Bioethics ne ... Ka'idodin da kuma batun bioethics. Bioethics a Rasha

Kowane ɓangare na aikin ɗan adam na sana'a ya dace da irin nau'o'in sana'a. A lokaci guda, duk suna da wasu takamaiman siffofin.

Ilmantarwa shine horo wanda ke nazarin halin kirki na halin mutum. Nazarinsa ya gabatar da mu ga dukan bambancin al'ada da dangantaka tsakanin mutane. Duk wani nau'i na kwararrun sana'a wasu dokoki ne. Suna la'akari da tsari da kuma alamu na dokokin gida na mutum. Ana amfani dasu ana amfani da su don zama tushen wannan. Daya daga cikin nau'o'in wannan horo ya shafi yanayin kiwon lafiya.

Harkokin Jakadancin

Wannan rukunan ya sanar da mu da halayyar dabi'ar kirki wanda dole ne mutum ya mallaki rayukan marasa lafiya a hannunsa. A yau, dukkanin ka'idodi na wannan horo suna cikin wani littafi da ake kira "Code of Ethics of a Russian Doctor". An soma a 1994. An tsara al'adun gargajiya na likita don magance matsalolin halayen mutum da dangantaka tsakanin likita da mai haƙuri.

Bioethics

Rayuwa ba ta tsaya ba tukuna. A halin yanzu na ci gaba da zamantakewar jama'a, ya tashi da bukatar yin wani nau'i na kwararrun likita. An tsara wannan rukunan don a rarraba iyakokin da aka halatta da aka yi wa mutum rai da mutuwa. Duk waɗannan ayyuka dole ne su kiyaye dabi'ar kirki da lafiyar mai haƙuri. Kuma a nan halittun halittu sun zo don kare rayuwar mutum.

Tarihin ci gaba

Halittun halittu abu ne mai ban mamaki wanda ke faruwa a al'adun zamani. Ya bayyana a Amurka a cikin 60s-70s na karshe karni. Kalmar "bioethics" da aka gabatar da Masanin ilimin likitancin Potter a 1970. Shi ne wanda ya bukaci likitoci da masu ilimin halitta su shiga kokarin su don tabbatar da yanayin rayuwa mai kyau ga mutane. A cewar Potter, ilimin halitta ba kimiyya ba ne kawai. Wannan shi ne wani sabon hikima, wanda kunshi sanin nazarin halittu masana'antu da kuma data kasance mutum dabi'u.

Game da ainihin kalma "halittun halitta", manufar, mafi daidai, abinda ke ciki, ya canza bayan dan lokaci. A farko wuri tafi gwiwar nazarin halin kirki, anthropological, shari'a da kuma zamantakewa al'amurran da suka shafi, abin da ya faru na wanda gudummawar da latest kwayoyin da kuma haihuwa transplantologicheskie ilimin halittu da aikin likita fasahar.

A cikin shekarun bakwai na bakwai na karni na karshe a Amurka, an kafa makarantun ilimi da bincike na farko, inda aka nazarin ilimin halittu. Wannan ya janyo hankali ga matsalolin 'yan addini,' yan jarida, da kuma 'yan siyasa da ke nazarin wannan horo. Samun sha'awa ga wasu batutuwa da kuma jama'a.

Harkokin halittun halittu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya ba shi damar samun karfin shiga a ƙasashen Yammacin Turai. A cikin nineties, an mayar da hankali ga nazarin wannan horo a Gabashin Turai (ciki har da Rasha), da kuma Asiya (musamman a China da Japan).

Babban aikin

Halittun halittu shine koyarwa da aka tsara don gane bambancin hali game da matsalolin halin kirki da suka shafi rikici da ke tattare da cigaban ci gaba da aikin kimiyya da kimiyya. An tsara wannan horo don amsa irin waɗannan tambayoyi:

- Shin zai yiwu a shiga cloning mutum?
- Shin halittar ta hanyar tsarin kwayoyin halitta na musamman na "mutum" na mutumin da ke da halayen basira da halayyar jiki?
- Kuna buƙatar izinin dangi idan marigayin yana shirin ɗaukar gabobin jiki don dasawa zuwa ga marasa lafiya marasa lafiya?
- Dole ne in gaya wa mai haƙuri cewa yana da lafiya? Etc.

