Graphene da amfani. Samun graphene. Nanotechnology a Duniya na zamani

Kwanan nan, sabon filin ya fito ne a kimiyya da fasaha, wanda ake kira nanotechnology. Sakamakon wannan horo ba kawai yalwace ba ne. Su masu girma ne. Wani abu mai suna "Nano" yana da darajar daidai da biliyan daya na kowane darajar. Wadannan dabi'un ba za a iya kwatanta da girman yawan kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin ba. Alal misali, biliyan ɗaya na mita ana kiranta nanometer.

Babban jagoran sabbin fannin kimiyya

Nanotechnology yana nufin wadanda ke yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta a matakin kwayoyin da mahaifa. A wannan fannin, wannan bangaren kimiyya ana kiransa fasahar kwayoyin. Menene damuwa don ci gabanta? Nanotechnology a cikin zamani duniya sun bayyana godiya ga laccoci Richarda Feynmana. A ciki, masanin kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu da ya hana shi wajen ƙirƙirar abubuwa daga tsaye.

An kira kayan aiki mai amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin abu mai tarawa. Yana da kwayoyin nanomachine, wanda zaka iya gina kowane tsari. Alal misali, mai haɗin halitta zai iya kira ribosome, wanda ya hada da furotin a cikin kwayoyin halittu.

Nanotechnology a cikin zamani na zamani ba kawai wani sashe ne na ilimi ba. Suna wakiltar wata fili mai zurfi na bincike da ke da alaƙa da mahimmancin kimiyya. Daga cikinsu akwai ilimin lissafi, ilmin kimiyya da ilmin halitta. A cewar masana kimiyya, wadannan ilimin kimiyya za su sami karfin iko ga cigaban cigaba akan farfadowar juyin juya halin nan mai zuwa.

Ayyukan aikace-aikace

Lissafin duk wuraren yan Adam, inda ake amfani da nanotechnology a yau, ba zai yiwu bane saboda jerin abubuwan da ke da ban sha'awa. Saboda haka, tare da taimakon wannan fannin kimiyya, an samar da wadannan:

- na'urorin da aka tsara domin yin rikodi na duk wani bayani;
- kayan aiki na bidiyo daban-daban;
- na'urori masu auna sigina, hasken rana Kwayoyin, semiconductor transistors.
- bayanai, sarrafawa da fasaha na bayanai;
- nanoimprinting da nanolithography;
- na'urorin da aka tsara don adana makamashi, da kuma man fetur;
- tsaro, sararin samaniya da jiragen sama;
- bioinstrumentary.

A cikin irin wannan ilimin kimiyya a matsayin nanotechnology, a Rasha, Amurka, Japan da kuma yawan kasashen Turai, an ba da kuɗin kuɗi da yawa a kowace shekara. Wannan shi ne saboda babban burin ci gaba da wannan filin bincike.

Nanotechnologies a Rasha suna tasowa bisa ga manufa shirin tarayya, wanda ke bayar da ba kawai kudi kudi mai yawa, amma har da babban adadin zane da aikin bincike. Don gane ayyukan da aka kafa, an haɗa kokarin da ke tattare da hanyoyin kimiyya da fasahar zamani a matakin kasa da kasa.

Sabuwar abu

Nanotechnology ya yarda masana kimiyya su samar da carbon carbon fiye da lu'u lu'u, wanda nauyin nauyin atomatik daya ne kawai. Ya ƙunshi graphene. Ita ce mafi mahimmanci da mafi kyawun abu a dukan duniya, wanda ya ba da wutar lantarki mafi kyau fiye da kwakwalwan kwamfuta.

An gano samfurin graphene a matsayin abin da ya faru na juyin juya halin gaske wanda zai ba mu damar canza canji a rayuwarmu. Wannan abu yana da nau'o'in kayan jiki na musamman wanda ya canza ra'ayin mutum game da yanayin abubuwa da abubuwa.

