Chehova Antona Pavlovicha kerawa. List of mafi kyau ayyukansu

Chekhov ta aiki ne na musamman. Alamance magana, ya - daya daga cikin Refayawa na zinariya Rasha adabi na ƙarshen XIX karni, wanda ya kafa wani sabon m hanya. Anton Pavlovich ma yi imani ƙulla niyyar marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo. Ayyukansa sun Taimaka Wajen Habbaka Wannan Yunƙurin na Rasha kasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Su ne har yanzu sosai kyawawa a kan matakai na Rasha da kuma duniya mafi na ra'ayi wasan kwaikwayo.

Classic kimanta litattafansu

Leo Tolstoy da aka nuna yabo sosai aiki na Chekhov. Tolstoy jãyayya da cewa Chekhov - marubuci na musamman a duniya. Ya faye hali na "tsuntsun seagull" marubucin yake cike da shauki: "Chekhov - shi ne Pushkin ta litattafan!" Manya mawallafin kira shi da wani kwantantuwa artist, wanda Ya halitta irin siffofin da rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya taba saduwa.

Creative Hanyar Chekhov sami ya amsa da a kan gaba na Albion. Turanci marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo da kuma mawallafin Dzhon Golsuorsi lura da cewa kawai wani amfani tasiri English adabi Chekhov. Jigogi na kerawa godiya ga shi an reconsidered, musamman, ta hanyar Bernard Shaw. Alal misali, ya "karayar zuciya House" da ake kira play na kasar Birtaniya "a cikin Rasha style"

A kan m Hanyar da marubuci

Lalle ne, Chekhov ya zama wani} ir} iro, ya barranta heroes hannu a externally hõre mataki da artificially samar da rikici, da yi da gangan ba da marubucin aikinsa nishadi. A saboda dukan wannan, Anton Pavlovich shi ne babban mayar da hankali da ayyukansa ya canja zuwa mafi m al'amarin. A cikin labarin na ayyukan da ya taka leda farko goge canji na kwakwalwar da haruffa, da muhimmancin da 'yan adawa da yanayi, iyali yau da kullum.

Anton sa da ra'ayin yin duniya mafi kyau, sabta, ya fi a saman da ya art. Chekhov ta kerawa, bi da wannan manufa, shi ya nẽmi farkar da "rai rai" a cikin karatu. Classic a cikin aikin kawai ya nuna wani mutum kamar yadda yake. Marubucin bai Flirt tare da masu sauraro, ya ba ƙoƙarin shãfe ta, ba embellishing wani abu. Ya fi so haruffa - ilimi mutane downmix kansu zuwa futlyarnoy rayuwa a kan ƙarya, kuma magina nesytoy mahaifa, kazalika da wakilan mutanen da kawo sunayensu talauci da kuma zalunci ga wani Jihar sha'aninsu dabam dullness.

Yana da muhimmanci jaddada cewa aikin na Chekhov ya bi ka'idodin, shi ne bude:

1. A brevity tunani classic kira 'yar'uwarta, ta iyawa ne ba a banza. Ya fi son dunkule, kange labarin. Shi ne tabbatar da masu karatu, wanda, a cikin ra'ayi, zai sami da ma'anar, ko da idan samfur da hadaddun.
2. A Chekhov ta abubuwa ko da yaushe taka muhimmiyar rawa, ga alama kananan details. Su ne ba kawai ba a cikin ayyukansu, kamar yadda suke da wani allusion zuwa main, da ginshiƙin da ra'ayoyin.
3. Domin Chekhov style ne halin rashin son kai description, saboda an gamsu da cewa karshe ya kamata su sa mai karatu.
4. Czechs yara kusan bai rubuta musamman ( "Kashtanka" da "White-fronted" - wani togiya). Ya yi imani da cewa yaro ya kamata a karanta a zabi mafi kyau na adabi "adult".

Duk da haka, samar da nasu na kowa view a kan aikin na litattafansu, shi zai zama ma'ana ga gano juyin halitta daga cikin samuwar ya m Hanyar. The abu na binciken mu zai kasance cikin biography da kuma aiki na Chekhov.

A farko gwaninta na kerawa

Anton Chekhov aka haife kan Janairu 17, 1860 a Taganrog a wani matalauci iyali na 'yan kasuwa. Ga ya sauke karatu daga birnin ta motsa jiki. Ko da a cikin graduating azuzuwan ya kasance marubucin na adult aiki da aka buga a rare mujallu "Ƙararrawa", "Mazari", "wani ɓaɓɓake,". Saboda haka daga wani matashi, su sami kudi, da kafofin da ake bukata domin iyali, Chekhov.