Ayyukan ilimin halitta shine gano hanyoyin da ake yarda da su a zamantakewa da kuma zamantakewa don magance irin wannan matsala. Tabbas, akwai hakikanin shakka game da ko likitocin kiwon lafiya a gaba ɗaya ya zama dole? Akwai rantsuwa da Hippocrates. Tana koyar da darussan halin kirki ga likitoci na ƙarni da yawa. A cikin adana rayuwa a duniyarmu, masanan sunyi aiki mai karfi. Suna shirya wani yunkuri na neman dakatar da gwajin makaman nukiliya. An gabatar da darussan halin kirki ga 'yan adam da masu ilimin halitta, don yaki da yanayin mu.
Duk da haka, dabi'ar Hippocratic da bioethics suna da wasu bambance-bambance. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan darussan biyu shine kamfanoni masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. A cikin ƙarni, shi ya dubi likita a matsayin batun halin kirki, ya kira ya cika aikinsa ga mai haƙuri. Ana ganin mutum mara lafiya a matsayin mutum mai wahala. Ya kasance mai wucewa kuma bai shiga cikin yanke shawara mai muhimmanci a rayuwarsa ba. Maganar bioethics ne mai haƙuri a matsayin halin kirki halin kirki. A lokaci guda kuma, yana iya shiga cikin al'ada ko ma haɗin gwiwa tare da masana kimiyya da likitoci.

Ayyukan

Sabon horo ba zai kawar da al'adun gargajiya ba, ciki har da sadaka da sadaka, nauyin halayen likitoci da kuma ka'idojin rashin cutar da mai haƙuri. Sai kawai a al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa na yau, duk lokacin da suke samun sabon sauti da muhimmancin gaske.

Maganar ilimin halittu shine bambancin da suka bambanta da mutuntakar mutum. Wannan horo yana nuna hakki ga kowane mutum ya yanke shawara mafi muhimmanci da zai shafi rayuwarsa.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa masana ilimin halitta ko likitoci kamar yadda masana ke da masaniya game da hanyar da ake yi na cloning mutum. Duk da haka, ba za su iya yarda da irin waɗannan ayyuka ba. Shi ne da kasashen waje na sana'a iyawa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa daya daga cikin siffofi na ilimin halitta shine ci gabanta tare da sahunin kwararru na fannoni daban-daban. A cikin wannan jerin akwai masu ilimin halitta da masana kimiyya, likitoci da falsafa, 'yan siyasa da lauyoyi, da dai sauransu. Kuma ba abin mamaki bane, saboda matsalolin da ke faruwa dangane da ci gaba da maganin da ilmin halitta sun kasance masu banbanci da mahimmanci cewa matsalar ba zai yiwu bane kawai tare da hadin gwiwa tare da mutanen da ke da kwarewa da kwarewa.

Halittun halittu yana da wani muhimmin mahimmanci: tarihi ya dade yana tabbatar da cewa samar da wata hanya ta kasa, akida da sauran dabi'u a kan al'umma shine aiki mai hatsari. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ilmin halittu ba wai kawai nazarin matsalolin halin kirki da ke faruwa a cikin ci gaban al'umma. Tare da sa hannu, an kafa wasu cibiyoyin da ke halayyar al'ummomin jam'iyya. Misali na wannan zai iya kasancewa kwamitocin dabi'a, aiki a asibitoci, cibiyoyin bincike.

Mene ne tsarin ilimin halitta yake kulawa?

Zama da kuma kiwon lafiya - wannan shine dalilin da zai taimaka wajen samar da shawarwari dacewa ta hanyar kimiyya ta zamani game da halin kirki. Yana la'akari da irin waɗannan matsaloli na asali:

- euthanasia;
- kashe kansa;
- transplantology;
- tabbatar da gaskiyar mutuwar;
- gudanar da gwaje-gwaje akan mutane da dabbobi;
- dangantaka tsakanin likita da mai haƙuri;
- ƙungiyar asibiti;
- hali ga mutanen da suke da hankali;
- haifar da yara (mahaifiyar haihuwa, aikin injiniya, da dai sauransu).