Tarihin binciken

Graphene alama ce mai girma biyu. Tsarinsa shi ne ma'aunin kwalliya wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin carbon. Binciken binciken da ya shafi graphene ya fara tun kafin samar da samfurori na ainihi, tun da cewa wannan abu shine tushen gina gilashin zane-zane uku.

Kamar yadda farkon 1947 P. Volles ya nuna wa wasu kaddarorin graphene, yana tabbatar da cewa tsarin shi ne daidai da nau'i, kuma wasu halaye sunyi kama da wadanda ke dauke da kwayoyin ultrarelativistic, neutrinos da photons marasa ƙarfi. Duk da haka, sabon abu yana da wasu bambance-bambance masu banbanci da suke sa shi a cikin yanayinta. Amma tabbatarwa daga wadannan binciken da aka samu kawai a shekarar 2004, a lokacin da Konstantin Novoselov da Andrey Geim aka farko samu da carbon a free jihar. Wannan sabon abu, wanda ake kira graphene, kuma ya zama babban binciken masana kimiyya. Nemi wannan abu a fensir. Hakanan ya zana nau'i na graphene. Ta yaya fensir ya bar alamar takarda? Gaskiyar ita ce, duk da ƙarfin gine-gine na lakaran, akwai raunana sosai tsakanin su. Suna da sauki sauyewa idan sun hadu da takarda, suna barin alamar lokacin rubutu.

Amfani da sabon abu

Bisa ga masana kimiyya, na'urori masu ganewa da suke dogara da graphene za su iya nazarin ƙarfin da yanayin jirgin sama, da kuma hangen nesa da girgizar asa. Amma kawai idan kayan da irin wannan kyawawan kaddarorin ya bar bango na dakunan gwaje-gwaje, ya zama a fili a cikin abin da jagorancin ci gaban aikace-aikace na wannan abu zai tafi. A halin yanzu rana, chemists, lissafin kimiyya da injiniyoyi lantarki ne riga da sha'awar da musamman damar Graphene. Bayan haka, kawai ƙananan nau'i na wannan abu zai iya rufe ƙasar da ta dace da filin kwallon kafa.

Graphene da kuma amfani da shi suna iya ɗaukan nauyin daukar nauyin sararin samaniya da jirgin sama. A wannan yankin, sabon abu zai iya maye gurbin carbon zaruruwa a kumshin kayan. Za a iya amfani da nanosubstance maimakon silicon a cikin transistors, kuma gabatarwarsa zuwa filastik zai ba shi haɗakar lantarki.

Graphene da aikace-aikacensa suna dauke da su wajen samar da na'urorin haɗi. Wadannan na'urorin, bisa ga sabon abu, zasu iya gano kwayoyi mafi haɗari. Amma amfani da foda daga nanosubstance a cikin samar da batir a wasu lokuta zai kara tasiri.

Graphene da aikace-aikace suna dauke da su a optoelectronics. Daga sabon abu zai zama haske sosai kuma zai iya zama filastik, kwantena daga cikinsu zai ba da izini don da yawa makonni don kiyaye kayan sabo.

Ana yin amfani da graphene don aiwatar da wani shafi mai kwakwalwa, wanda ya zama dole don masu duba, hasken rana kuma sun fi karfi kuma sun fi tsayayya ga magungunan motsa jiki.

Dangane da wani abu mai ban mamaki, kayan aikin wasanni mafi kyau, masu kwakwalwa da kuma masu kula da kwarewa za su samu.

Har ila yau, graphene da aikace-aikace sun dace da:

- Hanyoyin lantarki masu girma-high-lantarki;
- wucin gadi membranes cewa raba biyu taya a cikin tafki;
- inganta haɓakawa na kayan aiki daban-daban;
- ƙirƙirar nuni a kan diodes mai haske-emitting;
- Gudanar da sababbin hanyoyin da za a samar da kwayar DNA;
- cigaba da allon shanu;
- Halittar transistors na ballistic.

