Duniya tsarin na samman. Jigon da heliocentric tsarin na duniya. Ptolemaic

A Turai a lokacin farkon tsakiyar zamanai aka mamaye da tsarin na duniya, dangane da Littafi Mai Tsarki texts. Bayan wani lokaci, ta maye gurbinsu da dogmatized Aristotelianism da kuma samarwa da Talomi 's geocentric tsarin. Bisa ga latest data simintin shakka a kan astronomical lura hankali tara a cikin shakka daga tarihi. Yana zama ƙara bayyana rikice, mawuyaci da ajizanci na Ptolemaic tsarin. Mutane da yawa aka yi ta kokari kara daidaito, duk da haka sun kawai wahalad da shi. Back a cikin 13th karni, Alfonso X, Sarkin Castile, ya ce cewa idan ya samu damar zuwa ba Allah shawara a lokacin da samar duniya, sa'an nan kuma Ina shawara don samun shi sauki.

Heliocentric tsarin na duniya da shawarar cewa samman. Shi ne mai real juyin juya halin a ilmin taurari. Bayan karanta wannan labarin, ba za ka samu matsahi na saba da samman da taimako ga kimiyya. Amma da farko za mu magana game da abin da aka miƙa masa da Talomi.

Ptolemaic tsarin na duniya da kuma amfani da kuma rashin

Kafa precursor na Copernican tsarin ba zai yiwu a samu daidai tsinkaya. Bugu da kari, ta sha unsystematic, rashin mutunci, ciki hadin kai. duniya tsarin na Talomi (ya hoto da aka gabatar a sama) ya hada da koyar da kowane duniya a kadaici, ware daga wasu. Kowane wani sarari suKe jiki, kamar yadda da'awar da masanin kimiyyar, ya ta da kansa dokoki na motsi da epicyclic tsarin. The motsi na taurari a wani geocentric tsarin da aka bayyana ta a yawan m da kuma daidaita ilmin lissafi model. Geocentric ka'idar, tsananin magana, bai ci gaba a cikin tsarin, saboda planetary tsarin (ko planetary tsarin) ba ta abu. Yana da shi ya na musamman game da mutum ƙungiyoyi da cewa yin sama jikinsu.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa tare da geocentric ka'idar, shi yiwuwa a lissafta kawai kimanin wurin da wasu basamaniyai. Amma domin sanin matsayin su a cikin sarari, ko da gaskiya nesa ba zai yiwu ba. Wadannan ayyuka Talomi tunani gaba ɗaya insoluble. A sabon tsarin na duniya, heliocentric, ya bayyana godiya da kafuwa a kan search for daidaito da kuma ciki hadin kai.

Da bukatar kawo canji da kalandar

Ya kamata a lura da cewa heliocentric ka'idar ta taso dangane da bukatar kawo canji da Julian kalanda. The biyu babban maki a shi (da cikakken watã kuma equinox) rasa touch da aka gaske faruwa astronomical events. A 4th karni BC. e. da kwanan wata na vernal equinox a kan kalanda fadi a kan Maris 21. A 325, da majalisar Nicaea gyarawa wannan lambar. Yana da aka yi amfani a matsayin wani muhimmin masomin a kirga ranar Easter, babban Kirista hutu. By 16th karni, da ranar da vernal equinox yana da kwanaki 10 (21 ga watan Maris) wanzuwa da ainihin.

Julian kalandar tun 8th karni kokarin unsuccessfully inganta. Lateran babban coci a Roma (1512-17 gg.), The tsanani daga cikin kalandar matsalar da aka lura. A yawan shahara Masana ilmin aka tambaye su magance ta. Daga cikin su ya Nikolay Kopernik. Duk da haka, ya ƙi, saboda ya gaskanta da ka'idar motsi na da watã da rãnã bai isa ba daidai kuma ci-gaba. Amma sai suka kasance a lokacin da akai na kalandar. Duk da haka, da tsari, wanda aka samu da samman, ya ga shi daya daga cikin sabubban da aikin a kan kyautata na geocentric ka'idar. A sakamakon wannan aikin, da kuma wani sabon tsarin na duniya.