Matsalolin halittun halittu sun shafi yanayin halayyar irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar yaduwa da kuma maganin hana haihuwa, da kuma karewar wucin gadi na ciki. Dukansu suna wakiltar maganin zamani na maganin maganin aikin haihuwa.

Ka yi la'akari, misali, zubar da ciki. Shin ya karya ka'idodin rantsuwa na Hippocra, wanda ya ce: "Kada ku cutar"? Shin za a iya aiwatar da shi? Idan a, ko yaushe ko kawai a wasu lokuta? Amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi suna dogara ne akan ka'idojin dabi'a da kuma shirye shiryen likita.

Matsalolin halittun halittu ma sun shafi damuwa. A wani bangare, fasahar haifuwa ta zamani ta shafi nauyin auren kanta, wanda shine muhimmancin mutum. A gefe guda, ga wasu ma'aurata wannan ita ce kadai hanyar da za ta sami ɗa. Bioethics a wannan yanayin, ya kira a gefen da sanda lokacin da a vitro hadi taimaka matsananciyar mata, ba da juya wannan magudi a cikin wani nau'i na musamman gwaji.

Wani matsala mai rikitarwa, wanda aka yi la'akari da ilimin halittu, yana haifar da mahaifiyarsa. Tare da wannan hanya, an kawo mace mai banbanci a cikin mahaifa daga mahaifa masu halitta ta hadu da kwai kwai. Wannan surrogate ake bukata domin dauke da yaro. Bayan haihuwar, sai ta ba da jariri ga iyayen kirki. A gefe guda, waɗannan su ne magudi da aka yi akan yanayin jiki na yaron, a daya - kadai damar da wasu ma'aurata suka tsara iyali.

Har yanzu ana ci gaba da jayayya a tsakanin irin wannan matsala ta hanyar gyare-gyaren mutum, mai yiwuwa tare da yin amfani da sababbin abubuwan da suka faru a aikin injiniya. A cikin tattaunawar halin kirki na wannan batu, masana kimiyya da likitoci, 'yan siyasa da falsafanci sun shiga. Kada ku manta da wannan matsala da malamai. A halin yanzu, akwai ra'ayoyi biyu gaba daya. Daya daga cikin su ya fito ne daga zato cewa cloning yana da halayyar kuma mai aminci ga mutum da jama'a. Magoya bayan wannan ra'ayi sun yi imanin cewa cloning ita ce hanya zuwa ga rashin mutuwa da kuma kawar da cututtuka. Amma akwai ra'ayi na daban. Magoya bayansa sunyi imanin cewa wannan magudi yana lalata. Bugu da ƙari, yana da haɗari mai hatsari, tun da kimiyya ba ta iya hango ko wane irin sakamakon wannan gwaji ba.

Akwai matsala mai wuya da kuma ka'idojin dabi'a ta hanyar transplantology. A yau, zuciya da hanta, huhu da kasusuwa na kasussu suna canzawa, da dai sauransu. Matsaloli a cikin wannan yanki sun danganta da nauyin da hakkin dan mai bayarwa, da danginsa, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, don gano gaskiyar mutuwa.

Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka shafi batutuwan da suka shafi mu'amala a yau suna damu da euthanasia. Yana da hankalin gaggawa na mutuwar wani mai haƙuri wanda an dauke shi maras tabbas. An tsara Euthanasia don dakatar da shan wahala. Wannan aikin ya saba wa ra'ayi na dukan addinai na addini, da kuma rantsuwar Hippocrates. Amma a lokaci guda, ba a la'akari da batun karshe akan batun ba.

Tushen ka'idojin horo

A cikin halittun halittu, akwai ra'ayoyi na ainihi. Suna dogara ga kimiyya don magance matsalolin gaggawa na zamaninmu. Tushen ka'idojin halittu:

- Mutunta mutuncin ɗan adam;
- ba hanyar magance mummuna da halittar kirki ba;
- mutunci na mutumin;
- kiyaye adalci.

Kimiyya ta bi ka'idojin hudu. Wannan shi ne sirri da gaskiyanci, sanar da izinin rai da rashin izuwa game da rayuwa mai zaman kansa. Ka'idodin halittun halittu, tare da dokoki, sun kasance irin nau'in halayyar dabi'ar da ke nuna hali ga mai haƙuri a matsayin mutum.