A halin yanzu, da rabo daga wani saurayi shirya fitina: goma sha bakwai, ya sha wahala mai tsanani kumburi da peritoneum, wanda, a cewar daya version, dauke da farko bayyanuwar ya tarin fuka. A cewar wani version, bayyana ta Farfesa VI Razumovsky, Anton Chekhov ya cũtar su kama shi a cikin jami'a aji na Medical Faculty.

Daga 1879 zuwa matasa Chekhov ya fara a wuya, kuma lokaci-cinyewa karatu a Moscow University da kuma zafin aikin jaridar aiki. Bisa ga memoirs na Anton Pavlovich, ya quite wuya a hada horo da aiki m aikin, ke bi biyu hares - magani da kuma wallafe-wallafe. The cewa ya kasance tare da iyayensa, hudu da 'yan'uwana da' yar'uwa zaune a wani karamin Apartment a Moscow. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya isa iyali da aka sau da yawa tilasta ta wurin neman zuwa Chekhov rubuta.

M labarun da ya sanya a tarin "loafers da kuma m" (1882), wanda aka ba wallafa da yin katsalandan dalilai. A farko gazawar kawai wahayi zuwa dake tasowa marubuci. Ya daga baya a cikin hankula matsa halitta gaya game da sirri dalili to aikin, "na murna rayuwa ba zai iya zama mai tsabta."

Sa'an nan da aiki taki na rayuwa zai tsananta cutar. A 1884 haruffa daga m na mujallar "Shards" ashirin da hudu Chekhov kukan da zazzaɓi da wani rashin tafiyar da kara yi. Ya mayar da hankali gaba ɗaya a kan wallafe-wallafen aiki. A 1884 ya wallafa littafin "Tatsũniyõyi ne na Melpomene," a karkashin pseudonym Antosha Chehonte, da kuma a 1886 - "The m labaru." A karo na biyu littafin m labarai Chekhov sa mafi daidai - a parody. Ga da basira bayyana kanta a cikin Genre na comic jami'in tsaro. Author yayi da kansa a cikin mutane da yawa nau'o'i. Ya gwaje-gwajen. Kuma nufin kasa, ya parody na rare littattafai ne m.

Duk da haka, nan gaba litattafansu har yanzu sha'awar tsanani wallafe-wallafe. Shi ne a cikin wannan labarin Chekhov rubuta da wadannan. "Vanya" (1886) ya gaya labarin tara marãya almajiri shoemaker Aliakhin, maida su ba kome kuma nuna musu wariya da yaro, ya kira kakan Constantine Makarych fiddashi daga wannan "kimiyya craft." Fiye da wani yãro, marãya ba, bullied m almajiri, ya lashe da kuma ja da gashi kanta cobbler. Boy rubuta a cikin wata pre-Kirsimeti dare. Memories da kuma bege kõma da tunaninsa, sama-sama ya kawo masu karatu Chekhov. Vanka - yaro, kuma ya aika ta wata wasika da yara m naivety "a kauyen kakana." Haka kuma, mai karatu ya fahimci cewa Constantine Makarych ya taba karanta, kuma babu wani canji a cikin firgita rayuwa yaron.

Aka gudanar da marubuci Chekhov

Tun 1885, lokacin da na fara aiki tare da shi tsanani da wallafe-wallafen littattafai: "Rasha Tunani", "Northern Herald". Yana da aka wallafa gajejjeran labaru, "Name Day", da labarin "The Steppe", "A m Story," "Kashtanka" Chekhov. A 1887 ya buga biyu tarin na labaru ( "Innocent magana" da "A faɗuwar rana"), a cikin 1888 - "Stories" a 1890 - "ciki mutane." Don shi zo fitarwa. A 1888, marubucin aka bayar da Pushkin Prize kananan (rabin).

Shi ne halayyar da cewa mafi yawan ayyukan da wannan marubucin, ko da vnezhanrovym, da talanti guda na marubucin ya tabbatar da ta dace matakin na shahararsa. Alal misali, "Kashtanka" Chekhov ƙaunar da ƙarnõnin yara. Ta akai-akai yin fim. Zai ze cewa zai iya zama da sauki don labaru game da yadda za a kare (a giciye tsakanin wani dachshund da mongrel) farko rasa master, sa'an nan, kusan zama wani circus, ba zato ba tsammani na same shi. All Chekhov ta sauki: babu mayu, babu mermaids. Duk da haka, labarin ya ko da yaushe ƙaunar yara.