Shakka gaskiyar Copernican ka'idar Talomi

Wannan Nicholas aka ƙaddara su sa daya daga cikin mafi girma juyin a tarihin ilmin taurari, bi da juyin juya halin a halitta kimiyya. Samman Masana Talomi ta tsarin a cikin marigayi 15th karni, yabo ya ilmin lissafi baiwa. Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, masanin kimiyya ya fara shakka da gaskiyar wannan ka'idar. Shakka aka maye gurbinsu da tofin Allah tsine da cewa akwai zurfin sabani a geocentricism.

Samman - wakilin Renaissance

Nikolay Kopernik farko masanin kimiyya a dubi dubu-shekara kwarewa a cikin ci gaban kimiyya ta hanyar da idanu na wani mutum daga wani sabon zamanin. Muna magana ne game da Renaissance. A matsayin gaskiya wakilin ta, samman nuna kansa da m, m bidi'a. Magabata yana da ƙarfin hali da watsi da manufa na geocentric. Suka tsunduma a cikin kyautata wadanda ko wasu kananan sassa na ka'idar. Copernican duniya tsarin presupposed hutu tare da shekaru dubbai na astronomical hadisin. A zurfin tunani aka neman a yanayi jituwa da kuma sauki, da key da fahimtar da hadin kai na da yawa mamaki da ze disparate. duniya tsarin Nikolaya Kopernika shi ne sakamakon da search for ta mahalicci.

Major ayyukan samman

A ka'idodi na heliocentric ilmin taurari samman aza tsakanin 1505 da 1507, shekara a "Little comments". By 1530 ya kammala da msar tambayar aiki na astronomical data samu. Duk da haka, kawai a 1543, shi ya zo da haske daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci ƙwarai a cikin tarihin dan adam tunani - da aikin "A cikin juyin da Samaniya duniyoyin." Wannan takarda ta gabatar da wani ilmin lissafi da ka'idar don bayyana hadaddun gani motsi na Moon, Sun, da biyar taurari, kazalika da Sphere taurãri. The ƙarin gini da aikin sanya wani kasida taurari. The aikin kanta sanye take da ilmin lissafi Tables.

Jigon da heliocentric tsarin na duniya

Samman sanya shi a cikin tsakiyar duniya da rana. Ya nuna cewa taurari matsawa kusa da shi. Daga cikin su kasance cikin ƙasa, karo na farko a tsare a matsayin "motsi star". Bigiren taurari kamar samman ji rabu da planetary tsarin mai babbar nesa. Kammalawa zurfin tunani game da karkara na wannan sashe shi ne saboda da heliocentric manufa. Gaskiyar cewa kawai a cikin wannan hanya samman iya sulhunta ka'idarsa tare da wani fili rashin kawar da taurãri. Waɗannan su ne canjawa cewa dole ne faruwa saboda da motsi na da Kiyayewa da duniyarmu.

Daidaito da kuma sauki daga cikin sabon tsarin

A tsarin samarwa da Nikolaem Kopernikom, ya fi daidai da kuma sauqin Talomi ta tsarin. Ta nan da nan samu m m aikace-aikace. "Prussian tebur" da aka sanya a kan tushen da wannan tsarin, da tsawon da wurare masu zafi da shekara da aka lasafta sosai da sosai. da dogon-jiran gyara daga cikin kalanda da aka za'ayi a 1582 - wani sabon salon, Gregorian.

Kadan wuya daga cikin sabon ka'idar, kuma ma na'am karo na farko da wani babban daidaito na lissafi na planetary matsayi tushen heliocentric alluna ne ba yana nufin babban abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin Copernican tsarin. Haka kuma, a kirga ka'idarsa shi ne kawai dan kadan sauki a Talomi. Game da daidaito da lissafin planetary matsayi, shi kusan ba ya bambanta daga gare shi, idan ya zama dole, yin lissafi da canje-canje gani a lokaci mai tsawo.

A farko, da "Prussian tebur" ya ba da 'yan mafi daidaici. Wannan shi ne saboda, duk da haka, ba kawai da gabatarwar da heliocentric manufa. Gaskiyar cewa samman amfani da wani karin nagartaccen ilmin lissafi kayayyakin aiki, don su lissafin. Duk da haka, da "Prussian tebur" zai kuma suka sãɓã wa jũna da data samu a lokacin da lura.