Ƙaddamar da ilimin halittu a Rasha

Abubuwan da ake bukata don bunkasa horo a cikin tambaya an nuna su a kasarmu a farkon shekarun haihuwa. Duk da haka, wannan ba yana nufin cewa ilimin halittu a Rasha ya tashi ne kawai a karshen karni na karshe. A akasin wannan, yawancin fasahohin halitta sun fara halitta a kasarmu. Misali na wannan zai iya zama na'urar da ta bada izinin yin gyaran wurare. An kafa shi ta hanyar S.S. Bryukhonenko a farkon 1926. A wannan shekarar, an gudanar da bude cibiyar farko na Cibiyar Blood Transfusion a duniya. Bugu da kari, a 1931 Yu.Yu. Voronym a cikin yanayin asibiti da aka gudanar da lalacewar koda. Har ila yau, ya faru a 1937. Sa'an nan kuma suka gudanar da aikin farko na duniya don aiwatar da tsoka mai wucin gadi. Duba wannan gwajin. Demikhov, kuma yana da horon da Kirista Bernard.

Ya kasance a Rasha, a karo na farko a cikin duniya a shekarar 1920, duk ƙuntatawa na dokokin majalisa kan iyakar wucin gadi na ciki. A cikin shekaru ashirin na karni na ƙarshe, masana kimiyyar Rasha na makarantar A.S. Serebrovsky ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi, wanda sakamakon hakan zai yiwu ya tabbatar da tsarin da ya shafi tsarin.

An gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa a sassa daban-daban na fasaha na kiwon lafiya a cikin Harkokin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya na {asar Amirka. Duk da haka, ana iya kafa ka'idojin binciken kimiyya a Rasha a lokacin mulkin Soviet. Daya daga cikin dalilai na wannan shine akidar jihar. Kimiyya a Rundunar Harkokin Jirgin ta Amurka ta dauka ba wai kawai karfi mai karfi na al'umma ba, har ma mahimmancin darajar al'ada.

Duk da haka, duk da haka, ilimin halittu a Rasha ya fara samun ƙasa. Saboda haka, masaniyar Soviet ITT Frolov ta yi tambaya game da muhimmancin ilimin kimiyya daga nasarorin da mutum yake da kyau. A 1995, litattafai na farko da aka buga na M.K.Perov. Wannan masanin kimiyya na Rasha, a baya a shekarun 1960, ya tsara manufar cewa kimiyya ta makanta ga duk abinda mutum yake.

Wani sabon mataki a ci gaban bioethics

A karshen karni na karshe, Rasha ta ɗauki hanyar dimokuradiyya na al'umma. Wannan ya zama babban abinda ake bukata don gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin halitta sun fara girma. Ma'anar wannan horo bai kasance ba kawai a kan bincike ba, har ma a kan wallafe-wallafen, dabarun ilimi da kuma ilimi.

A cikin tsarin tsarin ilimin kimiyya a Rasha a halin yanzu akwai ƙungiyoyi na musamman. Sun hada da ilimin halittun halittu, wanda ke aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Dan Adam na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rasha, da ɗakin binciken Cibiyoyin Ilimin Kimiyya na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rasha "Axiology of Cognition and the Ethics of Science" da sauransu.

A shekara ta 2000 an samo asali na ilimi a Rasha. Bisa ga wannan takarda, horo "Bioethics" ya zama dole a horo na kwararru a makarantun kiwon lafiya na kasar. Irin wannan fuskanta da aka soma ilimi taro a 1995, wanda jawabi al'amurran da suka shafi na zane-zane da ilimi a cikin mafi girma likita da Pharmaceutical makarantu na Rasha Federation. An gabatar da gabatarwa ga tsarin halittu a matsayin tsari na dabam a cikin shirye-shiryen dalibai da ke halartar babban sakandare.

A shekarar 1995, shirin na musamman ya ga haske. An kafa shi a Cibiyar Nazarin Rubuce-rubuce da Nazarin Farko akan Masana'antu da Masana'antu a Jami'ar Jihar Moscow. Lomonosov Jami'ar Jihar Moscow. An shirya wannan shirin don koyar da ma'aikatan, yana koya wa ɗalibai a cikin kwararru "Harkokin Halitta na Halitta".