Journey to Sakhalin

Abin lura shi ne cewa biography da kuma aiki na Chekhov ta evince a shi mutum ne kawai ba wani sosai m, amma sosai aiki da kuma na bincike. A 1890, ya ta fara a kan tafiya, to Sakhalin. Ya kwaikwayo na kusan wata uku hanya ta Siberia, shi nuna a cikin jerin makala "Daga Siberia". Sa'an nan wani watanni uku da marubuci ciyarwa a kan Sakhalin, inda ya yi kokarin fahimtar tunani da kuma rayuwar da laifin, kuma a karshe koma zuwa Odessa da teku, da ziyartar Hong Kong tashoshin jiragen ruwa a kan. Ceylon, Singapore, Turkey. Bisa kayan daga shekaru hudu tafiya, ya fara aiki a kan wani littafi na makala "Sakhalin". Shiga jirgin ruwa gida, ya sayayya a cikin Moscow lardin picturesque estate na Melikhovo.

Melikhovo - fahimtar Sakhalin lura. A sabon mataki na duniya

Biography da kuma aiki na Chekhov, bisa ga adabi, ado da wani sosai musamman lokacin, da ake kira tune tare da sunan "Melikhovo". A wannan lokacin, musamman flair classic Anton Pavlovich ji wani canji a cikin al'umma, hade da kawar da na mulkin gargajiya jama'a cewa, kazalika don gane da ugliness biyã reactionary siyasa. Duk da haka, ba kawai a kan wani tarin "Sakhalin" aiki Anton Pavlovich, wanda ya zama, a karshe, wani m, a cikin newfound picturesque estate.

A shahararsa da gaske mulkin demokra marubuci - shi ne babban. Buyers suna zahiri warwatse da littafin shelves labeled A. P. Chehov "The labaru da kuma litattafan." na ra'ayi labarin "Ward №6» aka kammala a farkon shekara Melikhovo lokaci na kerawa. Iko musamman Chekhovian image na m m kuturu kauye, inda dukkan m dogon-stifled, inda "jan hankali" ne kawai a asibiti amma a kurkuku, suka kai hari da masu karatu tare da duk tausayi gaskiya, yin kana mamaki: "Me ya sa, da cewa mu ne ...". Rashin bin doka, wanda karfi ne a asibiti jefa da ka'idodinta humanism Dr. Ragin, mutuwarsa (sakamakon addini) sa ka yi tunani game da yadda za a zahiri ya kamata mutane rayuwa.

New ayyuka da Chekhov rinjawarwa nuna a fili ci gaba musamman marubuci wanda ya tashi zuwa wani sabon mataki na kerawa.

Melikhovo. Wayar da kan jama'a halin da ake ciki na peasantry

Anton Pavlovich, godiya ga kullum sa'o'i na aiki, ya zama da gaske astute master. Ya koya ganin jigon abin da rana ta kasance a gaban miliyoyin ya countrymen, amma shi ba ya gane ta su.

Rasha a da ginshikin ya da wani baƙauye kasar. Yana da yake a Melikhovo da ya gudanar ya lura da abin da shiru abinsa, bayin populists. Inquisitively haka rayuwar factory kauyuka Kryukovo da Ugryumova A. P. Chehov. Stories "Case Study", "petticoat", a cewar shaidun, daki-daki, bayana labarun real mutane, ciki har da parasites - fatake Hrymin, wanda a gaskiya sun "m."

Czechs bude ga jama'a karatu baƙauye Rasha. Domin demagoguery, ya ta'allaka rufe kanta soyayya populists kuma su fahimtar da bukatun na manoma, akwai wani makircin na shiru. Ya fashe da Chekhov labarin "manoma". A ta classic ayyana a fili cewa manoma sau da yawa "muni fiye da live shanu." Su ne ga mafi part appallingly "matalauta neuhozheny, bugu, da datti." Bã su da m halaye ne underdeveloped, su ne sau da yawa "tsõro da ake zargin" juna. Wadannan mutane su wahala daga gare su karya da kare hakkin dan adam na adam a cikin mutuncinsa. Suna bukatar ilmantar da su 'yancin da ya kamata a kare!

Chekhov aiki farincikin. Sahaban tuna cewa haske a cikin ofishinsa a Melikhovo sau da yawa ƙone dukan dare.