Yi amfani da shi a cikin masana'antar mota

Bisa ga masu bincike, yawancin makamashi na graphene ya kai 65 kWh / kg. Wannan adadin yana da sau 47 mafi girma fiye da abin da yake da yawa a yau lithoum-ion batir. Wannan masana kimiyya sunyi amfani da sababbin sababbin caja.

Batirin Graphene-polymer yana da na'urar ta amfani da makamashin lantarki yadda ya kamata sosai. A halin yanzu, masu bincike daga kasashe da dama suna gudanar da aikin. Masana kimiyyar Mutanen Espanya sun sami babban nasara a wannan al'amari. Batirin Graphene-polymer, wanda suka halicce su, yana da ƙarfin makamashi wanda yake daruruwan sau da yawa fiye da irin wannan adadi na batir da ke cikin. Suna amfani da shi don ba da motocin lantarki. The inji, wanda aka shigar Graphene baturi, zai iya tafiya ba tare da tsayawa dubban kilomita. Don cajin kayan lantarki lokacin da makamashin makamashi ya ƙare, zai ɗauki fiye da minti 8.

Touchscreens

Masana kimiyya sun ci gaba da gano digiri, yayin da suke ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu ban mamaki. Sabili da haka, ƙwayar carbon din ta samo aikace-aikacensa a cikin samarwa, wanda ke samar da alamomi na sirri tare da babban zane. A nan gaba, na'urar mai sauƙi na irin wannan zai iya bayyana.

Masana kimiyya sun samo takardar gwanin rectangular graphene kuma suka juya ta a fili na lantarki. Shi ne wanda ke shiga aiki na allon touch, ya bambanta da wannan ta hanyar haɓaka, ƙãra gaskiya, sassauci, ƙaunar muhalli da ƙananan kuɗi.

Samun graphene

Tun daga shekara ta 2004, lokacin da aka gano sabon zamani, masana kimiyya sunyi amfani da hanyoyi masu yawa don samun su. Duk da haka, mafi mahimmancin waɗannan hanyoyin sune:

- exfoliation na injiniya;
- girmawar epitaxial a cikin wani wuri;
- sanyaya lokaci-lokaci (CVD tsari).

Na farko daga cikin wadannan hanyoyi guda uku shine mafi sauki. Samun graphene a cikin fitinar injuna shine aikace-aikace na wani hoto mai mahimmanci a kan tarin murfin mai kera. Bayan haka, tushe, kamar takardar takarda, ya fara tanƙwara kuma ya ɓata, ya raba abin da ake so. Lokacin da ake amfani da wannan hanyar, graphene yana daga cikin mafi girman inganci. Duk da haka, irin waɗannan ayyuka ba su dace da samar da taro na wannan mummunar ba.

Lokacin amfani da hanyar bunkasa ci gaba, an yi amfani da faranti na silicon na bakin ciki, wanda aka yi amfani da ita shine nauyin carbon silicon. Bugu da ari, wannan abu yana mai tsanani a wani zazzabi mai yawa (har zuwa 1000 K). A sakamakon sakamakon sinadarai, anada ratsin silicon daga ƙwayoyin carbon, wanda farko ya ƙafe. A sakamakon haka, tsararren graphene ya kasance a kan farantin. Rashin haɓaka wannan hanyar shine buƙatar yin amfani da yanayin zafi mai kyau inda ƙarancin ƙwayar carbon zai iya faruwa.

Hanyar mafi aminci da sauƙi wanda aka yi amfani dashi don samar da samfurin graphene shine tsarin CVD. Hanyar da yanayin sinadaran yake faruwa tsakanin na'ura mai kwakwalwa da kuma gasasshiyar hydrocarbon.

A ina ne graphene ya samar?

A kwanan wata, mafi yawan kamfanonin da ke samar da sabon nanomaterials suna cikin kasar Sin. Sunan wannan kamfani shine Ningbo Morsh Technology. Ya fara samar da graphene a shekarar 2012.

