Mene ne dalilin ta jiki-Gwargwadon karba-karba. Kasa karba-karba: nufi, hanyoyin da ka'idodinta

A surface na duniya tamu ne sosai iri-irin. Manyan Biranan bambanta da juna a cikin sauƙi, ma'aunan kasa tsarin, harafin ciyayi da kuma ƙasa murfin. Don ko ta yaya streamline da na halitta "hargitsi", masana kimiyya sun fito da tsarin karba-karba. Geographers karfe conventionally raba duniya surface a kan bel, band, yankin da kuma kasar.

Mene ne dalilin ta jiki-Gwargwadon regionalization? Mene ne ta babban raga? Bisa ga abin da akida, da kuma abin da hanyoyin da shi ne da za'ayi? Amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi za a iya samu a cikin labarin.

Tsarin karba-karba na jiki-Gwargwadon: definition da ainihi

Kasa karba-karba (rage tsawon - GRF) - aka bayyana a division tsarin ƙasa. Yana ba ka damar haskaka da sassan a Gwargwadon cover, abin da ya bambanta a wasu homogeneity. A karkashin wannan uniformity ne da farko nufi kowa ma'aunan kasa tsarin da ƙasa, topography, sauyin yanayi, kasar gona, Flora da fauna.

Haka kuma, irin wannan tsarin karba-karba ba ka damar kusantar da hujjõji iyakoki tsakanin wadannan sassa na Gwargwadon ambulan.

Physiographic karba-karba tsunduma masana kimiyya da dama, geographers da explorers. Daga cikin su: A. Radishchev, HA Chebotarev, {ungiyar AI, Voeikov, LS Berg, VP Semenov-Tyan-Shan, FN Mielke, NA Sun kuma sauran. A halin yanzu mataki na ci gaba daban-daban na karba-karba makircinsu ma'aikata kwararru na Moscow Jami'ar Jihar. Lomonosov.

A takaice dai tarihi na ci gaban na jiki da kuma Gwargwadon regionalization

A farko yunkurin karba-karba yankunan nema a mayar da XVIII karni. Duk da haka, sũ, sun kasance ba tare da tushe a kimiyance, kuma za'ayi da wani daya alama. Wadannan su ne alamomin mafi sau da yawa sun fi bayyananne abu: siyasa iyaka, ko landforms.

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XIX fara girma cikin sauri musamman Gwargwadon kimiyyar (climatology, kasar gona kimiyya, da sauransu.). A dangane da wannan tsananta ci gaban dace musamman haihuwarka halitta karba-karba. A kadan daga baya a cikin m yanki don ware da kuma tattalin arziki regionalization.

An yi imani da cewa msar tambayar Dalili na jiki-Gwargwadon regionalization muhimmi a cikin ayyukan da mai girma Rasha masanin kimiyya Vasily Dokuchaev a karshen cikin XIX karni. Daga baya da ra'ayin da aka tsince ta ci gaba da LS Berg kuma GI Tanfiliev. A farkon karni na karshe a kan jiki-Gwargwadon regionalization fara magana tsanani da kuma kasashen waje geographers (misali, Amurka, Birtaniya da kuma Jamus masana kimiyya).

A wannan fitowar ta Soviet kimiyya fara tsanani kula da baya a 20s. Kuma riga a 1940 an halitta na farko versions na jiki-Gwargwadon karba-karba na Tarayyar Soviet.

Kamar yadda zamu iya gani, a kan wannan batun aikin yawa zukatan Rasha da kuma sauran kasashe. Mene ne dalilin ta jiki-Gwargwadon regionalization? Bari mu yi kokarin amsa wannan tambaya.

Mene ne dalilin ta jiki-Gwargwadon regionalization?

GRF - shi ne ba kawai wani tsari na rarraba wani ƙasa (ko ruwa) a cikin yankunan, amma kuma su cikakken nazari, wanda ya hada da shirye-shiryen da cikakken bangaren hikima da hadaddun halaye. Amma abin da yake da asali daga jiki-Gwargwadon regionalization? Amsar wannan tambaya shi ne quite shakka da sauki.

The jiki akai na regionalization ne inhomogeneity daga cikin mutum aka gyara yanayin harsashi. Zuwa ga waɗanda aka gyara ya kamata a hada da:

• Sashen tsarin.
• taimako.
• yanayin siffofin.
• ƙasa murfin.
• da ciyayi.
• kuma fauna.

Ya kamata a lura cewa, mafi yawan zamani geographers gane hakikanin wanzuwar wasu halitta yankunan. Duk da haka, da iyakoki tsakanin su ba ko da yaushe bayyanannu, kuma unambiguous. Tsakanin m jiki da kuma Gwargwadon yankunan yawanci zama wani sauyin zones a cikin wanda ya lura halaye na biyu m yankuna (misali, gandun daji a wasu mika mulki zone tsakanin gandun daji da kuma steppe gargajiya).

The main manufofin da ka'idodinta GRF

Wannan irin tsarin karba-karba korarsu da dama a raga, kamar tsarki da bincike da kuma amfani da gudanar da bincike. Amma babban dalilin da jiki-Gwargwadon karba-karba ne m da kuma shaidar-tushen sarari bambantawa Gwargwadon ambulan na Duniya.

'Ya'yan itãcen marmari GRF rayayye amfani da mutane da yawa masana'antu da kuma yankunan da mutum aiki: noma, da gandunan daji, a birane, shiryawa, likita labarin kasa, yanayin kariya, da sauransu.