A halin yanzu, zaku iya fahimtar matsalolin tambayoyi na yau da kullum na likita a cikin wallafe-wallafe na musamman. Mafi mashahuri a cikin wannan yanki shine mujallu "Man" (edita-in-chief - BG Yudin), da kuma "Dokar Kula da Lafiya da Kwarewa" (editan-mai-magunguna - Mylnikov IS). Ga daliban jami'o'i na likita sun wallafa littattafai, waɗanda ke magana da ilimin halitta. Yudin da Tishchenko, Ignatyev, Ivanyushkin, Siluyanova, Korotkikh su ne marubuta na wasu ayyukan da suka dace da wannan batu.

Harkokin ilimi

A halin yanzu, horo da ke nazarin halin kirki na dangantakar dake tsakanin maganin zamani da mutum yana dauke da matsaloli masu yawa. Na gode da ilimin halittu, fahimtar mutum a cikin al'amuran dabi'arsa da na halitta sun zurfafa da karuwa. Tambayoyin da wannan rukunin ya damu sun kasance a gefen kimiyyar biyu. Wannan Anthropology da kuma ilmin halitta. A matsayin wata mahimmanci na wannan kimiyya shine lokacin neman ainihin ainihin mutum.

A cikin 'yan shekaru, ƙara akwai wani tsari na samuwar bioethical duniya al'umma. Wannan yana yuwuwa ta biyu dalilai - duniya da na gida. A farko daya ne alaka da yiwuwar hatsari sakamakon na kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba a magani da kuma ilmin halitta, wanda suna tare da akai zargin sabon matsalar yanayi na halin kirki da kuma da'a hali. Wannan halin da ake ciki ne wasu har shafar moriyar dukkan al'ummar dan Adam. kullum kara sirri na ce tsari. Wannan shi ne saboda da kara tsarin dimokuradiyya na zaman jama'a a tsakaninsu. A lokacin da wannan aka dauke su daya daga cikin muhimman hakkokin mutum da hakkin rayuwa, da kiwon lafiya, ga mutuwa da kuma samun bayanai.

Dalili na biyu don ci gaban bioethics, gida, ƙaddara da takamaiman yanayin wannan kimiyya. Ga tasirin da take da humanization al'umma a matsayin dukan da kuma na mutum, da aiwatar da cewa yana sa canji na gargajiya da kuma kiwon lafiya xa'a, magani, da dai sauransu technologization Duk wadannan abubuwan su shafi ci gaban bioethics a duka tabbatacce kuma korau sharuddan.

Yau a kasar mu akwai wani unequivocal dangantaka da actualization wannan horo. Duk da haka, har ma da wadanda suke sane da bil'adama darajar bioethical al'amurran da suka shafi, ya yarda da gudana aiwatar da samuwar Game da Outlook. Wani lokaci irin wannan, ana riskarsa kamar hanyar rayuwa sanya mana Yamma. An zaci cewa wannan tsari zai rushe da hadisai da kuma al'adu na al'ummar mu.

Akwai gaba ɗaya m ra'ayi. Wasu sun gaskata cewa bioethics a Rasha kawai ba kai tushen, kuma m ga wannan koyarwa falsafa iya wuya a kafa. Yana bayyana duk da cewa a kasar mu, da sauran al'adu, addini da kuma zamantakewa al'adar, mai haukan da kuma tunani.

Duk da haka, da aiwatar da samuwar bioethical Outlook ne. Yana bukatar falsafar fahimtar wasu daga cikin gargajiya matsaloli. Daga gare su, da definition jigon mutum, rayuwa da mutuwa, magani da kuma dawo da cuta da lafiya, da dai sauransu

Biomedicine a halin yanzu tasowa musamman hanzari. Its da sabanin a mutunta mutane da yawa nasara dalili a wasu mutane da marmarin ko ta yaya streamline da nasarorin da magani da kuma ilmin halitta, yada su bisa ga hadarin. Wannan zai ba da damar da al'umma ya zama kamar yadda tattalin duk yiwu aqibar shi.