Kai-haifuwa - yana da ... kai-haifuwa kwayoyin

A ikon haifa kanta ne mai alama na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A yanayi, akwai hanyoyi da dama na haifuwa, tabbatar da ci gaba na al'ummomi a duniya.

Kai-haifuwa kwayoyin

Ba tare da aiwatar da haifuwa na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta dã sun daina wanzuwa. Amma abu mafi muhimmanci shi ne jigon da tsari. Transmission na bayanai a kan dukkan siffofin da tsarin buga a kayyade kayan kwayoyin, shi na samar da kai-haifuwa. Wannan shi ne mafi muhimmanci yanayin ga wanzuwar rayuwa. Bayan duk, idan sabon jiki zai kasance ga sauran fasali, shi kawai ba zai tsira a wasu yanayin, kuma ya halaka. Alal misali, kaga: kifi an haife tare da huhu maimakon gills. Ƙarni da dama na wadannan dabbobi tababbe ne. Suna kawai ba su da lokacin da za a daidaita cikin ruwa yanayi da kuma halaka. Amma wannan ba ya faruwa a yanayi saboda kasancewar hanyoyin da dama na haifuwa.

agamobium

Kai-haifuwa na sel na iya faruwa ba tare da hannu na gametes. A shuke-shuke, shi ne da za'ayi ta hanyar vegetative gabobin. Mutane da yawa fungi, gansakuka, horsetails, ferns da mosses samar da spores - Kwayoyin na sake yiwuwar tohowarsu. Wasu kwayoyin a jiki siffofin da wani protrusion, wanda aka girma tare da nassi na lokaci da aka canza kama zuwa wani sabon kwayoyin. Ka yi la'akari da wadannan waddan hanyoyin in more daki-daki.

sporulation

Kai-haifuwa kwayoyin da taimakon da shawarwari karo na farko za a iya samu a cikin mafi m shuke-shuke - algae. Alal misali, spores unicellular Chlamydomonas, da barin jikin tantanin na masu juna biyu kwayoyin, mika zahiri da sauri girma to da size. Tuni bayan daya mako na juveniles ne iya kafa sel sake yiwuwar tohowarsu. Wannan tsari ne da ya maimaita sau da yawa.

Higher spore shuke-shuke a cikin zagayowar na ci gaba alternated jima'i da kuma asexual tsara. Rigingimu sun kafa a cikin na musamman gabobin. Alal misali, sun gabatar da wani akwatin na gansakuka a kan ƙafãfunsa, ciki wanda suke asexual cell. Muhimmancin wannan tsari ne cewa spore aka kafa replica na masu juna biyu kwayoyin.

cloning

Kara, ganye da kuma tushen - ikon da wanda ake da za'ayi kai-haifuwa. Shi ne da vegetative sassa na shuka. Jigon wannan tsari da yake a cikin maido da m sassa na jiki. Alal misali, leaf petioles violets a gaban ruwa, zafi da hasken rana radiation tushen tsiro.

Itace tsirrai masu ganye sau da yawa karbe ta wajen stalks - ɓangare na shoot na wani tsawon. A daidai wannan lokaci ba za su iya zama a cikin daban-daban rayuwa siffofin. Saboda haka a zaune inabi, currants, gooseberries. Mafi muhimmanci, da petioles sun mai yiwuwa kodan.

Amfani ga haifuwa da kuma gyara daga cikin vegetative gabobin. Dankali tubers, strawberry gashin baki, Tulip kwararan fitila, rhizomes na Lily na kwari - Waɗannan su ne misalai na shuke-shuke da ciwon sāke harbe. Gyara na tushen, wanda ake amfani da vegetative haifuwa, shi ne tushen tuber. Dahlias da kuma dadi dankali ninka shi da yin amfani da shi.

gemmation

Kai-kwafi - da aiwatar da samar da nasu irin. Wata hanya da wanda wannan ya auku ne ake kira budding. Saboda haka ninka yisti, ruwa tare hydra, scyphoids polyps da murjãni. A mafi yawan lokuta, da koda, wanda aka kafa a cikin uwa tasa ta jiki, shi ne cleaved daga kuma yana farawa da wani m zama. Amma yana da ba murjãni faruwa. A sakamakon reefs kafa zato siffofi.

Siffofin jima'i tsari

Generative haifuwa faruwa tare da sa hannu na gametes - sel haihuwar. A mafi m siffofin jima'i haifuwa ne Tasrifu da parthenogenesis. A farko daga cikin wadannan za a iya gani a matsayin wani misali ciliate-takalma. cytoplasmic gada da aka kafa tsakanin sel masu rai, a cikin abin da musayar rabo na kayyade kayan dauke a cikin DNA din.

Parthenogenesis ne ma a kai-kwafi. Wannan tsari na ci gaba da wani sabon kwayoyin daga wani unfertilized kwai. Zama parthenogenesis matsayin haifuwa Hanyar yana da matukar high akanta. Bayan duk, halin da ake ciki na iya tashi rashin mutum namiji dogon lokaci. Kuma a sa'an nan da wanzuwar jinsin za su cutar. Da kuma bayyanar mutane daga cikin mata haihuwa Kwayoyin ba tare da hadi tsari, solves wannan matsala.

A mafi girma angiosperms generative gabobin ne a flower. Its main aikin sassa - stamens da pistil - dauke da gametes: maniyyi da kuma qwai, bi da bi. Hadi aiwatar dole ya biyo baya pollination - da canja wurin da pollen daga stamen ga stigma. Wannan ne yake aikata ta iska, kwari ko mutane. Bugu da ari, jam sel a mahaɗar tsakãninsu form kumshe da kuma kayayyakin gina jiki - endosperm. Tare da nunawa a iri, wanda shi ne ma a jikin jima'i haifuwa.

A dabbobi, gametes suna located a cikin gland, mukaddashin daga deducing hanyoyi. Bisa ga haihuwa tsarin irin ginin da suka kasance iri guda ba, kuma hermaphrodite - kwayoyin a cikin abin da biyu nau'i da mace, kuma da ɗa namiji Kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne yafi parasitic dabbobi da cewa ana ciyar da mai shi da kuma ba su da nasu tsarin narkewa kamar, zaune a cikin ducts ya hanjinsu.

Ma'ana na kai-kwafi

Kai-haifuwa - shi ne adana ransa. A ikon girma, tare da abinci, da numfashi, girma da kuma ci gaba, shi ne wata ãyã daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Akwai kuma wakilan da kwayoyin duniya, ga abin da tsari ne na musamman. Wadannan su ne da ƙwayoyin cuta - maras salula rayuwa siffofin. Suna hada da nucleic acid kwayoyin (DNA ko RNA) da kuma gina jiki harsashi. Tare da irin wannan tsarin da ikon haifa ne kawai zai yiwu tsari kayyade na zuwa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Iya shiga cikin rundunar, suka fara samar da da kansa nucleic acid da kuma gina jiki. Wannan hanya na haifuwa ake kira kai-taron. A wannan yanayin, irin wannan tafiyar matakai an dakatar da rundunar kwayoyin. A cutar fara mamaye. Saboda haka ta fara da mura, herpes, encephalitis da kuma sauran cututtuka da irin wannan Farawa. Kashe kwayar barbashi ta cikin mataki na colorless jini Kwayoyin - leukocytes. Sun kama pathogens, ya hallaka su.

Saboda haka, iya haifa da wakilan duk mulkokin yanayi. Kuma kiwo tsari yana da muhimmanci sosai, saboda shi kayyade gaba da al'ummomi da kuma tabbatar da rayuwa a duniya.