A bambancin palette na classic

Yadda bambancin palette wannan master, shi nuna cewa a cikin jerin manyan ayyukan Chekhov ba zato ba tsammani ya rubuta yara labarin "White-fronted". A gaskiya, babu wani daga cikin wallafe-wallafen sukar da bai sa ran da "m na mutum rãyukansu" zai ba zato ba tsammani vnezhanrovogo labarin hali. Kuma amsar mai sauki: sai ya kama ƙaunar yara. Tashin hankalin ya ba rufe shi: 'ya'yansu mai girma marubuci da tarin fuka, ba zai iya zama. Duk da haka, ya dauki kula da yara na manoma, kiwon su zuwa makaranta a kan nasu na sirri kudi.

Ya - wani m marubuci. Gamsu mai neman na hakika, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da juyayi buga sa da ya mummunan mafarki, ba zato ba tsammani halitta wani farin ciki da kuma romantic aiki "The Black m", wanda mugun wayo kõre da mai walƙiya matsaloli na baiwa da halittar.

Bayan wuya idon basira, Chekhov halitta da kuma aiki tare da autobiographical abubuwa (labari "My Life"). A "The House tare da mezzanine" da "Goosebumps" classic gaya labarin da diametrically daura da capitalization na kauyuka: da lalata da "Manzon Allah Sallallahu gurbi" da kuma rashin ibada a cikin sabon "Masters rai", da 'yan kasuwa. A karshe-ambata labarin da "The Man a wani Case" da "Game love" ne a trilogy.

A da dama "Melikhovo" plays

A Melihove Anton Pavlovich Halicci m play "Uncle Vanya". Kamar yadda ya sa abubuwan da shi nuna mutum butulci da kuma yanke ƙauna generated da shi! Vanya aminci hidima rundunar kadarori, Farfesa ba shi scanty albashi. The mai yanke shawarar da ya sayar da shi, ba damuwa game da makomar mutum, "wanda ya hõre" (Malkisadik phraseology - daga "The Little Prince" Exupery).

Tunani a kan hanyoyin da za a kawo ma'adanin na marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, don ƙirƙirar sabuwar fitacciyar - "The tsuntsun seagull" play. Yana Chekhov a kan storylines na daban-daban haruffa kaiwa da masu sauraro gane abin da yake na ainihi art aka bayyananne musamman domin ta adept hanya na aiki tukuru da rai, cike da takaici, ya shafa. Yana da wasa da heroine Nina Zarechnaya, steadily wadannan sadaukarwa da kuma zama wani actress. Shi ne halayyar cewa hotunan na aikin - hakikanin mutane ziyarci Melikhovo da storylines wasa da yawa a cikin na kowa da su 'yan Shi'ah.

Yalta lokaci na kerawa

A 1898, wani classic cuta ya tsananta, kuma shi da iyalinsa koma Yalta. Har Nuwamba 1899 (a halin yanzu a karkashin gini gidan) Anton tafiya zuwa Moscow, inda ya rents wani Apartment. Gina gida yana daya gagarumin drawback domin mara lafiya mutum: shi ne sanyi a cikin hunturu. Magina aka yadda ya kamata dage farawa daga gagarumar wuta. Entries marubuci da shawara cewa, hunturu a ofishinsa da zazzabi da aka 11-12 digiri.

A Yalta, marubucin fili bai so. Bugu da kari, a nan ya aka hana daga cikin saba wa Melikhovo sabo ne m abinci. Al'amarin da aka gyara a lokacin da lokaci-lokaci ziyarci Sister Maria Pavlovna. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance ba sau da yawa.

Rubuta litattafansu a Yalta, a cikin memoirs, ya fi a Melekhovo. A 1901 da ya rubuta da play "Three Sisters", short labaru "The Lady tare da Kare", "bishop". A cewar Melikhovo kwaikwayo halitta a 1903 ya kammala aikin "injiniyoyi na mutum rãyukansu" - da play "The Cherry Orchard." An halin kauda nan gaba na Rasha a matsayin ceri gõnaki.

A cikin 'yan shekaru, rayuwa ya zama mafi m cutar. A marubuci ya rasu a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli, 1904 a Jamus dima jiki garin Badenweiler.

ƙarshe

Tun suna yara, rayuwar mu hada Chekhov ta littattafai. Shi ne halittar marubucin-mafarkin, wanda a cikin marigayi XIX karni ya iya rinjawarwa nuna su compatriots da ayyukan da ya kamata rayuwa daban. Ya kasance mai nuna jin abokin gaba na nuna bambanci da kuma a lokaci guda, a musamman master na kalma. Anton kira don gina wani sabon rai, m da kyau a matsayin ceri gõnaki.