Kan aiwatar da allocating Gwargwadon yankunan cikin wani ba ƙasa auku saboda ka'idodin musamman da kuma a kan tushen wasu regularities. Shin wadannan (asali) ka'idodinta jiki-Gwargwadon regionalization:

• objectivity.
• yankunan kasa;
• tsarin karba-karba da kuma azonal.
• uniformity hadaddun aka gyara.
• da comparability na sakamakon tsarin karba-karba.

Zai yiwu mafi muhimmanci na wadannan ne manufa na objectivity. Muna magana ne game da haƙiƙa zama na halitta gidaje kamar yadda irin wannan. Yarda da ita da kuma yarda to kusan duk geographers da landshaftovedy (sai DL Armand). Babu kasa muhimmanci a cikin tsarin karba-karba da kuma manufa na yankunanta. Yana ta'allaka ne da cewa raka'a wannan karba-karba na iya ba sun hada da raba da geographically fragmented ƙasa.

iri GRF

Kasa karba-karba na iya zama daban-daban. Idan da nufin haskaka da a cikin yankunan kawai daya daga cikin alamun (wuri mai faɗi da aka gyara), shi za a dauke a matsayin masu zaman kansu (ko masana'antu). Alal misali, yana iya zama ƙasa ko yanayin tsarin karba-karba na wani ƙasa.

Idan manufa shi ne GRF bincika cikakken duk ƙasa (sauyin yanayi, topography, gona, da dai sauransu) aka gyara, sa'an nan shi za a kira m (ko wuri mai faɗi).

Bugu da kari, na halitta karba-karba na iya zama:

• shiyya.
• azonal.

Bisa ga wannan rarrabuwa, gano daban-daban taxonomic raka'a GRF.

Hanyar na jiki regionalization

By kuma manyan, akwai biyu na asali hanyoyi zuwa GRF: da regionalization na "top" karba-karba da kuma "daga kasa". Duka wadannan hanyoyin da ake amfani da ko'ina a wuri mai faɗi da kuma gaba da juna daidai.

"Kasa" halitta karba-karba na faruwa kamar haka. Ta wajen da hadewa da kananan halitta gidaje suna kasaftawa fi girma, kuma mafi hadaddun yankin gidaje. Yana amfani a manyan sikelin-wuri mai faɗi maps. Lokacin da tsarin karba-karba "daga sama" duk abin da ya faru mataimakin versa. Da farko kasaftawa fi girma halitta yankuna, sa'an nan, da nazarin wani jam'i na magana maps, suna "karya up" a cikin karami halitta gidaje.

Jiki da kuma Gwargwadon regionalization ne amfani da wani yawan gargajiya da hanyoyin kimiyya da fasahohi. Daga cikin su:

• cartography.
• Aerospace.
• geochemistry.
• paleogeographical.
• ilimin lissafi.
• kwamfuta kwaikwaiyo hanyoyin.

Taxonomic raka'a GRF

Shiyyoyi halitta karba-karba gano wadannan taxonomic raka'a:

• Gwargwadon zone.
• yankin.
• subzones.

A azonal karba-karba yanke shawarar ware:

• jiki labarin kasa na kasar.
• yankin.
• lardin.
• yankunan.
• takardunsu.
• podurochischa.
• facies.

A raka'a matakin qarshe na yankin bambantawa ne: Gwargwadon murfin kuma nahiyoyi. Amma mafi asali raka'a GRF dauke facies da fili.

Facies na m naúrar na GRF

Yawan (watau, na farko da kuma basa) naúrar a matsayi na na labarin kasa da tsarin dauke facies. Mene ne wannan?

Kowace daga dole ne ka gani a cikin rayuwarsa kunyoyin gona, ko a Birch ɗan kurmi a tsakiyar lush kore fadamun. Wadannan abubuwa kawai ne Firayim misalai na facies.

Kalmar "facies" yana da Latin tushen da ya zo daga kalmar facies - "fuska", "image", "fuska". Ana amfani da botanists, geologists da kuma biogeography. A mafi nasara definition wannan lokaci ba Soviet masanin kimiyya D. Nalivkin. A cewar shi, facies - wani yanki na duniya ta surface, wanda aka halin guda yanayi, Flora da fauna. A wasu kalmomin, shi ne na farko da kuma uniform muhalli gidaje.

Facies ko da yaushe located a cikin daya biocenosis kuma halin guda iyaye abu, wannan sauyin yanayi, ruwa tsarin mulki da kuma ƙasa murfin. Daga cikin ra'ayinsa geosystem matsayi, shi ne babban tsarin rarraba da stows podurochisch.

Akwai uku main iri facies:

1. Continental.
2. Marine.
3. Dõgẽwa (gabar teku lagoons, deltas, da dai sauransu).

ƙarshe

Yanzu ka san cewa tushen jiki-Gwargwadon karba-karba ne heterogeneity daga cikin mutum aka gyara na wani Gwargwadon cover: sauyin yanayi, topography, Flora, fauna da kuma ƙasa. Wannan tsari dogara ne a kan biyar babban ka'idodin: objectivity, homogeneity, yankunan kasa, karba-karba (da azonal) da kuma tsarin karba-karba comparability na da sakamakon.

GRF iya zama daban-daban: da shiyya da kuma azonal, m da kuma masana'antu. Kasa karba-karba ya raba duniya ta surface a ɗamararku, zones da kuma subzones, halitta kasar, yankin, da lardi, da facies yankuna.