Dzhon Neper: biography ransa. Dzhon Neper ƙirƙira?

Dzhon Neper (photos ya hoto sanya daga baya a cikin labarin) - Scottish lissafi, marubuci kuma theologian. Ya sami daraja da samar da manufar logarithms matsayin ilmin lissafi na'urar da su taimaka a cikin lissafin.

Dzhon Neper: biography

An haife shi a 1550 a Merchiston Castle, kusa Edinburgh (Scotland), ɗan Sir Archibald Napier da Dzhenet Botuell. A cikin shekaru 13 da shekaru, John sa suna a Jami'ar St Andrews, amma ya tsaya a can ya yiwuwa short-rayu, kuma ya bar ba tare da wani mafi girma ilimi.

Game da Napier ta farkon rayuwa kadan da aka sani, amma an yi imani da cewa ya yi tafiya kasashen waje, kamar yadda ya zama al'ada a cikin zuriyata daga cikin Scottish nobility. An sani cewa a 1571 ya riga ya koma gida da kuma ciyar da sauran rayuwarsa ko dai a Merchiston, ko Gartnesse. A shekara, Dzhon Neper ya auro Elizabeth Stirling, suka haife ɗa, da kuma 'ya mace. A 'yan shekaru bayan matarsa ta mutuwa a 1579 Napier aure ta dan uwan Agnes. Biyu aure aure biyu da goma, maza da mata daidai. Bayan rasuwar Napier mahaifin a 1608, shi da iyalinsa ya koma Merchiston Castle a Edinburgh, inda ya zauna har rasuwarsa.

Tauhidin da sabuwar dabara

Rayuwa Dzhona Nepera ya faru a lokacin m tsakanin addini jayayya. M da uncompromising Protestant dangantakar da Church na Roma, ya aka ba neman ni'imar da ba tsunduma a sadaka. Sananne ne cewa King James VI na Scotland yi fatan ga Accession na Elizabeth na zuwa Turanci kursiyin, kuma ana zargin cewa ya nemi taimakon da Katolika Philip II, King of Spain, cewa wannan burin da aka cimma. A babban taron da Church of Scotland, wanda aka nasaba, Napier, ya roƙi sarki don su yi yaƙi da Katolika, da kuma John sau uku, ya zama memba na kwamitin, wanda rahoton da sarki game da jindadin daga cikin coci da kuma kokarin shawo masa cewa wajibi ne a yi bugu da adalci yaƙi da maƙiyan Allah coci.

wasika zuwa ga Sarkin

A Janairu 1594 John Napier Labarai King of Scotland da wata wasika a cikin abin da aka bayyana, "A sawwaƙaƙƙen bayani na duk da ãyõyin St. Yahaya." The aiki, wanda ya zama tsananin kimiyya yanayi da aka kiyasta cewa, zuwa tasiri zamani events. Yana Napier rubuta: "Bari da canji na janar ƙẽtare haddi a sa'an na kasar za su zama m damuwa na sarki, da kuma, na farko, sarki ta mallaka gida, da iyali da kuma kotun, da kuma yin kafara domin su daga duk tuhuma da papism, basu yarda da neutrality, wanda shi ne Saukar predicts cewa adadin su ya kamata ya karu muhimmanci a cikin wadannan kwanaki na arshe. "

A aikin da aka featured prominently a Scottish coci tarihi.

A ci gaba da makamai

Bayan da littafin da "sawwaƙaƙƙen bayani" ya alama sun fara yin m makaman yaki. A rubutun tarin, yanzu housed a Lambeth Palace a London, ya ƙunshi wani daftarin aiki da aka sanya hannu by John Napier. Wannan ƙirƙira Scottish lissafi bayyana daga jerin na'urorin halitta "da alherin Allah da kuma aikin Masters" kare kasar su. Daga cikinsu akwai nau'i biyu daga incendiary madubai, wani ɓangare na wani yanki manyan bindigogi da kuma wani karfe karusarsa, daga abin da ka iya yi harbi ta hanyar kananan ramuka.

