tare da kara da ordinal yawan kashi. Domin mafi alhẽri sha da kuma mafi girma tsabta, mun bayar da ku 'yan Tables.
Narkewa da kuma tafasar maki a rukunin ƙaruwa tare da kara girman da kwayoyin (F Table 1. The halogens. Jiki Properties: narkewa da kuma tafasar batu halogen Narkewa T (C) Tafasar T (C) sunadarin flourine -220 -188 chlorine -101 -35 bromine -7,2 58,8 aidin 114 184 astatine 302 337 kwaya size ƙaruwa (F Table 2: Halogen. Jiki Properties: atomic radii halogen A covalent radius (pm) Ion (X -) range (pm) sunadarin flourine 71 133 chlorine 99 181 bromine 114 196 aidin 133 220 astatine 150 Idan waje valence electrons ba located kusa da tsakiya, domin su kau ba ya bukatar makamashi mai yawa daga gare ta. Saboda haka, da samar da makamashi da ake bukata domin ejection na cikin matsanancin electron ba haka high a cikin ƙananan wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar na abubuwa, tun akwai karin makamashi matakan. Bugu da kari, high makamashi ionization Yanã shigar da rabi don nuna ba na ƙarfe ba quality. ƙarfe Properties saboda ionization makamashi an rage (At
Table 3. halogens. Jiki Properties: ionisation makamashi halogen A ionization makamashi (KJ / mol) sunadarin flourine 1681 chlorine 1251 bromine 1140 aidin 1008 astatine 890 ± 40 Yawan valence electrons a zarra ƙaruwa tare da kara makamashi matakan at progressively ƙananan matakan. Electrons ne ta kyakkyawar m daga core. Saboda haka, tsakiya da kuma electrons ba kamar yadda janyo hankalin juna. A karuwa a cikin nunawa a can. Saboda haka Electronegativity rage-rage tare da kara lokaci (At
Table 4. halogens. Jiki Properties: electronegativity halogen electronegativity sunadarin flourine 4.0 chlorine 3.0 bromine 2.8 aidin 2.5 astatine 2.2 Tun da size zarra ƙaruwa tare da lokaci, da electron dangantaka ne kullum rage (B
Table 5. dangantaka halogen electron halogen Electron dangantaka (KJ / mol) sunadarin flourine -328,0 chlorine -349,0 bromine -324,6 aidin -295,2 astatine -270,1 Reactivity na halogen rage-rage tare da kara lokaci (At
Halide kafa a lokacin da halogen aka mayar da martani tare da wasu, kasa electronegative kashi samar da wata binary fili. Hydrogen reacts tare da halogens ta samar da halides HX type: hydrogen halides ana iya narkewa a cikin ruwa don samar da wata hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic acid). Da kaddarorin wadannan acid da aka bã kasa. A acid kafa ta da wadannan dauki: HX (AQ) + H 2 Ya (l) → X - (AQ) + H 3 Ya + (AQ). All hydrogen halide ta samar da karfi acid, fãce HF. Acidity ƙaruwa hydrohalic acid: HF Hydrofluoric acid iya etch gilashin da kuma wasu inorganic fluorides dogon lokaci. Yana iya ze illogical cewa HF ne mafi ƙanƙanta hydrohalic acid, tun sunadarin flourine kanta tana high electronegativity. Duk da haka H-F bond ne sosai karfi, sakamakon wani sosai rauni acid. A karfi dangantaka aka bayyana ta a takaice bond tsawon da kuma babban dissociation makamashi. Daga cikin dukkan hydrogen halides HF yana da guntu dangane tsawon da kuma most bond dissociation makamashi. Halogen oxo acid ne acid tare da hydrogen atoms, oxygen da kuma halogen. Su acidity za a iya ƙaddara da nazarin tsarin. Halogen oxoacids aka gabatar a kasa: A kowane daga cikin wadannan proton acid daure su da oxygen zarra, don haka da kwatanta bond tsawo protons ne mara amfani. A gagarumar rawar da aka taka leda a nan ta electronegativity. Acidity ƙaruwa tare da yawan oxygen atoms bonded zuwa tsakiyar zarra. Ainihin jiki Properties na halogens za a iya taƙaice bayyana a cikin wadannan tebur. Abu yanayin (a dakin da zazzabi) halogen bayyanar m aidin shunayya astatine baki ruwa bromine russet gaseous sunadarin flourine kodadde rawaya-kasa-kasa chlorine kodadde kore Launi ne a sakamakon halogens sha na bayyane haske da kwayoyin haddasa electrons m. Fluoro garwaya da Violet haske, kuma saboda haka ya dubi kodadde rawaya. Aidin, da bambanci, garwaya da rawaya haske, kuma shi ya dubi m (yellow, da shunayya - karin launuka). Halogen launi zama duhu tare da kara lokaci. A shãfe haske kwantena ruwa bromine kuma m aidin ne a ma'auni tare da tururi, wanda za a iya lura a matsayin masu launin gas. Ko da yake launi astatine ba a sani ba, shi ne imani da cewa shi ya zama mai duhu aidin (t. E. Black) daidai da kiyaye abin kwaikwaya. Yanzu, idan ka aka tambaye shi: "Ka kwatanta jiki Properties na halogens," za ka ce. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka ne sau da yawa amfani maimakon "valence na halogens." Yawanci, da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar daidaita -1. Amma idan halogen yana da nasaba da wani oxygen ko halogen, zai ɗauki wasu jihohin: oxygen -2 SB yana da fifiko. A hali na biyu daban-daban halogen atoms bonded tare mafi electronegative zarra predominates da kuma daukan CO -1. Alal misali, a cikin aidin chloride (ICL) ne CO chloro -1, +1 da aidin. Chlorine ne mafi electronegative fiye da aidin, saboda haka da CO ne daidai -1. A bromic acid (HBrO 4) oxygen yana da wani CO -8 (-2 x 4 = -8 zarra). Hydrogen yana da jimillar hadawan abu da iskar shaka da lambar +1. Bugu da kari daga cikin wadannan biyu dabi'u ba CO -7. Tun da karshe fili SB ya zama sifili, da CO ne bakwai bromine. The uku togiya ga wannan mulkin ne mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na halogen a elemental form (X 2), inda ta CO daidai sifili. halogen A mahadi daga cikin CO sunadarin flourine -1 chlorine -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 bromine -1, +1, +3, +4, +5 aidin -1, +1, +5, +7 astatine -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 Electronegativity qara da lokaci. Saboda haka, sunadarin flourine yana da mafi electronegativity dukkan abubuwa, kamar yadda evidenced da wuri a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. Its lantarki sanyi 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5. Idan fluoride samun wani electron, matsananci p orbitals suna gaba daya cika da kuma samar da cikakken bane. Saboda sunadarin flourine yana da babban electronegativity, shi iya zaɓi wani electron daga makwabta kwayoyin halitta. Fluoride a cikin wannan harka isoelectronic inert gas (tare da takwas valence electrons) da kuma duk da waje orbitals cika. A wannan jiha, sunadarin flourine ne yafi barga. A yanayi, da halogens ne a anion, don haka da free halogen aka samar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka ta electrolysis ko ta oxidants. Alal misali, chlorine ne generated da hydrolysis na sodium chloride bayani. A amfani da halogens da su bambancin mahadi. Inorganic sunadarai. Hydrogen + halogens
halogen oxoacids
A bayyanar da jihar al'amarin
bayani bayyanar
A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na halogens a mahadi
Me tare da sunadarin flourine ne ko da yaushe -1?
A shirye-shiryen da kuma yin amfani da halogens
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