Babban mabukaci na nanomaterial shine kamfanin Chongqing Morsh Technology. Ana amfani da Graphene don samar da fina-finai masu tasiri wanda ke sakawa cikin alamomi.

Kwanan nan, sanannun Nokia sun bayar da takardar shaidar don matakan hotuna. A cikin abun da ke cikin wannan nau'i, don haka wajibi ne ga na'urori masu mahimmanci, akwai nau'i-nau'i na graphene. Irin wannan abu, wanda aka yi amfani dasu a kan na'urorin haɗi na kyamara, yana ƙaruwa hotunan su (har zuwa sau 1000). Bugu da kari, akwai rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki. Kyakkyawan kamara don wayar hannu za ta ƙunshi graphene.

Samun cikin gida

Zan iya yin graphene a gida? Yana juya, eh! Kuna buƙatar ɗaukar cin abinci na abinci tare da akalla 400 W, kuma ku bi hanyar da likitocin Irish suka bunkasa.

Yadda ake yin graphene a gida? Don yin haka, ana zuba lita 500 a cikin tanda, wanda ya hada da ruwa zuwa 10-25 milliliters na duk wani abu da ya zama gishiri da 20-50 grams na sutura. Sa'an nan na'urar zata yi aiki daga minti 10 zuwa rabi sa'a, har sai bayyanar fitarwa daga ma'auni na graphene. Matakan da zai haifar za su kasance da haɗin haɗari, wanda zai ba da izinin amfani da shi a cikin kyamarar photocell. Har ila yau, a cikin yanayi na yau da kullum yana iya inganta kayan aikin filastik.

Oxides na nanomaterial

Masana kimiyya suna binciken rayayye da irin wannan tsarin graphene, wanda ciki ko a gefuna na grid carbon ya haɗe ƙungiyoyi masu aiki na oxygen ko (da) kwayoyin. Shine samfurin abu mafi wuya wanda ya kasance mafi girma a nanosubstance, wanda shine kayan farko na biyu wanda ya kai ga matsin kasuwancin kasuwanci. Daga nanoparticles da microparticles na wannan tsarin, masana kimiyya sanya centimeter samfurori.

Ta haka ne, masanan kimiyya na China sun karbi nau'in hakar gine-gine a hade tare da carbon diofilizirovannym. Wannan abu ne mai haske, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin ƙananan furanni na ƙananan fure. Amma sabon abu, inda samfurin graphene yana samuwa, yana daya daga cikin mafi karfi a duniya.

Aikace-aikace na kwayoyin halitta

Graphene oxide na da dukiya na musamman na selectivity. Wannan zai ba da damar wannan abu don neman aikace-aikacen kwayoyin halitta. Don haka, godiya ga aikin masana kimiyya, ya zama mai yiwuwa a yi amfani da oxide na oxide don ganewar asibiti na ciwon daji. Don gano mummunan ciwon sukari a farkon matakai na ci gaba ya ba da izini ga kayan aiki na musamman da na lantarki na nanomaterial.

Graphene oxide kuma ya ba da izinin samarda kayan magani da samfurori. Bisa ga wannan matsala, halittu masu nazarin halittu an halicce shi akan batun kwayoyin halittar DNA.

Aikace-aikace

Za'a iya amfani da masu sihiri daban-daban bisa nau'in graphene oxide don kashe fasahar da ke dauke da kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, wannan samfurin na iya aiwatar da karkashin kasa da kuma ruwayen ruwa, kazalika da kasa, ta hanyar share su daga radionuclides.

Graphene oxide filters na iya samar da ɗakunan tsabta masu tsabta inda aka gina kayan aikin lantarki na musamman. Abubuwan da ke da kaya na wannan abu zasu ba mu damar shiga cikin fasaha masu amfani da sunadarai. Musamman ma, zai iya zama haɓaka na radiyo, rarraba da ƙananan ƙarfe. Saboda haka, yin amfani da graphene oxide zai ba da damar cire zinariya daga matalauta.