Babbar sha'awa ga Copernican ka'idar samarwa sannu a hankali ya zuwa hanyar cizon yatsa a ta ga waɗanda suke saran zai karbi wani nan da nan m sakamako. Fiye da rabin karni, tun da fitowan na Copernican tsarin da Galileo kafin a bude na bulan na Venus a 1616, akwai wani kai tsaye shaida cewa taurari matsar kusa da rana. Saboda haka, da inganci na sabon tsarin ba a tabbatar da lura. Mene ne gaskiya ƙarfi da kyawawa na Copernican ka'idar, wanda ya sa a real juyin juya halin a kimiyyar yanayin halitta?

Samman kuma Aristotle ta cosmology

Kamar yadda aka sani, wani sabon bayyana a kan tushen da haihuwa. A wannan girmamawa, samman ya ba da wani togiya. A daya wanda Ya halitta heliocentric tsarin na duniya, shared da yawa daga cikin kayan abinci na Aristotelian cosmology. Alal misali, duniya da jũna a gare shi rufaffiyar sarari, wanda aka iyakance zuwa wani fanni na gyarawa taurari. Daga cikin Aristotelian akidarsu samman bai tashi, da kuma bisa ga shi da motsi na wani sarari suKe jikin su ne ko da yaushe madauwari kuma uniform. Samman a cikin wannan girmamawa da aka fi ra'ayin mazan jiya fiye da Talomi. Last equant gabatar da ra'ayi da kuma bai yi musu ba da yiwuwar kasancewar ba uniform motsi na wani sarari suKe jikinsu.

Babban abin yabo na samman

The abin yabo na samman sa a gaskiyar cewa ya, sabanin da suke a gabãninsu, kokarin haifar da wani planetary ka'idar, daban-daban ma'ana jituwa da sauki. Scientist gano cewa, akwai wani tsanaki, jituwar da kuma sauki daga cikin m kasawarsa na samarwa tsarin na Talomi. Ba ta kasance ba hadade core manufa, wanda zai bayyana da daban-daban dokokin na motsi na wani sarari suKe jikinsu.

Samman samarwa da juyin juya halin Musulunci muhimmancin da manufa shi ne cewa Nicholas gabatar da wani hadade tsarin na motsi na duk taurari, ya bayyana da yawa daga effects, baya m masanin kimiyya. Alal misali, ta amfani da dabara na yau da kullum da kuma shekara-shekara motsi na duniya tamu ya bayyana babban fasali na m ƙungiyoyi na sama jikinsu, kamar yadda madaukai, a tsaye, baya ƙungiyoyi. Copernican tsarin ya yarda ya fahimci dalilin da ya sa akwai wani diurnal motsi na sama. Daga yanzu, looping motsi taurari da aka bayyana ta da cewa da Earth revolves a kusa da Sun tare da wani sake zagayowar na shekara guda.

Tashi daga fatawowi da al'adar

A ka'idar samman gano fitowan da sabon hanyoyin da sanin yanayi, bisa wani kimiyya m. Bisa ga fatawowi da hadisi, wanda aka gudanar da magabata, to koyi jigon wani abu, ba ka bukatar zuwa karatu a cikin daki-daki ta m gefe. Scholastics yi imani da cewa jigon da hankali zai iya gane kai tsaye. A bambanci, samman ya nuna cewa shi za a iya gane kawai bayan nazarin da sabon abu, ta saba wa juna da kuma dokokin. Heliocentric tsarin samman ya zama mai iko impetus ga ci gaban kimiyya.

Yadda ya yi da coci da sabon koyarwa

The Catholic Church ba a farko dora muhimmanci ga koyarwar samarwa da samman. Amma lõkacin da ya bayyana da cewa shi ke dakushe harsãshin addini, magoya bayansa fara da za a tsananta. Domin rarraba da Copernican rukunan a 1600, sai aka kone a kan gungumen azaba Dzhordano Bruno, Italiyanci Falsafa. Kimiyya muhawara tsakanin magoya bayan Talomi da samman zama gwagwarmaya tsakanin reactionary da m sojojin. Yiwuwa ya lashe karshen.