Gudunmawar zuwa lissafi

Dzhon Neper shekaru ransa duqufar da nazarin ilmin lissafi, musamman, halittar hanyoyin zuwa sauƙaƙe lissafi, sanannen na Wanne ne da hanyar da logarithms, wanda a yau bears sunan ta mahalicci. Ya fara aiki a kan shi, watakila a farkon 1594, a hankali tasowa kwamfuta tsarin a cikin abin da tushen da samfurin da quotient na lambobin za a iya sauri lasafta ta yin amfani da kudi tebur ne da wani tsayayyen yawan cewa an yi amfani da matsayin tushe.

Ya bayar da gudunmawar da wannan iko ilmin lissafi kayan aiki da aka bayyana a cikin biyu treatises: Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio ( «Description ban mamaki Canon na logarithms"), da aka buga a 1614, kazalika da Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio ( «Samar da ban mamaki Canon na logarithms"), wanda aka buga a biyu shekaru bayan marubucin mutuwa. A farkon binciken da ya bayyana Scottish lissafi matakai wanda ya jagoranci zuwa ga sabuwar dabara.

sau aa salon sarrafa kwamfuta

Logarithms sun rage wuya da lissafi, musamman multiplication, wanda ya zama dole ga ilmin taurari. Napier gano cewa tushen wannan lissafi shi ne dangantaka tsakanin ilmin lissafi ci gaban - a jerin lambobi, kowanne daga abin da aka lasafta ta da lissafi ci gaban daga gabanin halitta shi daga wani m factor mafi girma daga 1 (misali, da jerin 2, 4, 8, 16 ...) ko kasa da 1 (msl, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2 ...).

A Descriptio, ban da ta kwatanta yanayin da logarithms, Dzhon Neper aka iyakance zuwa jeri su yankunan da amfani. Ya yi wa'adi ga bayyana da hanyar da su yi a baya aiki. Yana da aka Constructio, wanda ya cancanci hankalin da na din-din-din amfani da gidan goma aya su raba tsakanin fractional bangare na lambobin daga dukan. Dicimal an ƙaddamar da Flemish injiniya da kuma lissafi Simon Stevin a 1586, amma ya tsarin rubutu da aka amfani da tsauraran matakan. A Constructio kowa amfani matsayin SEPARATOR batu. Swiss lissafi Joost Burgi a 1603-1611 shekaru, ko da kuwa da Scottish lissafi ƙirƙira nasa tsarin na logarithms, wanda aka buga a 1620, amma Napier yi aiki a kan su kafin Burgi kuma fifiko da aka bai wa shi saboda wani a baya littafin kwanan wata a 1614.

Rabdologiya da trigonometry

Ko da yake da sabuwar dabara na logarithms by John Napier eclipses dukan sauran ayyuka, da gudunmawar da ya bayar lissafi ba iyakance. A 1617 ya wallafa Rabdologiae, seu Numerationis da Virgulas Libri Duo ( «Rabdologiya ko biyu lissafi littattafai da taimakon da sandunansu", 1667), inda ya bayyana asalin hanyoyin da multiplication da rabo a kananan oblong sandunansu rabu da mai gangara Lines kan 9 murabba'ai sa a kan su lambobi. Wadannan na'urori ne ga lissafi, da aka sani da Napier ta sandunansu kasance riga na wajen zamewar mulki.

Ya kuma sanya muhimmanci gudummuwa ga siffar zobe trigonometry, musamman ta hanyar rage yawan lissafai amfani da su bayyana trigonometric dangantaka, daga goma zuwa biyu. Ya kuma yaba trigonometric dabarbari kama Napier, amma yana da wata ila cewa English lissafi Henry Briggs ya kuma shiga a cikin Shirin zanen su.

Dzhon Neper mutu ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1617 a Merchiston Castle.